PaperBLAST

PaperBLAST Hits for tr|Q9I2H1|Q9I2H1_PSEAE Probable hydroxylase large subunit OS=Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1) OX=208964 GN=PA1933 PE=4 SV=1 (734 a.a., MSSLPHSTGQ...)

Show query sequence

>tr|Q9I2H1|Q9I2H1_PSEAE Probable hydroxylase large subunit OS=Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1) OX=208964 GN=PA1933 PE=4 SV=1
MSSLPHSTGQALDRVDGPAKVTGQARYAAEYPAADLLHGSVVSSDVARGRVRGIDCAAAL
AVPGVVAVLHHLNRPPMAGDDEPYKDADAAEGEPFRPLFDDRVLYSGQPLALVLARSLEL
ARYAGSLLRIDIEPEPHQTDLLAALDQAHEAPAQLPAERGDFYTAYGAAPIRVEASYSTP
IEHHNPMEPHASTVIVQPDGSLLVHDKTQGTQNSQAYLQKVFGLPADKVRVCAAYVGGAF
GSGLRPQYQLALAVMAALQLRRSVRVVLTRQQMFTFGYRPRTLQRLQLGADAEGRLLALG
HQATAQTSRFEDFTEHVVEWSGMLYRCENFSLAYRLVPLDVYTPLDMRAPGAALGLIGLE
CAMDELAVRLGMDPIALRRFNFAERNGNEDKPYSSKALLACYEEGARRFGWQARDPRPRS
MSEGRQLLGWGMAGGVWEAMQSKASARARLEADGLLRVASATTDIGTGTYTVMTQIAADA
AGMAPEEVRFQLGDSALPKAPLQGGSFTVSSVGSAVRLACLRLRQALVAHARARHPELAG
TAEERFRICRGHLEAGDTRYALADLLQGLPEDALQVEVEAEPSARRKGYATATHSAVFVE
VRIDEALGTLRVSRVVSAVAAGRVINPKTARSQILGGVVWGLGMALQEETQVDHALGRCM
NHNLAEYHIPVNADIGDIEVIFVDEPDDIVNELGSKGVGEIGIVGVAAAVANAVYHATGR
RLRDFPLTVDKLLG

Running BLASTp...

Found 250 similar proteins in the literature:

PA1933 probable hydroxylase large subunit from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
Q9I2H1 Probable hydroxylase large subunit from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
100% identity, 100% coverage

• Expression of antisense small RNAs in response to stress in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  Gómez-Lozano, BMC genomics 2014
  • “...449400 401 PA0667 Conserved hypothetical protein < As30 718785 718934 150 SPA0055 719900 720200 301 PA1933 Probable hydroxylase large subunit > As96 2113618 2113734 117 SPA0059 2113600 2114100 501 As97 2113817 2113927 111 nuoA NADH dehydrogenase I chain A > As120 2982707 2982848 142 SPA0114 2982700...”
• Transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth: comparison of gene expression in planktonic cultures and developing and mature biofilms
  Waite, Journal of bacteriology 2005
  • “...name Gene name PA0290 PA0557 PA1471 PA1931 PA1932 PA1933 PA2021 PA2107 PA2136 PA2140 PA2149 PA2155 PA2168 PA2179 PA2181 PA2184 PA2186 PA2188 PA2718 PA3460...”
• Proteome-wide identification of druggable targets and inhibitors for multidrug-resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using an integrative subtractive proteomics and virtual screening approach
  Vemula, Heliyon 2025
  • “...1065 G3XD00 2147 Q9I6I7 3229 Q9HXP2 4311 Q9I2H0 1066 G3XD05 2148 Q9I6I8 3230 Q9HXP4 4312 Q9I2H1 1067 G3XD11 2149 Q9I6J4 3231 Q9HXP5 4313 Q9I2H2 1068 G3XD13 2150 Q9I6J5 3232 Q9HXP6 4314 Q9I2H3 1069 G3XD15 2151 Q9I6K3 3233 Q9HXP7 4315 Q9I2H4 1070 G3XD16 2152 Q9I6K8 3234 Q9HXQ4...”

PA14_39520 putative hydroxylase large subunit from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14
99% identity, 100% coverage

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alters Its Transcriptome Related to Carbon Metabolism and Virulence as a Possible Survival Strategy in Blood from Trauma Patients
  Elmassry, mSystems 2019
  • “...54-fold ( TableS3 ), which we confirmed by RT-qPCR ( Fig.3 ). An asRNA to PA14_39520 , which encodes a putative hydroxylase subunit, was downregulated by 22-fold, while an asRNA to the pepP gene, encoding the PepP aminopeptidase, was downregulated by 18-fold ( TableS3 ). However,...”

blr5211 dehydrogenase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110
52% identity, 99% coverage

• Complete genome sequence of Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14 and comparative genomic analysis of species within the genus Nitrobacter
  Starkenburg, Applied and environmental microbiology 2008
  • “...bll5664 bll5663 bll5662 bll5661 bll5660 bll5659 bll5914 blr5209 blr5210 blr5211 blr0335 blr0336 blr0337 NP NP NP % Protein sequence identity 84 91 84 87 76 89...”

5y6qC / Q84IX8 Crystal structure of an aldehyde oxidase from methylobacillus sp. Ky4400 (see paper)
39% identity, 97% coverage

• Ligand: pterin cytosine dinucleotide (5y6qC)

blr2219 dehydrogenase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110
41% identity, 97% coverage

• The Iron control element, acting in positive and negative control of iron-regulated Bradyrhizobium japonicum genes, is a target for the Irr protein
  Rudolph, Journal of bacteriology 2006
  • “...blr2217, which is probably organized in an operon with blr2219, yet no significant iron regulation was found for blr2217. e Expression of bll7967 and bll7966...”
  • “...Berkeley Increased expression under iron repletion bll5796 bll0466 blr2219 blr6742 blr0488 Gene name 742 RUDOLPH ET AL. A more global search for ICE-like motifs...”

SCO1132 oxidoreductase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
44% identity, 99% coverage

• Transcriptomic analysis of liquid non-sporulating Streptomyces coelicolor cultures demonstrates the existence of a complex differentiation comparable to that occurring in solid sporulating cultures
  Yagüe, PloS one 2014
  • “...PRIMARY METABOLISM SCO0992 Cysteine synthase 1.1 1.2 SCO3909 50S ribosomal protein L9, rplI 1.2 0.3 SCO1132 Oxidoreductase 0.4 1.8 SCO4152 5-nucleotidase 0.7 1.1 SCO1134 Oxidoreductase 1.2 1.9 SCO4284 Deacetylase 0.5 1.1 SCO1181 Putative plasmid partition protein 2.2 1.2 SCO4577 Helicase DEAD-like 1.2 1.1 SCO1335 Oxidoreductase 1.7...”
• A new TetR family transcriptional regulator required for morphogenesis in Streptomyces coelicolor
  Hillerich, Journal of bacteriology 2008
  • “...cluster, xdhA (SCO1134), xdhB (SCO1133), and xdhC (SCO1132), predicted to encode a molybdopterin binding protein complex. The transposon mutant was completely...”
  • “...products of the xdhA (SCO1134), xdhB (SCO1133), xdhC (SCO1132) gene cluster show significant similarity to a molybdopterin binding protein in the AOR/XDH family...”
• Identification of three new genes involved in morphogenesis and antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor
  Sprusansky, Journal of bacteriology 2003
  • “...similar to those found in molybdopterin-containing proteins. SCO1132 encodes a putative protein similar to a molybdopterin binding domain. These proteins...”

MSMEG_0684 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding from Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155
40% identity, 99% coverage

• Biochemical and phenotypic characterisation of the Mycobacterium smegmatis transporter UspABC
  Karlikowska, Cell surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2021
  • “...Intermediary metabolism and respiration 3.0 MSMEG_1392 alcohol dehydrogenase, class IV Intermediary metabolism and respiration 2.9 MSMEG_0684 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding Intermediary metabolism and respiration 1.9 MSMEG_5634 Rv0910 conserved hypothetical Conserved hypothetical 1.2 MSMEG_0366 hypothetical protein Conserved hypotheticals 2.4 MSMEG_1424 Rv0694 FMN-dependent dehydrogenase, possible...”
• Critical Role of Zur and SmtB in Zinc Homeostasis of Mycobacterium smegmatis
  Goethe, mSystems 2020
  • “...responses (MSMEG_3945, MSMEG_5617). Others are involved in metabolic and enzymatic processes (MSMEG_0115, MSMEG_0117, MSMEG_0266, MSMEG_0280, MSMEG_0684, MSMEG_1097, MSMEG_1155, MSMEG_1156, MSMEG_2343, MSMEG_2913, MSMEG_3304, MSMEG_3785, MSMEG_3929, MSMEG_5616, MSMEG_6071, MSMEG_6664) or are of unknown function (MSMEG_0669, MSMEG_0672, MSMEG_1767, MSMEG_1774, MSMEG_1781, MSMEG_1802, MSMEG_1951, MSMEG_2958, MSMEG_5154, MSMEG_6211, MSMEG_6610, MSMEG_6615, MSMEG_6728). FIG3...”
  • “...MAP3655c (64.2) <0.0001 6.0 Alpha/beta-hydrolase MSMEG_0669 <0.0001 4.73 Hypothetical protein MSMEG_0672 <0.0001 4.29 Hypothetical protein MSMEG_0684 <0.0001 4.91 Aldehyde oxidase MSMEG_0755 Rv0359 (68.8) MAP3865c (76.8) <0.0001 34.0 Cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance protein MSMEG_1097 <0.0001 6.5 Glycosyl transferase family protein MSMEG_1123 MAP1730c (43.1) <0.0001 7.56 Cobalamin synthesis protein MSMEG_1155...”
• Characterization of Mycobacterium smegmatis sigF mutant and its regulon: overexpression of SigF antagonist (MSMEG_1803) in M. smegmatis mimics sigF mutant phenotype, loss of pigmentation, and sensitivity to oxidative stress
  Singh, MicrobiologyOpen 2015
  • “...3.75/4.97 GTTTN 15 GGGTA 47 MSMEG_0672 a Conserved hypothetical protein 1.73/3.73 GTTTN 15 GGGTA 50 MSMEG_0684 Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase 5.15/5.17 GTTGN 15 GGGTA MSMEG_0685 Oxidoreductase, molybdopterinbinding subunit 5.09/5.49 GTTGN 15 GGGTA MSMEG_0686 a Oxidoreductase 3.87/3.26 GTTGN 15 GGGTA 8 MSMEG_0696 Alaninerich protein 4.86/5.90 GTTTN...”
  • “...be a good measure of microbial oxidative activity in saprophytes. Many genes (MSMEG_1794, MSMEG_5400, MSMEG_5402, MSMEG_0684) encoding for dehydrogenages and predicted to perform oxidoreductase activity (SmegmaList) were found to be SigFdependent and downregulated in both growth stages. These are likely to render susceptibility to the mutant...”
• The SigF regulon in Mycobacterium smegmatis reveals roles in adaptation to stationary phase, heat, and oxidative stress
  Hümpel, Journal of bacteriology 2010
  • “...MSMEG_0536 MSMEG_0600 MSMEG_0637 MSMEG_0670 MSMEG_0671 MSMEG_0684 MSMEG_0963 MSMEG_1112 MSMEG_1315 Arginine decarboxylase Esterase Intracellular protease, PfpI...”

MSMEG_0870 oxidoreductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155
39% identity, 99% coverage

• Deficiency of GntR Family Regulator MSMEG_5174 Promotes Mycobacterium smegmatis Resistance to Aminoglycosides via Manipulating Purine Metabolism
  Deng, Frontiers in microbiology 2022
  • “...Primer Sequence (53) MSMEG_1135 (F) GCTACCGCGTCATCCAGA MSMEG_1135 (R) TCAGTCGCATTTGAGGTC MSMEG_0869 (F) GGAGGTTGATGGCGAGTT MSMEG_0869 (R) GAGAAATGTGGCGAAGCA MSMEG_0870 (F) AGGTTCTCGATGCATTCTTT MSMEG_0870 (R) AGGTAGTCGGACATGTTGG MSMEG_0871 (F) GGTGGCGCTCGACATACA MSMEG_0871 (R) GCGATGGTCTCGAGCTCA MSMEG_0872 (F) ACACACGAAACGCACGACA MSMEG_0872 (R) TTCACGCAGCATGTCCAGC MSMEG_0873 (F) ATGTTGTTTTCACCCGGT MSMEG_0873 (R) TTGTGATGCAGCGTGATT pALACE-MSMEG_0871 (F) GGAATTCGTGCATCCGTTCGC pALACE-MSMEG_0871 (R) CGGATCCACATTGCACACCCG Growth...”
  • “...The other operon contains genes potentially associated with bacterial purine metabolism. These genes are oxidoreductase MSMEG_0870 (67-fold), putative xanthine dehydrogenase MSMEG_0871 (66-fold), twin-arginine translocation pathway signal protein MSMEG_0872 (90-fold), and hypothetical protein MSMEG_0873 (14-fold) ( Figures 2A,B ). In addition, a hypothetical protein MSMEG_0869 near this...”

C9YU38 Putative oxidoreductase from Streptomyces scabiei (strain 87.22)
43% identity, 92% coverage

• Comparative secretome analysis of Streptomyces scabiei during growth in the presence or absence of potato suberin
  Komeil, Proteome science 2014
  • “...isomerase nd nd 0.040.05 Energy production and conversion C9ZBX1 SCAB_31271 d Ferredoxin 0.100.04 nd nd C9YU38 SCAB_82111 d Oxidoreductase 0.030.04 0.020.03 0.010.02 Lipid metabolism C9ZD66 SCAB_16601 d CoA transferase nd nd 0.010.02 C9Z6Y2 SCAB_28231 d Acetate/propionate kinase nd 0.010.02 0.040.04 C9ZGV4 SCAB_34521 d Enoyl-CoA hydratase 0.030.03...”

DRA0231, DR_A0231 oxidoreductase from Deinococcus radiodurans R1
41% identity, 97% coverage

• RNA-Seq-Based Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Highlights New Features of the Heat-Stress Response in the Extremophilic Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans
  Xue, International journal of molecular sciences 2019
  • “...10 5 Oxidoreductase, iron-sulfur subunit [ 13 ] DR_1987 4.4998 3.18 10 6 Hypothetical protein DR_A0231 4.5169 0.00510755 Oxidoreductase [ 13 ] DR_1778 4.5277 0.00016505 3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase, large subunit DR_2263 4.5338 6.47 10 8 DNA-binding stress response protein, Dps family [ 10 ] DR_2563 4.6247 0.00080366...”
• Genome of the extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans viewed from the perspective of comparative genomics
  Makarova, Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 2001
  • “...February 11, 2017 by University of California, Berkeley DRA0231 Comment 64 MAKAROVA ET AL. MICROBIOL. MOL. BIOL. REV. Two closely related Deinococcus proteins...”

YagR / b0284 aldehyde dehydrogenase: molybdenum cofactor-binding subunit (EC 1.2.99.6) from Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655 (see 2 papers)
paoC / P77489 aldehyde dehydrogenase, molybdenum cofactor-binding subunit (EC 1.2.99.6) from Escherichia coli (strain K12) (see 2 papers)
PAOC_ECOLI / P77489 Aldehyde oxidoreductase molybdenum-binding subunit PaoC; EC 1.2.99.6 from Escherichia coli (strain K12) (see 4 papers)
P77489 xanthine dehydrogenase (subunit 1/3) (EC 1.17.1.4) from Escherichia coli (see paper)
b0284 predicted oxidoreductase with molybdenum-binding domain from Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655
37% identity, 99% coverage

• function: Oxidizes aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids with a preference for aromatic aldehydes. It might play a role in the detoxification of aldehydes to avoid cell damage.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + A + H2O = a carboxylate + AH2 + H(+) (RHEA:56856)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide
  subunit: Heterotrimer composed of PaoA, PaoB and PaoC.
  disruption phenotype: Mutation results in complete impairment of cell growth in the presence of cinnamaldehyde.
• Genome-scale identification and characterization of moonlighting proteins
  Khan, Biology direct 2014
  • “...at 65 for the moonlighting proteins (Figure 7 A), which consists of four moonlighting proteins (P77489, P0A8Q3, P0AC47, and P25516). Then, similar to the analysis in Figure 5 B and 5 C, we computed functional clustering profile for co-expressed genes of E. coli moonlighting proteins to...”
• Interfering with different steps of protein synthesis explored by transcriptional profiling of Escherichia coli K-12
  Sabina, Journal of bacteriology 2003
  • “...b1322 b1976 b2048 b0072 b4103 b0287 b0355 b3767 b1433 b0922 b2567 b0284 b0002 b3867 b1326 b1762 b2115 b0422 b0353 b1513 7.6 6.2 6.1 5.9 4.5 4.3 4.3 3.8 3.6 3.4...”
• Genomic functional annotation using co-evolution profiles of gene clusters
  Zheng, Genome biology 2002
  • “...3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase b2341 (1788682) Putative enzyme Part of fad operon BLAST: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; enoyl-CoA isomerase/hydrotase b0284 (1786478) Hypothetical protein Neighboring with xanthine dehydrogenase gene (b0286) BLAST: Putative oxidoreductase b2866 (1789230) Hypothetical protein Neighboring with xanthine dehydrogenase (b2868) BLAST: Probable aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase family protein...”

5g5gC / P77489 Escherichia coli periplasmic aldehyde oxidase (see paper)
37% identity, 99% coverage

• Ligand: pterin cytosine dinucleotide (5g5gC)

SMa2353 oxidoreductase from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021
36% identity, 99% coverage

• Dual RpoH sigma factors and transcriptional plasticity in a symbiotic bacterium
  Barnett, Journal of bacteriology 2012
  • “...consensus sequence SMa1158 SMa1364 SMa2301 SMa2349 SMa2351 SMa2353 SMc01354 SMc01723 SMc01960 SMc02703 SMc04146 SMc04181 SMc05020 msrA1 clpP2 grpE trxB sda hflK...”

DR_A0237 oxidoreductase from Deinococcus radiodurans R1
36% identity, 99% coverage

• Comprehensive Temporal Protein Dynamics during Postirradiation Recovery in Deinococcus radiodurans
  Xiong, Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2022
  • “...which belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family (DR_1938), was upregulated during PIR. Another oxidoreductase (DR_A0237), catalase (KatA), and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrB) were differentially upregulated at both 6h and 12h. Ferredoxin-nitrite reductase (DR_A0013), thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (DR_0217), sulfate adenylyltransferase (Sat), and adenylyl-sulfate kinase (CysC) were...”
• Essentiality of threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), a universal tRNA modification, in bacteria
  Thiaville, Molecular microbiology 2015
  • “...and related Zn-dependent dehydrogenases -2.2 4.46E-02 0.922 DR_0859 Ribonuclease E inhibitor RraA -2.2 4.40E-02 1 DR_A0237 Periplasmic aromatic aldehyde oxidoreductase, molybdenum binding subunit YagR @ 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase, alpha subunit (EC 1.3.99.20) -2.2 1.04E-03 0.923 DR_1132 Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.9) -2.2 3.68E-03 0.922 DR_1544 Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC...”

CD2079 xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdenum binding subunit from Clostridium difficile 630
28% identity, 94% coverage

• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...subunit 14 b2881 (EF_2570) 3 pNG7246 3 ( CD2099 ) 5 (pNG7244) 4 CD2073 5 (CD2079) ygfO xanthine/uracil family permease b2882 (EF_2573) sulfurtransferase-related protein TIGR03527 12 EF_2566 pNG7238 CD3667 selD selenophosphate synthase b1764 EF_2567 pNG7239 CD2496 selenocysteine lyase TIGR01977 11 EF_2568 CD3670 Partial Phylogenetic Profiling results...”

HVO_B0309 possible hypoxanthine oxidase XdhD from Haloferax volcanii DS2
30% identity, 91% coverage

• Open Issues for Protein Function Assignment in Haloferax volcanii and Other Halophilic Archaea
  Pfeiffer, Genes 2021
  • “...CO-DH 9g HVO_B0308 (cont.) yes 39% b2868 Q46801 [ 329 ] 10986234 xanthine DH 9g HVO_B0309 coxL yes 33% b2866 Q46799 [ 329 ] 10986234 xanthine DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 28% - P19913 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 26% Saci_2271 Q4J6M3...”
• Archaeal ubiquitin-like SAMP3 is isopeptide-linked to proteins via a UbaA-dependent mechanism
  Miranda, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2014
  • “...DmsA, GI: 291369330 HVO_B0363) and xanthine oxidoreductase (GI:292494242; HVO_B0309) families, the latter of which may be involved in the catabolism of purines...”

CD2073 xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdenum binding subunit from Clostridium difficile 630
27% identity, 94% coverage

• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...reductase, Mo-binding subunit 14 b2881 (EF_2570) 3 pNG7246 3 ( CD2099 ) 5 (pNG7244) 4 CD2073 5 (CD2079) ygfO xanthine/uracil family permease b2882 (EF_2573) sulfurtransferase-related protein TIGR03527 12 EF_2566 pNG7238 CD3667 selD selenophosphate synthase b1764 EF_2567 pNG7239 CD2496 selenocysteine lyase TIGR01977 11 EF_2568 CD3670 Partial Phylogenetic...”

ETAE_0589 xanthine dehydrogenase subunit XdhA from Edwardsiella tarda EIB202
30% identity, 95% coverage

• Genome sequence of the versatile fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda provides insights into its adaptation to broad host ranges and intracellular niches
  Wang, PloS one 2009
  • “...dehydrogenase I ETAE_0587 xdhC Xanthine dehydrogenase, Fe-S binding subunit ETAE_0588 xdhB Xanthine dehydrogenase, FAD-binding subunit ETAE_0589 xdhA Xanthine dehydrogenase subunit ETAE_0601 pdxA 4-Hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase ETAE_0620 leuB 3-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase ETAE_0658 pdhR Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex repressor ETAE_0659 aceE Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit E1 ETAE_0662 lpdA Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ETAE_0770 Putative...”

D8WWW1 Putative 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase alpha subunit (Fragment) from Clostridia bacterium enrichment culture clone BF
27% identity, 94% coverage

• A benzene-degrading nitrate-reducing microbial consortium displays aerobic and anaerobic benzene degradation pathways
  Atashgahi, Scientific reports 2018
  • “...AbcD D8WWP7 97 BF hcrL d hcrA Contig-100_79_3 BF 100 Putative 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase alpha subunit D8WWW1 95 BF bcrA/badF/bzdQ Contig-100_418_1 Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis 18 Uncharacterized Protein Q1Q1I6 98 Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis bcrA/badF/bzdQ Contig-100_91_3 Desulfotomaculum gibsoniae 48 CoA-substrate-specific enzyme active K8E0C9 73 Desulfotomaculum hydrothermalte Lam5 bamB Contig-100_37_6...”

YgeS / b2866 putative xanthine dehydrogenase molybdenum-binding subunit XdhA (EC 1.17.1.4) from Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655 (see 2 papers)
xdhA / Q46799 putative xanthine dehydrogenase molybdenum-binding subunit XdhA (EC 1.17.1.4) from Escherichia coli (strain K12) (see 2 papers)
XDHA_ECOLI / Q46799 Putative xanthine dehydrogenase molybdenum-binding subunit XdhA; EC 1.17.1.4 from Escherichia coli (strain K12) (see paper)
Q46799 xanthine dehydrogenase (subunit 2/2) (EC 1.17.1.4) from Escherichia coli (see paper)
xdhA xanthine dehydrogenase; EC 1.17.1.4 from Escherichia coli K12 (see paper)
b2866 xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdenum binding subunit from Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655
28% identity, 96% coverage

• function: Presumed to be a dehydrogenase, but possibly an oxidase. Participates in limited purine salvage (requires aspartate) but does not support aerobic growth on purines as the sole carbon source (purine catabolism). Deletion results in increased adenine sensitivity, suggesting that this protein contributes to the conversion of adenine to guanine nucleotides during purine salvage.
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Heterotrimer of XdhA, XdhB and XdhC.
• Open Issues for Protein Function Assignment in Haloferax volcanii and Other Halophilic Archaea
  Pfeiffer, Genes 2021
  • “...yes 39% b2868 Q46801 [ 329 ] 10986234 xanthine DH 9g HVO_B0309 coxL yes 33% b2866 Q46799 [ 329 ] 10986234 xanthine DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 28% - P19913 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 26% Saci_2271 Q4J6M3 [ 327 ] 10095793...”
• Genome-Scale Mapping of Escherichia coli σ54 Reveals Widespread, Conserved Intragenic Binding
  Bonocora, PLoS genetics 2015
  • “...b2726 hypA 20 14.094 C OS29 2998270 11 C TGGC GTAAATC TTGC C 2998264 + b2866 xdhA 84 10.928 C OS30 3004190 3 C TGGC ACACTTA TTG TT 3004185 + b2870 ygeW 80 9.837 OS31 3014019 26 G TGG TGCGATTG TTGC T 3014001 + b2878 ygfK...”
• Promoter and regulon analysis of nitrogen assimilation factor, sigma54, reveal alternative strategy for E. coli MG1655 flagellar biosynthesis
  Zhao, Nucleic acids research 2010
  • “...b0473 htpG chaperone Hsp90, heat shock protein C 62.5 Chaperones 3.7 2.1 333 316 cgtcTGGAACAGCGTCTGGCAGAggaa b2866 xdhA g putative xanthine dehydrogenase subunit, molybdenum cofactor-binding domain Unknown 4.9 2.1 110 93 tttcTGGCGTAAATCTTGCCTGctta b3902 rhaD rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase Degradation of small molecules 3.6 2 143 126 tatcAGGCCTACAGGTCGGCAATagtt b2470 acrD...”
• Genome-scale gene/reaction essentiality and synthetic lethality analysis
  Suthers, Molecular systems biology 2009
  • “...metC (b3008); not expressed Suppress ydiB (1692) Cannot complement aroE (b3281); not expressed Suppress ygeS (b2866) Cannot complement guaB (b2508); not expressed Suppress ygeT (b2867) Cannot complement guaB (b2508); not expressed Suppress ygeU (b2868) Cannot complement guaB (b2508); not expressed Suppress nrdE c (b2675) and nrdF...”
• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...H. maris . locus PPP rank C. difficile locus xdhA xanthine dehydrogenase, Mo-binding subunit 6 b2866 14 EF_2570 5 CD2087 xdhB xanthine dehydrogenase, FAD binding subunit 15 b2867 (CD2101) xdhC xanthine dehydrogenase, Fe-S binding subunit 17 b2868 14 (EF_2570) (CD2088) ygeV sigma(54)-dependent activator 13 b2869 ygeW...”
• Genomic functional annotation using co-evolution profiles of gene clusters
  Zheng, Genome biology 2002
  • “...enoyl-CoA isomerase/hydrotase b0284 (1786478) Hypothetical protein Neighboring with xanthine dehydrogenase gene (b0286) BLAST: Putative oxidoreductase b2866 (1789230) Hypothetical protein Neighboring with xanthine dehydrogenase (b2868) BLAST: Probable aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase family protein b1674 (1787963) Hypothetical protein Oxidoreductase BLAST: Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase b2371 (1788714) Hypothetical protein...”
• Metabolic context and possible physiological themes of sigma(54)-dependent genes in Escherichia coli
  Reitzer, Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 2001
  • “...participate in purine catabolism (172). The xdhA gene (b2866), which codes for one subunit of a recently discovered xanthine dehydrogenase, appears to have two...”
  • “...aerobically (46). The potential 54-dependent promoters preceding xdhA (b2866), ygeW (b2870), and b2878 have low scores (66.0, 75.2, and 71.5, respectively), but...”
• Purine catabolism in Escherichia coli and function of xanthine dehydrogenase in purine salvage
  Xi, Journal of bacteriology 2000
  • “...(i) Strain HX1 (xdhA). BLAST analyses indicate that genes b2866, b2867 (ygeT), and b2868 (the b number is a GenBank identifier) code for proteins with homology...”
  • “...xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). A strain with a deletion of b2866 has a phenotype consistent with a defect in XDH (described below). Therefore, we designated this...”
• Functional Prediction of Biological Profile During Eutrophication in Marine Environment
  Sbaoui, Bioinformatics and biology insights 2022
  • “...Uracil: H+ symporter UspD P0AAB8 Universal stress protein D XanP P0AGM9 Xanthine: H+ symporter XdhA Q46799 Putative xanthine dehydrogenase molybdenum-binding subunit YacG P0A8H8 DNA gyrase inhibitor YadC P31058 Uncharacterized fimbrial-like adhesion protein YafO Q47157 mRNA interferase toxin YafO YagZ P0AAA3 Common pilus major subunit YaiL A0A376JCL2...”
• Cotinine Hydroxylase CotA Initiates Biodegradation of Wastewater Micropollutant Cotinine in Nocardioides sp. Strain JQ2195
  Zhao, Applied and environmental microbiology 2021 (secret)
• Open Issues for Protein Function Assignment in Haloferax volcanii and Other Halophilic Archaea
  Pfeiffer, Genes 2021
  • “...39% b2868 Q46801 [ 329 ] 10986234 xanthine DH 9g HVO_B0309 coxL yes 33% b2866 Q46799 [ 329 ] 10986234 xanthine DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 28% - P19913 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 26% Saci_2271 Q4J6M3 [ 327 ] 10095793 GAPDH...”
• Identification and Characterization of a Novel pic Gene Cluster Responsible for Picolinic Acid Degradation in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135
  Qiu, Journal of bacteriology 2019
  • “...monoxide dehydrogenase from Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava; XDHABC (Q46799, Q46800, and Q46801), xanthine dehydrogenase from E. coli; QoxLMS (CAD61045, CAD61046,...”
• Mammalian molybdo-flavoenzymes, an expanding family of proteins: structure, genetics, regulation, function and pathophysiology
  Garattini, The Biochemical journal 2003
  • “...EcoliXOR (Escherichia coli XOR), Q46801, Q8X6C5 and Q46799; RsolXOR (Ralstonia solanacearum XOR), CAD15802 and CAD15803; PseXOR (Pseudomonas aeruginosa XOR), NP...”

CD2087 putative xanthine dehydrogenase from Clostridium difficile 630
26% identity, 98% coverage

• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...PPP rank C. difficile locus xdhA xanthine dehydrogenase, Mo-binding subunit 6 b2866 14 EF_2570 5 CD2087 xdhB xanthine dehydrogenase, FAD binding subunit 15 b2867 (CD2101) xdhC xanthine dehydrogenase, Fe-S binding subunit 17 b2868 14 (EF_2570) (CD2088) ygeV sigma(54)-dependent activator 13 b2869 ygeW carbamoyl transferase 7 b2870...”

1rm6A / O33819 Structure of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-coa reductase from thauera aromatica (see paper)
27% identity, 94% coverage

• Ligand: (molybdopterin-cytosine dinucleotide-s,s)-dioxo-aqua-molybdenum(v) (1rm6A)

hcrA / O33819 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase α subunit (EC 1.1.7.1) from Thauera aromatica (see paper)
HCRA_THAAR / O33819 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase subunit alpha; 4-HBCR subunit alpha; EC 1.1.7.1 from Thauera aromatica (see 3 papers)
hcrA / CAA05038.1 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase alpha-subunit from Thauera aromatica (see paper)
27% identity, 93% coverage

• function: Component of a complex that catalyzes the reductive dehydroxylation of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA to benzoyl-CoA. Reaction is not reversible. Is a key enzyme in the anaerobic degradation of phenolic compounds.
  catalytic activity: oxidized 2[4Fe-4S]-[ferredoxin] + benzoyl-CoA + H2O = 4- hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + reduced 2[4Fe-4S]-[ferredoxin] + 2 H(+) (RHEA:29603)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Mo-MCD) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Heterohexamer of two alpha, two beta and two gamma subunits.
• Diet-derived urolithin A is produced by a dehydroxylase encoded by human gut Enterocloster species
  Pidgeon, Nature communications 2025
  • “...Multiple sequence alignments based on protein sequences of Eb UcdO (UniProt A8RZR2), Ta 4-HBCD (UniProt O33819), Ac CoxL (UniProt P19919), and Bt XDH (UniProt P80457 amino acids 1-523 removed) were generated in Benchling using the Benchling Clustal Omega sequence alignment tool ( https://benchling.com ). Plasmid construction...”

BAMB_RS28665 molybdopterin-dependent oxidoreductase from Burkholderia ambifaria AMMD
31% identity, 77% coverage

• Quorum sensing and DNA methylation play active roles in clinical <i>Burkholderia</i> phase variation
  Coulon, Journal of bacteriology 2025
  • “...from eight clinical Ba isolates have lost their pC3 replicon a Strains hmqA hmqG cepI2 BAMB_RS28665 BAMB_RS29710 BAMB_RS31530 B. ambifaria CEP0516 Parental + + + + Variant B. ambifaria CEP0617 Parental + + + + + + Variant B. ambifaria CEP0958 Parental + + + +...”
  • “...a PCR screen for three additional genes located on the pC3 replicon ( cepI2 , BAMB_RS28665, and BAMB_RS31530). Consistent with our initial hmq gene screen ( 60 ), no amplification was observed in six out of eight tested variants, while amplification was positive for their respective...”
• Quorum sensing and DNA methylation play active roles in clinicalBurkholderiaphase variation
  Coulon, 2024

Entcl_2780 xanthine dehydrogenase molybdenum-binding subunit XdhA from [Enterobacter] lignolyticus SCF1
28% identity, 95% coverage

• Multi-time series RNA-seq analysis of Enterobacter lignolyticus SCF1 during growth in lignin-amended medium
  Orellana, PloS one 2017
  • “...genes encoding for enzymes that catalyzes the further metabolization of xanthine, such as Entcl_4100, Entcl_3480, Entcl_2780, Entcl_2781, Entcl_2782, and Entcl_2795, were found to be up-regulated during lignin-amended mid-exponential growth. This set of enzymes belong to a mechanism of recycling of uric acid, xanthine and other nitrogenous...”

CD630_20990 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Clostridioides difficile 630
CD2099 putative molybdenum-binding subunit of oxidoreductase from Clostridium difficile 630
25% identity, 96% coverage

• The cwp66 Gene Affects Cell Adhesion, Stress Tolerance, and Antibiotic Resistance in Clostridioides difficile
  Zhou, Microbiology spectrum 2022
  • “...1215.613506 27836.75169 22.89934386 Up regulation CD630_16730 Conjugal transfer protein TraX 23.22251014 69.27760194 2.98320903 Up regulation CD630_20990 Molybdopterin-dependent oxidoreductase 692.7271125 1569.057103 2.265043586 Up regulation CD630_23310 mtlD (mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase) 255.5612433 748.7770499 2.929931942 Up regulation CD630_27900 PIG-L family deacetylase 596.7339989 1318.281645 2.20916128 Up regulation CD630_34900 spoIIE (stage II sporulation...”
• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...FAD-binding subunit b2880 ygfN selenate reductase, Mo-binding subunit 14 b2881 (EF_2570) 3 pNG7246 3 ( CD2099 ) 5 (pNG7244) 4 CD2073 5 (CD2079) ygfO xanthine/uracil family permease b2882 (EF_2573) sulfurtransferase-related protein TIGR03527 12 EF_2566 pNG7238 CD3667 selD selenophosphate synthase b1764 EF_2567 pNG7239 CD2496 selenocysteine lyase TIGR01977...”

hbaC / Q6NC04 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase HbaC subunit (EC 1.1.7.1) from Rhodopseudomonas palustris (strain ATCC BAA-98 / CGA009) (see 7 papers)
RPA0671 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase,second of three subunits from Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009
28% identity, 93% coverage

• Anaerobic Degradation of Syringic Acid by an Adapted Strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris
  Oshlag, Applied and environmental microbiology 2020
  • “...to succinate rpa0669 hbaA 4-Hydroxybenzoate-CoA ligase 9.98* 3.63 rpa0670 hbaB 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase subunit 8.40* 3.01 rpa0671 hbaC 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase subunit 8.37* 2.58 rpa0653 badI 2-Ketocyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA hydrolase 7.84* 2.94* rpa0658 badE Benzoyl-CoA reductase subunit 7.68* 0.36* rpa0659 badF Benzoyl-CoA reductase subunit 7.39* 1.13 rpa0660 badG Benzoyl-CoA reductase...”

Gmet_2136 Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding from Geobacter metallireducens GS-15
Q39TQ9 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase subunit from Geobacter metallireducens (strain ATCC 53774 / DSM 7210 / GS-15)
26% identity, 95% coverage

• Adaptation of Carbon Source Utilization Patterns of Geobacter metallireducens During Sessile Growth
  Marozava, Frontiers in microbiology 2020
  • “...et al., 2014b and Data Sheet S1). In the column experiments, the 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase subunit (Gmet_2136) had slightly higher abundance at low benzoate concentration relative to high benzoate concentration (2.6-fold) ( Table 1 ). None of the three subunits of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase (Gmet_2134, Gmet_2135, Gmet_2136) were...”
• Adaptation of Carbon Source Utilization Patterns of Geobacter metallireducens During Sessile Growth
  Marozava, Frontiers in microbiology 2020
  • “...3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 0.8 0.6 0.5 p-hydroxybenzoate degradation Q39TQ0 Sigma-54-dependent transcriptional response regulator 49.7 78.6 40.0 Q39TQ9 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase subunit 1.0 2.6 2.2 Q39TQ1 Uncharacterized protein 0.7 1.6 1.5 Q39TQ4 Zinc-dependent hydrolase 0.1 2.5 1.4 Phenol degradation Q39TW6 Iron-sulfur cluster-binding protein 2.7 2.7 2.9 Q39TU3 Phenylphosphate carboxylase,...”

XDHD_BACSU / O32144 Probable xanthine dehydrogenase subunit D; XDHase subunit D; EC 1.17.1.4 from Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) (see paper)
pucD / GB|CAB15238.1 xanthine dehydrogenase subunit D; EC 1.17.1.4 from Bacillus subtilis (see paper)
27% identity, 97% coverage

• function: Oxidizes hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid.
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Could be composed of four subunits: PucA, PucC, PucD and PucE
• Diverse protein regulations on PHA formation in Ralstonia eutropha on short chain organic acids
  Lee, International journal of biological sciences 2009
  • “...29 (17) Q8U9W3 Agrobacterium tumefaciens Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis Probable xanthine dehydrogenase 4 25 (24) O32144 Bacillus subtilis Purine catabolism Probable inositol monophosphatase 5 29 (27) T35932 Streptomyces coelicolor Aromatic acid biosynthesis (chorismate biosynthesis) Quinolinate synthetase A 2 20 (16) Q9F364 Streptomyces coelicolor NAD biosynthesis NAD-dependent...”
• Mammalian molybdo-flavoenzymes, an expanding family of proteins: structure, genetics, regulation, function and pathophysiology
  Garattini, The Biochemical journal 2003
  • “...BacsuXOR (Bacillus subtilis XOR), O32145, O32144 and O32143. c 2003 Biochemical Society Downloaded from...”

hcrA / Q5P3F3 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase, α subunit (EC 1.1.7.1) from Aromatoleum aromaticum (strain EbN1) (see 3 papers)
27% identity, 92% coverage

CBO2852 dehydrogenase, molybdenum binding subunit from Clostridium botulinum A str. ATCC 3502
25% identity, 93% coverage

• The cold-induced two-component system CBO0366/CBO0365 regulates metabolic pathways with novel roles in group I Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502 cold tolerance
  Dahlsten, Applied and environmental microbiology 2014
  • “...and transport (cbo2521 to cbo2525), dehydrogenation (cbo2850 to cbo2852), and a putative genomic island (cbo3016 to cbo3044) (Table 3). Validation of the DNA...”

Rxyl_2839 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding protein from Rubrobacter xylanophilus DSM 9941
28% identity, 93% coverage

• Identifying reaction modules in metabolic pathways: bioinformatic deduction and experimental validation of a new putative route in purine catabolism
  Barba, BMC systems biology 2013
  • “...is implicated in successive steps of degradation to allantoate. Xanthine dehydrogenase genes ( Rxyl_2836 to Rxyl_2839 ) are found upstream of this operon, while genes involved in the degradation of glyoxylate to D-glycerate (last steps of purine catabolism) are located downstream in a third transcription unit...”

Q96XN5 glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-containing) (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.99.8) from Sulfurisphaera tokodaii (see paper)
26% identity, 99% coverage

RC1_1075 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain from Rhodospirillum centenum SW
27% identity, 91% coverage

• Transcriptome analysis of cyst formation in Rhodospirillum centenum reveals large global changes in expression during cyst development
  Dong, BMC genomics 2015
  • “...also an increase in expression of two energy generating carbon monoxide dehydrogenases ( RC1_1074 and RC1_1075 ) that convert CO and H 2 O ->CO 2 , 2H + and 2e (Figure 6 A). Cell motility In addition to the development of cysts, R. centenum cells...”
• Mapping the CgrA regulon of Rhodospirillum centenum reveals a hierarchal network controlling Gram-negative cyst development
  Dong, BMC genomics 2015
  • “...Conversion 7 RC1_1074 yes coxM + Gene in Operon carbon monoxide dehydrogenase 1.81138 CGTTCTCACCTTCACG 7 RC1_1075 yes coxL 605 First Gene in Operon carbon monoxide dehydrogenase 1.73844 CGTTCTCACCTTCACG COG E: Amino Acid Metabolism and Transport 10 RC1_1588 yes alkJ + 258 Single Gene alcohol dehydrogenase 1.72171...”

CLJU_RS11830 molybdopterin-dependent aldehyde oxidoreductase from Clostridium ljungdahlii DSM 13528
25% identity, 80% coverage

• Transcriptomic profiles of Clostridium ljungdahlii during lithotrophic growth with syngas or H₂ and CO₂ compared to organotrophic growth with fructose
  Aklujkar, Scientific reports 2017
  • “...encode homologs of four proteins. The first protein is a (molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide)-oxothiomolybdenum-binding aldehyde oxidoreductase (CLJU_RS11830, CLJU_RS11870). The second protein is a fused FAD-binding pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase and CCG domain pair iron-sulfur cluster-binding oxidoreductase (CLJU_RS11825, CLJU_RS11865), which may reduce or oxidize a membrane-bound electron carrier through...”

SMa2037 Oxidoreductase from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021
26% identity, 97% coverage

• sinI- and expR-dependent quorum sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti
  Gao, Journal of bacteriology 2005
  • “...or expR mutation. Gene SMa1296 SMa1450 SMa1993 SMa2037 SMa2041 SMb20170 SMb20712 SMb20899 SMb21121 SMb21133 SMb21309 SMb21321 SMb21652 SMc00153 SMc00154...”

SPO2881 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
28% identity, 97% coverage

• Transcriptional changes underlying elemental stoichiometry shifts in a marine heterotrophic bacterium
  Chan, Frontiers in microbiology 2012
  • “...LysR family transcriptional regulator 3.2 1.1 SPO2747 Diguanylate cyclase, putative 3.7 SPO2845 Hypothetical protein 3.8 SPO2881 Xanthine dehydrogenase family protein, large subunit 5.0 1.0 SPO2989 Cytochrome b562 3.1 1.4 SPO3121 MATE efflux family protein 4.3 0.9 SPO3291 Branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter, periplasmic 5.5 4.0 SPO3407...”

bll5914 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110
26% identity, 95% coverage

• Proteomic Characterization of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens Bacteroids Reveals a Post-Symbiotic, Hemibiotrophic-Like Lifestyle of the Bacteria within Senescing Soybean Nodules
  Strodtman, International journal of molecular sciences 2018
  • “...NP_772049 Cytoplasm DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta chain bll5410 NP_772050 Cytoplasm Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain bll5914 NP_772554 Cytoplasm Putative hydrolase serine protease transmembrane protein bll6508 NP_773148 Cytoplasm 3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase subunit A bll7093 NP_773733 Cytoplasm DNA-binding stress response protein, Dps family bll7374 NP_774014 Cytoplasm Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase bll8141...”
• Complete genome sequence of Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14 and comparative genomic analysis of species within the genus Nitrobacter
  Starkenburg, Applied and environmental microbiology 2008
  • “...bll5666 bll5665 bll5664 bll5663 bll5662 bll5661 bll5660 bll5659 bll5914 blr5209 blr5210 blr5211 blr0335 blr0336 blr0337 NP NP NP % Protein sequence identity 84...”

CLOSPO_02131 hypothetical protein from Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 15579
25% identity, 84% coverage

• A widely distributed gene cluster compensates for uricase loss in hominids
  Liu, Cell 2023
  • “...AGGCGGCATGGCCGTGCGCCCAGATAGGGTGTTAA GTCAAGTAGTTTAAGGTACTACTCTGTAAGATAACA CAGAAAACAGCCAACCTAACCGAAAAGCGAAAGCT GATACGGGAACAGAGCACGGTTGGAAAGCGATGAG TTACCTAAAGACAATCGGGTACGACTGAGTCGCAAT GTTAATCAGATATAAGGTATAAGTTGTGTTTACTGAA CGCAAGTTTCTAATTTCGATTCCGCCTCGATAGAGG AAAGTGTCTGAAACCTCTAGTACAAAGAAAGGTAAG TTAGAGGCCATGACTTATCTGTTATCACCACATTTGT ACAATCTGTAGGAGAACCTATGG Integrated DNA technologies N/A xdhAC (CLOSPO_02131, 1084s) gBlock: ATAAAGTTGTGTAATTTTTAAGCTTTATAATTATCCTT AGATGGCGATGGAGTGCGCCCAGATAGGGTGTTAA GTCAAGTAGTTTAAGGTACTACTCTGTAAGATAACA CAGAAAACAGCCAACCTAACCGAAAAGCGAAAGCT GATACGGGAACAGAGCACGGTTGGAAAGCGATGAG TTACCTAAAGACAATCGGGTACGACTGAGTCGCAAT GTTAATCAGATATAAGGTATAAGTTGTGTTTACTGAA CGCAAGTTTCTAATTTCGATTCCATCTCGATAGAGG AAAGTGTCTGAAACCTCTAGTACAAAGAAAGGTAAG TTAACTCCATCGACTTATCTGTTATCACCACATTTGT ACAATCTGTAGGAGAACCTATGG Integrated DNA technologies N/A ygeX (CLOSPO_02124) sequencing Csp.ygeX-F: AGTAACTGGAGATATGCCTA Csp.ygeX-R: TACTAAAGTTGCTATGCCT Integrated DNA technologies N/A pbuX (CLOSPO_02125)...”
  • “...DNA technologies N/A ygeY (CLOSPO_02130) sequencing Csp.ygeY-F: TTTTAAAAGAAGGTGCTCT Csp.ygeY-R: TTCATACACATTTATTACCCC Integrated DNA technologies N/A xdhAC (CLOSPO_02131) sequencing Csp.xdhAC-F: ATTATTACAGCACAAGATGTCC Csp.xdhAC-R: CGCATGATGTTGTACACTCA Integrated DNA technologies N/A ygeW (b2870) -red recombination knockout F: TTTGCCTGTCATTCCACTACCGGGACTTTATGATGG TGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTC R: ATCGGCCCGAGGGGTTATTTCACGCGTTCTTGCGC CCATATGAATATCCTCCTTAGT Integrated DNA technologies N/A ygeX (b2871) -red recombination knockout F:...”

Q46509 aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent) (EC 1.2.99.7) from Megalodesulfovibrio gigas (see 4 papers)
4c7yA / Q46509 Aldehyde oxidoreductase from desulfovibrio gigas (mop), soaked with sodium dithionite and sodium sulfide (see paper)
26% identity, 80% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; bicarbonate ion; magnesium ion; (molybdopterin-cytosine dinucleotide-s,s)-dioxo-aqua-molybdenum(v); hydrogen peroxide (4c7yA)
• Predicting enzymatic function of protein sequences with attention.
  Buton, Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 2023
  • “...the presence of catalytic sites was found for the aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent) enzyme (Uniprot AC Q46509, M-CSA ID 105). The sole catalytic residue, GLU869, is not highlighted by our interpretability method, that is, it does not belong to the top 5% residues in terms of importance...”

pNG7246 possible hypoxanthine oxidase XdhD from Haloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049
26% identity, 90% coverage

• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...ygfM selenate reductase, FAD-binding subunit b2880 ygfN selenate reductase, Mo-binding subunit 14 b2881 (EF_2570) 3 pNG7246 3 ( CD2099 ) 5 (pNG7244) 4 CD2073 5 (CD2079) ygfO xanthine/uracil family permease b2882 (EF_2573) sulfurtransferase-related protein TIGR03527 12 EF_2566 pNG7238 CD3667 selD selenophosphate synthase b1764 EF_2567 pNG7239 CD2496...”
• Genome information management and integrated data analysis with HaloLex
  Pfeiffer, Archives of microbiology 2008
  • “...984 834 Extended HQ2189A pNG7227 747 612 Extended NP0054A, HQ1091A, OE3843F pNG7244 2,481 2,166 Extended pNG7246, HQ1944A pNG7252 1,659 1,788 Shortened OE2316R, rrnAC2655, HQ2451A pNG7278 1,041 1,155 Shortened OE4674F, HQ1124A pNG7280 540 489 Extended pNG6134, NP5298A pNG7297 603 630 Shortened NP0672A pNG7321 381 408 Shortened HQ1769A,...”

1dgjA / Q9REC4 Crystal structure of the aldehyde oxidoreductase from desulfovibrio desulfuricans atcc 27774 (see paper)
26% identity, 80% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; molybdenum (iv)oxide; pterin cytosine dinucleotide (1dgjA)

SCO4972 dehydrogenase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
26% identity, 84% coverage

• A Novel Two-Component System, Encoded by the sco5282/sco5283 Genes, Affects Streptomyces coelicolor Morphology in Liquid Culture
  Arroyo-Pérez, Frontiers in microbiology 2019
  • “...4.84E-04 4.18E-03 SCO6702 Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase subunit B 1.81 Amino acid degradation I 3.26E-10 4.79E-02 8.24E-03 SCO4972 Xanthine dehydrogenase 2.65 Purine degradation F 7.57E-23 1.38E-02 2.22E-15 SCO6209 OHCU decarboxylase 3.11 Purine degradation F 8.62E-27 9.16E-19 5.50E-09 SCO6247 Dihydroorotase 2.92 Purine degradation F 2.17E-26 7.02E-20 0.00E+00 SCO6248 Allantoate...”

CD630_31770 selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase from Clostridioides difficile 630
27% identity, 84% coverage

• Chromosomal Resistance to Metronidazole in Clostridioides difficile Can Be Mediated by Epistasis between Iron Homeostasis and Oxidoreductases
  Deshpande, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2020
  • “...(PFOR; encoded by nifJ), a synonymous codon change to putative xdh (xanthine dehydrogenase; encoded by CD630_31770), likely affecting mRNA stability, and last, frameshift and point mutations that inactivated the iron-sulfur cluster regulator (IscR). Gene silencing of nifJ, xdh, or iscR with catalytically dead Cas9 revealed that...”
• Impact of subinhibitory concentrations of metronidazole on proteome of Clostridioides difficile strains with different levels of susceptibility
  Doan, PloS one 2020
  • “...of pyruvate-ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), a synonymous codon change to putative xdh (xanthine dehydrogenase; encoded by CD630_31770 ), and frameshift and point mutations that inactivated the iron-sulfur cluster regulator ( iscR ). However, resistance involving these genes was seen only in the feoB1 deletion mutant and not...”

A0A336UZ51 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Penaeus japonicus (see paper)
25% identity, 54% coverage

RPA3974 putative dehydrogenase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009
26% identity, 94% coverage

• Complete genome sequence of Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14 and comparative genomic analysis of species within the genus Nitrobacter
  Starkenburg, Applied and environmental microbiology 2008
  • “...neighbor RPA3804 RPA3803 RPA3802 RPA3801 RPA3800 RPA3799 RPA3798 RPA3797 RPA3974 NP NP NP RPA4666 RPA4667 RPA4668 NP NP NP % Protein sequence identity 81 90 84...”

A8RZR2 Aldehyde oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase a/b hammerhead domain-containing protein from Enterocloster bolteae (strain ATCC BAA-613 / DSM 15670 / CCUG 46953 / JCM 12243 / WAL 16351)
25% identity, 91% coverage

• Diet-derived urolithin A is produced by a dehydroxylase encoded by human gut Enterocloster species
  Pidgeon, Nature communications 2025
  • “...modeling using the AlphaFold server ( https://alphafoldserver.com/ ). In parallel, the UniProt accession for UcdO (A8RZR2) was queried in the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database ( https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/ ) and the integrated FoldSeek tool ( https://github.com/steineggerlab/foldseek ) was used to generate a list of proteins with similar structures...”
  • “...and shown as sticks. Multiple sequence alignments based on protein sequences of Eb UcdO (UniProt A8RZR2), Ta 4-HBCD (UniProt O33819), Ac CoxL (UniProt P19919), and Bt XDH (UniProt P80457 amino acids 1-523 removed) were generated in Benchling using the Benchling Clustal Omega sequence alignment tool (...”

RSP_2877 Putative carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain from Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1
26% identity, 90% coverage

• Characteristics of Pos19 - A Small Coding RNA in the Oxidative Stress Response of Rhodobacter sphaeroides
  Müller, PloS one 2016
  • “...Flagellar filament protein RSP_2590 1.2 Hypothetical protein RSP_2876 coxM 1.2 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase medium chain RSP_2877 coxL 1.5 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain RSP_2878 coxS 1.9 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase small chain RSP_2879 coxG 1.6 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase subunit G RSP_3469 1.1 Hypothetical protein RSP_6085 1.0 Hypothetical...”
• A cluster of four homologous small RNAs modulates C1 metabolism and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Rhodobacter sphaeroides under various stress conditions
  Billenkamp, Journal of bacteriology 2015
  • “...cytochrome c533i), and coxS and coxL (RSP_2878 and RSP_2877, two subunits of a putative carbon monoxide dehydrogenase). On the other hand, genes that encode...”
  • “...with the microarray data, which was limited to CoxL (RSP_2877). The synthesis of several proteins with roles in C1 metabolism and the pyruvate Journal of...”
• Effects of the cryptochrome CryB from Rhodobacter sphaeroides on global gene expression in the dark or blue light or in the presence of singlet oxygen
  Frühwirth, PloS one 2012
  • “...0.62 PAS sensor GGDEF/EAL domain RSP_0905 sitB 1.20 0.75 2.10 ABC Mn+2/Fe+2 transporter, ATPase subunit RSP_2877 coxL 1.11 0.71 0.29 Putative carbon monoxide dehydrogenase RSP_3571 znuA 0.72 0.78 2.97 ABC zinc transporter RSP_3539 0.47 0.35 0.43 Hemolysin-type calcium-binding region, RTX RSP_3871 modA 3.48 (0.82) (1.10) ABC...”
  • “...under 1 O 2 exposure but not under blue light illumination were validated for coxL (RSP_2877) and znuA (RSP_3571) but not for sitB (RSP_0905). Effect of CryB on the expression of sRNAs under different conditions As shown previously [27] the levels of several sRNAs of R....”
• Coproporphyrin excretion and low thiol levels caused by point mutation in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene
  Sabaty, Journal of bacteriology 2010
  • “...them to be an aerobic monoxide dehydrogenase (encoded by RSP_2877 in R. sphaeroides 2.41) and a putative sulfite oxidase (encoded by RSP_1410) homologous to E....”

SPO1519 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
SPO1519 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, large subunit from Silicibacter pomeroyi DSS-3
27% identity, 86% coverage

• A mutant fitness assay identifies bacterial interactions in a model ocean hot spot
  Schreier, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2023
  • “...transhydrogenase, alpha ( pntA ) Energy 0.36 SPO0095 nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase ( pncB ) Energy 0.11 SPO1519 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, large subunit ( coxL -1) Energy carbon monoxide 0.17 0.23 SPO3901 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase G protein, putative Energy carbon monoxide 0.31 Empty cells represent fitness changes that...”
• Proteomic insights into the lifestyle of an environmentally relevant marine bacterium
  Christie-Oleza, The ISME journal 2012
  • “...cells, and a steep increase in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (SPO1519 44 and SPO1520 16 ) and metalo-beta-lactamase enzyme levels (SPO0429 9 and SPO2170 24 )....”

BIX52_RS05715 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Acuticoccus yangtzensis
29% identity, 93% coverage

• Genome sequence of Acuticoccus yangtzensis JL1095T (DSM 28604T) isolated from the Yangtze Estuary
  Hou, Standards in genomic sciences 2017
  • “...tree for strain JL1095 T and confirmed that four predicted coxL genes (Locus tag: BIX52_RS02480, BIX52_RS05715, BIX52_RS17810 and BIX52_RS18370) were recognized as form II coxL genes (Fig. 3 ). Additionally, the accessory genes were also essential for CO oxidation to take place. The accessory genes in...”

AMK58_07550 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Azospirillum brasilense
26% identity, 91% coverage

• Identification and functional characterization of a fructose-inducible phosphotransferase system in <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> Sp7
  Rai, Applied and environmental microbiology 2025
  • “...AMK58_07540 MoxR family ATPase moxR 2.206 AMK58_07545 Xanthine dehydrogenase family protein subunit M coxM 4.97 AMK58_07550 Xanthine dehydrogenase family molybdopterin-binding subunit coxL 6.72 AMK58_07555 (2Fe-2S)-binding protein coxS 4.393 AMK58_07560 TAXI family TRAP transporter solute-binding subunit 4.656 AMK58_18725 Molybdenum ABC transporter ATP-binding protein modC Molybdenum ABC transporter...”

C4N18_RS01955 selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase from Fusobacterium varium ATCC 27725
25% identity, 84% coverage

• Gut bacterial metabolism contributes to host global purine homeostasis
  Kasahara, Cell host & microbe 2023
  • “...in panel B are compared to those from Clostridioides difficile CD196 (CD196_RS16070 RS16115), Fusobacterium varium (C4N18_RS01955 RS01995) and (C4N18_RS03270 RS03290), Edwardsiella tarda (ETATCC_RS03320 RS03390) and E. coli MS 2001 (HMPREF9553_RS03160 - RS03225). Matched genes are color-coded, and the percent similarities of the encoded proteins are indicated....”

XP_038118267 aldehyde oxidase 1 from Culex quinquefasciatus
25% identity, 56% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...(AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853); Gallus gallus (GgAOX1, NP_046777290; GgAOX2,NP_001034690; GgXDH, NP_990458); Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsXDH,...”

YgfN / b2881 fused putative xanthine/hypoxanthine oxidase: molybdopterin-binding subunit and Fe-S binding subunit from Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655 (see 5 papers)
xdhD / Q46814 fused putative xanthine/hypoxanthine oxidase: molybdopterin-binding subunit and Fe-S binding subunit from Escherichia coli (strain K12) (see 5 papers)
XDHD_ECOLI / Q46814 Probable hypoxanthine oxidase XdhD; EC 1.-.-.- from Escherichia coli (strain K12) (see paper)
ETEC_3075 molybdopterin-dependent oxidoreductase Mo/Fe-S-binding subunit from Escherichia coli ETEC H10407
b2881 fused predicted xanthine/hypoxanthine oxidase: molybdopterin-binding subunit/Fe-S binding subunit from Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655
25% identity, 76% coverage

• function: Probably has no xanthine dehydrogenase activity; however deletion results in increased adenine sensitivity, suggesting that this protein contributes to the conversion of adenine to guanine nucleotides during purine salvage.
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] centers.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
• The molecular basis for control of ETEC enterotoxin expression in response to environment and host
  Haycocks, PLoS pathogens 2015
  • “...)/ fucR 3265047 TGTGA CCTGGG TCAC G ETEC_3017 rppH 3324543 TGTG GGCTACG T A ACA (ETEC_3075) (ydhD) 3361162 n.d. ETEC_3105 serA 3368992 T T TGA TGCACCG CACA ( ETEC_3113 ) ( ygfI ) 3382158 TGTGA TCTACAA CAC G ETEC_3126 cmtB 3390811 TGTGA TTTGCT TCACA ETEC_3133 galP...”
• The sulfur carrier protein TusA has a pleiotropic role in Escherichia coli that also affects molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
  Dahl, The Journal of biological chemistry 2013
  • “...b1476 b1587 b1673 b2203 b2204 b2205 b2206 b2207 b2208 b2469 b2881 b3892 b3893 b3894 b4079 paoB dmsA dmsB narX narK narG narH narJ narI narV narW narY narZ narU...”
• Analysis of phage Mu DNA transposition by whole-genome Escherichia coli tiling arrays reveals a complex relationship to distribution of target selection protein B, transcription and chromosome architectural elements
  Ge, Journal of biosciences 2011
  • “...2751039 3.08 smpA b2617 16 2347485 2347798 1.77 yfaH b2238 16 3020246 3020511 3.08 recN b2881 17 3981464 3981609 1.77 asIB b3800 17 3566418 3566539 3.08 glyC b3429 18 378001 378338 1.72 frmB b0355 18 4175399 4175544 3.08 secE b3981 19 2862792 2863225 1.72 ygbN b2740...”
• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...EF_2582 8 pNG7259 ygfM selenate reductase, FAD-binding subunit b2880 ygfN selenate reductase, Mo-binding subunit 14 b2881 (EF_2570) 3 pNG7246 3 ( CD2099 ) 5 (pNG7244) 4 CD2073 5 (CD2079) ygfO xanthine/uracil family permease b2882 (EF_2573) sulfurtransferase-related protein TIGR03527 12 EF_2566 pNG7238 CD3667 selD selenophosphate synthase b1764...”
• Purine catabolism in Escherichia coli and function of xanthine dehydrogenase in purine salvage
  Xi, Journal of bacteriology 2000
  • “...IN E. COLI VOL. 182, 2000 5333 (ii) Strain HX2 (b2881). BLAST analysis indicates that the product of gene b2881 has homology to four of the five domains of...”
  • “...a potential 956-residue protein. (iii) Strain HX3 (xdhA b2881). The b2881::Kanr-FRT allele (described for the construction of HX2) was transduced into HX1. The...”

CLJU_RS11870, CLJU_c24130 molybdopterin-dependent aldehyde oxidoreductase from Clostridium ljungdahlii DSM 13528
24% identity, 79% coverage

• Functional dissection and modulation of the BirA protein for improved autotrophic growth of gas-fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii
  Zhang, Microbial biotechnology 2021
  • “...searched for more Cl BirAbinding sites within the remaining nine candidates (Clju_c02070, Clju_c05330, Clju_c15080, Clju_c16810, Clju_c24130, Clju_c26350, Clju_c29710, Clju_c29780 and Clju_c40120) (Fig. S2 ) via gene sequence alignment (SnapGene 2.3.2) using a template TTNWCN 16/19 GNTAA (N represents any bases; W represents A or T; the...”
• Biofilm Formation by Clostridium ljungdahlii Is Induced by Sodium Chloride Stress: Experimental Evaluation and Transcriptome Analysis
  Philips, PloS one 2017
  • “...ljungdahlii [ 13 ], was strongly downregulated. Also a gene encoding a putative aldehyde oxidoreductase (CLJU_c24130), which was involved in the increased ethanol production after oxygen stress [ 41 ], was significantly downregulated (Table N in S2 File ). These results are in contrast to what...”
• Transcriptomic profiles of Clostridium ljungdahlii during lithotrophic growth with syngas or H₂ and CO₂ compared to organotrophic growth with fructose
  Aklujkar, Scientific reports 2017
  • “...homologs of four proteins. The first protein is a (molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide)-oxothiomolybdenum-binding aldehyde oxidoreductase (CLJU_RS11830, CLJU_RS11870). The second protein is a fused FAD-binding pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase and CCG domain pair iron-sulfur cluster-binding oxidoreductase (CLJU_RS11825, CLJU_RS11865), which may reduce or oxidize a membrane-bound electron carrier through the...”
• Metabolic response of Clostridium ljungdahlii to oxygen exposure
  Whitham, Applied and environmental microbiology 2015
  • “...a more highly expressed predicted aldehyde oxidoreductase (CLJU_c24130) and that C. ljungdahlii's primary defense upon oxygen exposure is a predicted...”
  • “...0.650 2.991 0.070 0.550 CLJU_c20210 CLJU_c23910 CLJU_c24050 CLJU_c24130 CLJU_c39730 CLJU_c39840 a Comparisons of gene expression were made between anaerobic...”

Rv0373c PROBABLE CARBON MONOXYDE DEHYDROGENASE (LARGE CHAIN) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
26% identity, 90% coverage

• Practical approach to detection and surveillance of emerging highly resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing 1071-32-cluster
  Mokrousov, Scientific reports 2021
  • “...of the available WGS data, we identified three synonymous SNPs in the genes Rv0144 , Rv0373c , and Rv0334 that were specific for the Beijing 1071-32-cluster and developed a real-time PCR assay for their detection. Analysis of the 2375 genetically diverse M. tuberculosis isolates collected between...”
  • “...74GCC/GCT 222 C>T 170505 C>T 170505F 5-CCAACGGTAGGTACCAAGC 170505R 5-GCTTCCGAGTCTCATCTGCT 170505C wt 5-[HEX]GTTCAATGTCGCTCACGGC[C-LNA]G[BHQ1] 170505T mut 5-[FAM]GTTCAATGTCGCTCACGGC[T-LNA]G[BHQ1] Rv0373c 98CCG/CCA 294 G>A 451510 C>T 451510F 5-CGCATCGATGTGACTGCC 451510R 5-CACGGCTTGTACGTCGTTG 451510G wt 5-[HEX]GCCTGGCTTGGATGCC[G-LNA]ACA[BHQ1] 451510A mut 5-[FAM]GCCTGGCTTGGATGCC[A-LNA]ACA[BHQ1] Rv0334 87GCG/GCA 261 G>A 398918 G>A 398918F 5-GAGTGAACATCAGCTACGC 398918R 5-GGCCGTAGAAGATGTTGTC 398918G wt 5-[HEX]TCAGCCTGACGGTCTGGC[G-LNA]CA[BHQ1] 398918A mut...”
• bis-Molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide is required for persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs
  Williams, Infection and immunity 2015
  • “...Gene name Rv0197 Rv1161 bisC fdhF Rv0218 Rv0373c Rv3151 nuoG Form of cofactor requireda Possible oxidoreductase bis-MGD Respiratory and assimilatory nitrate...”
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: In Silico Drug Targets Identification by Metabolic Pathways Analysis
  Amir, International journal of evolutionary biology 2014
  • “...19. Rv0860 Fatty oxidation protein FadB Yes 20. Rv3667 Acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC: 6.2.1.1) Yes 21. Rv0373c Carbon monoxyde dehydrogenase large subunit (EC: 1.2.99.2) No 22. Rv2900c Formate dehydrogenase H (EC: 1.2.1.2) No 23. Rv1023 Phosphopyruvate hydratase (EC: 4.2.1.11) Yes 24. Rv1240 Malate dehydrogenase (EC: 1.1.1.37) Yes...”
• In vitro and in vivo studies of a rapid and selective breath test for tuberculosis based upon mycobacterial CO dehydrogenase
  Maiga, mBio 2014
  • “...subunits of CODH are found in the genomes of several virulent tuberculous mycobacteria, such as Rv0373c, Rv0374c, and Rv0375c, respectively, in Mycobacteriumtuberculosis , with analogs in virulent Mycobacteriumbovis strains and the vaccine strain M.bovis BCG. We therefore hypothesized that, using appropriate stable isotopically labeled CO, we...”
• Effect of carbon monoxide on Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis
  Zacharia, Medical gas research 2012
  • “...genes are arranged in the transcriptional order 5 coxM (Rv0375c) -> coxS (Rv0374c) -> coxL (Rv0373c) 3, a genome structure shared by the majority of bacteria with cox homologues [ 40 ]. All three of the putative Mtb CODH proteins demonstrate high overall sequence similarity with...”
• Functional genomics reveals extended roles of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis stress response factor sigmaH
  Mehra, Journal of bacteriology 2009
  • “...0.047 0.050 Intermediary metabolism Rv1318c Rv3303c Rv0557 Rv0886 Rv0373c adc lpdA pimB fprB coxM 1.130 0.295 1.309 0.026 1.385 0.021 1.022 0.077 1.336 0.029...”
• Gene cluster on pAO1 of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans involved in degradation of the plant alkaloid nicotine: cloning, purification, and characterization of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-hydroxylase
  Baitsch, Journal of bacteriology 2001
  • “...chromosome. It consists of the ORFs Rv0374c, Rv0375c, and Rv0373c, encoding the large, small, TABLE 2. Features associated with ORFs of the nic gene cluster...”

WPS_11190 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Vulcanimicrobium alpinum
28% identity, 92% coverage

• Vulcanimicrobium alpinus gen. nov. sp. nov., the first cultivated representative of the candidate phylum "Eremiobacterota", is a metabolically versatile aerobic anoxygenic phototroph
  Yabe, ISME communications 2022
  • “...atmospheric CO [ 7 , 62 ] (Fig. 1 ). Although WC8-2 possesses CoxL homologs (WPS_11190 and WPS_30380), the active site, CSFR [ 63 ], is not found in the sequences. Moreover, the WC8-2 genome encodes a complete Sox system involved in thiosulfate oxidation (Fig. 2...”

SPO0653 xanthine dehydrogenase molybdopterin binding subunit from Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
27% identity, 85% coverage

• Diel investments in metabolite production and consumption in a model microbial system
  Uchimiya, The ISME journal 2022
  • “...protein 1.3 (n.s.) Nuceloside Xanthine SPO0654 xdhA Xanthine dehydrogenase, A subunit 33.4 [ 76 ] SPO0653 xdhB Xanthine dehydrogenase, B subunit 33.0 SPO0652 xdhC Xanthine dehydrogenase accessory factor 25.8 Nucleoside Uridine SPO2470 iunH inosine-uridine preferring nucleoside hydrolase 9.9 Organic Acid Acetate SPO1813 acs acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase...”

PBP221_13280 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Paraburkholderia sp. 22B1P
26% identity, 94% coverage

• Complete genome sequence of Paraburkholderia sp. strain 22B1P capable of utilizing 3-chlorobenzoate as a carbon source
  Moriuchi, Microbiology resource announcements 2024
  • “...on a putative integrative and conjugative element ( 16 ) on chromosome 1 (locus tag: PBP221_13280 to PBP221_16140), suggesting that the tfd genes were acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The highest average nucleotide identity score of strain 22B1P was 92.93% when compared with Paraburkholderia terrae DSM...”

BIX52_RS18370 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Acuticoccus yangtzensis
26% identity, 96% coverage

• Genome sequence of Acuticoccus yangtzensis JL1095T (DSM 28604T) isolated from the Yangtze Estuary
  Hou, Standards in genomic sciences 2017
  • “...JL1095 T and confirmed that four predicted coxL genes (Locus tag: BIX52_RS02480, BIX52_RS05715, BIX52_RS17810 and BIX52_RS18370) were recognized as form II coxL genes (Fig. 3 ). Additionally, the accessory genes were also essential for CO oxidation to take place. The accessory genes in forms I and...”

VDAG_07735 xanthine dehydrogenase from Verticillium dahliae VdLs.17
24% identity, 54% coverage

• Gene Expression of Putative Pathogenicity-Related Genes in Verticillium dahliae in Response to Elicitation with Potato Extracts and during Infection Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR
  Zhu, Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2021
  • “...highly aggressive isolates profile [ 22 ]. Genes encoding Ras-GAP like protein (VDAG_01012), Xanthine dehydrogenase (VDAG_07735), myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase (VDAG_08205), and DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase (DNA AP lyase) (VDAG_02445), were also upregulated in the highly aggressive isolate in response to root extracts from both susceptible and...”
  • “...(VDAG_04632), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant MMS2 (VDAG_05365), nuc-1 negative regulatory protein preg (VdPREG) (VDAG_06766), xanthine dehydrogenase (VDAG_07735), myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase (VDAG_08205), HAD-superfamily hydrolase (VDAG_08490), DNA repair protein RAD51 (VDAG_08796), Wos2 (VDAG_08865), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (VDAG_09026), and serine 3-dehydrogenase (VDAG_09532). Primer pairs for the target genes were designed based on...”

SMUL_2101 molybdopterin-dependent aldehyde oxidoreductase from Sulfurospirillum multivorans DSM 12446
25% identity, 80% coverage

• Hydrogen production by Sulfurospirillum species enables syntrophic interactions of Epsilonproteobacteria
  Kruse, Nature communications 2018
  • “...proteins involved in the fermentative physiology of S. multivorans . However, a molybdoenzyme encoded by SMUL_2101, was one of the ten most abundant during pyruvate fermentation (142-fold more abundant compared to fumarate-respiring cells). This noncharacterized molybdopterin oxidoreductase of the aldehyde/xanthine oxidoreductase family was also significantly more...”
  • “...Ad/Pyr Ratio Sm Ferm Ratio Sc Ferm SMUL_0150 cytochrome c 6.4 8.0 39.5 8.1 7.1 SMUL_2101 Aldehyde oxidoreductase 7.7 9.0 16.5 141.6 6.6 SMUL_2819 Asparaginase 8.5 9.3 6.1 4.1 3.8 SMUL_3232 NosL family protein 7.2 8.7 31.4 5.9 6.1 Shown are the proteins which at the...”

ndhC / Q59129 NdhC (EC 1.5.99.4) from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (see 2 papers)
Q59129 nicotine dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.4) from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (see 2 papers)
25% identity, 89% coverage

AO090003001099 uncharacterized protein from Aspergillus oryzae RIB40
25% identity, 51% coverage

• Comprehensive annotation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes and gene clusters of Aspergillus nidulans, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. oryzae
  Inglis, BMC microbiology 2013
  • “...AO090003000936 AO090003000946 - AO090003000941 ECS ECS AO090003001097 cluster AO090003001097 - AO090003001090 - AO090003001106 AO090003001094 - AO090003001099 ECS ECS AO090003001545 cluster AO090003001545 AO090003001556 - AO090003001541 AO090003001552 - AO090003001535 AO090003001556 - AO090003001537 ECS ECS AO090005000688 cluster AO090005000688 AO090005000688 - AO090005000693 AO090005000681 - AO090005000696 AO090005000687 - AO090005000695 FA ECS...”

SMb21287 putative xanthine dehydrogenase protein from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021
26% identity, 85% coverage

• Transcriptome Analysis of Polyhydroxybutyrate Cycle Mutants Reveals Discrete Loci Connecting Nitrogen Utilization and Carbon Storage in Sinorhizobium meliloti
  D'Alessio, mSystems 2017
  • “...SMb21174 , SMb21175 , SMb21176 , and SMb2177 ) and purine metabolism ( SMb21286 , SMb21287 , and SMb21288 ), were strongly downregulated. Rm1021 has a mutation in pstC that causes the cell to constantly respond as if it were in a state of phosphate stress...”

Q9NCL9 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Culex quinquefasciatus (see paper)
24% identity, 57% coverage

7dqxD / Q933N0 Crystal structure of xanthine dehydrogenase family protein
26% identity, 90% coverage

• Ligand: pterin cytosine dinucleotide (7dqxD)

Q4WQ15 xanthine dehydrogenase from Aspergillus fumigatus (strain ATCC MYA-4609 / CBS 101355 / FGSC A1100 / Af293)
Afu4g11220 xanthine dehydrogenase HxA, putative from Aspergillus fumigatus Af293
25% identity, 51% coverage

• Identifying Potential Molecular Targets in Fungi Based on (Dis)Similarities in Binding Site Architecture with Proteins of the Human Pharmacolome
  Bedoya-Cardona, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2023
  • “...F0UFI2 91 Q4WRK8 91 Q6FRV2 73 Q5KH19 91 A0A0C4DHU2 91 Xanthine dehydrogenase P47989 F0UCF6 90 Q4WQ15 90 A0A0D2Y4E4 90 DNA topoisomerase 2- Q02880 F0UWA9 87.5 Q4WLF7 75 O93794 82 Q5KP97 71 A0A0C4DHU5 87 Histone deacetylase 2 Q92769 F0UKC3 87 Q4WHY0 87 Q5ADP0 95.7 G8BBB0 96 Q5KF65...”
• Purine Acquisition and Synthesis by Human Fungal Pathogens
  Chitty, Microorganisms 2017
  • “...phosphoribosyl transferase enzymes, A. fumigatus is predicted to encode adenine deaminase (Afu8g02860) and xanthine dehydrogenase (Afu4g11220) for the conversion of adenine to hypoxanthine and hypoxanthine to xanthine. The adenine deaminase enzyme encoded by the nadA gene is involved in the conversion of AMP to IMP and...”
• Regulation of Secondary Metabolism by the Velvet Complex Is Temperature-Responsive in Aspergillus
  Lind, G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 2016
  • “...(2012) Cluster 18 Not known Afu4g11170 , Afu4g11180 , Afu4g11190 , Afu4g11200 , Afu4g11210 , Afu4g11220 , Afu4g11230 , Afu4g11240 , Afu4g11250 , Afu4g11260 , Afu4g11270 , Afu4g11280 , Afu4g11290 , Afu4g11300 Inglis et al. (2013) Cluster 19 Not known Afu4g11980 , Afu4g11990 , Afu4g12000 ,...”
• Expressed sequence tags of Aspergillus fumigatus: Extension of catalogue and their evaluation as putative drug targets and/or diagnostic markers
  Upadhyay, Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB 2009
  • “...identified} Homologues in other fungi* Human homologue TMS17 Afu4g11220, (xanthine dehydrogenase HxA), [-], {-} Afu, An, At, Nc + TMS16 Afu3g06300, (Rho GTPase...”

kdhC / Q933N0 ketone dehydrogenase large subunit (EC 1.5.99.14) from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (see paper)
KDHC_PAENI / Q933N0 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase complex subunit gamma; Ketone dehydrogenase large molybdopterin subunit; EC 1.5.99.14 from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (Arthrobacter nicotinovorans) (see 2 papers)
AAK64253.1 kdhL from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (see paper)
kdhL / CAC37487.1 ketone dehydrogenase large subunit from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (see paper)
WP_016359451 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine dehydrogenase complex subunit gamma from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans
26% identity, 87% coverage

• function: Molybdo-flavoprotein enzyme complex involved in nicotine degradation. The subunit gamma (large subunit) contains the substrate- binding sites, the subunit alpha (medium subunit) binds FAD and the subunit beta (small subunit) has a 2Fe-2S ferredoxin-type domain which binds 2 2Fe-2S clusters.
  catalytic activity: 6-hydroxypseudooxynicotine + A + H2O = 2,6- dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + AH2 (RHEA:34223)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Mo-MCD) per subunit.)
  subunit: Heterohexamer of 2 alpha (kdhA), 2 beta (kdhB) and 2 gamma (kdhC) subunit. Dimer of heterotrimers (Probable).
• Cotinine Hydroxylase CotA Initiates Biodegradation of Wastewater Micropollutant Cotinine in Nocardioides sp. Strain JQ2195
  Zhao, Applied and environmental microbiology 2021 (secret)

NDHL_PAENI / Q93NH5 Nicotine 6-hydroxylase large subunit; Nicotine dehydrogenase large subunit; Nicotine dehydrogenase subunit C; NDH C; EC 1.5.99.4 from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (Arthrobacter nicotinovorans) (see 2 papers)
AAK64263.1 ndhL from Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (see paper)
24% identity, 89% coverage

• function: Component of the nicotine 6-hydroxylase, which is involved in the degradation of nicotine (PubMed:5849820, PubMed:7815950). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the pyridine ring at C6 to form 6-hydroxynicotine (PubMed:5849820, PubMed:7815950). Can use both L-nicotine and D- nicotine (PubMed:5849820, PubMed:7815950).
  catalytic activity: (R)-nicotine + A + H2O = (R)-6-hydroxynicotine + AH2 (RHEA:42352)
  catalytic activity: (S)-nicotine + A + H2O = (S)-6-hydroxynicotine + AH2 (RHEA:14769)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Mo-MCD) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Heterotrimer composed of a large subunit (NdhL), a medium subunit (NdhM) and a small subunit (NdhS).

F9VNL4 glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-containing) (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.99.8) from Sulfurisphaera tokodaii (see paper)
25% identity, 97% coverage

Atu2310 xanthine dehydrogenase C-terminal subunit from Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 (Cereon)
24% identity, 87% coverage

• Discrete Responses to Limitation for Iron and Manganese in Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Influence on Attachment and Biofilm Formation
  Heindl, Journal of bacteriology 2015
  • “...(Atu1695), xanthine dehydrogenase subunits (Atu2309 to Atu2310), succinate dehydrogenase (Atu2642 to Atu2645), and two aconitate hydratase isozymes, acnA...”

Pcar_0220 putative dehydrogenase from Pelobacter carbinolicus str. DSM 2380
24% identity, 74% coverage

• Degradation of acetaldehyde and its precursors by Pelobacter carbinolicus and P. acetylenicus
  Schmidt, PloS one 2014
  • “...protein extract mainly differed in the expression of two bands which were identified as molybdenum-dependent (Pcar_0220, at 120 kDa, Fig. 1 A ) or tungsten-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (Pcar_0665 or Pcar_0456, at 65 kDa, Fig. 1 B ), respectively. Pcar_0665 and Pcar_0456 share 75.4% sequence identity and...”
  • “...nM molybdate without tungstate (Mo). Marked bands were identified as a Mo-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (A, Pcar_0220) and W-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase isoforms (B, Pcar_0665/0456) by peptide mass fingerprinting. A differential analysis of 2D gels in Fig. 2 confirmed the overexpression of both tungsten-dependent isoforms in tungstate-rich media....”

RPA4667 putative carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit from Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009
25% identity, 91% coverage

• Complete genome sequence of Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14 and comparative genomic analysis of species within the genus Nitrobacter
  Starkenburg, Applied and environmental microbiology 2008
  • “...RPA3802 RPA3801 RPA3800 RPA3799 RPA3798 RPA3797 RPA3974 NP NP NP RPA4666 RPA4667 RPA4668 NP NP NP % Protein sequence identity 81 90 84 86 79 88 80 76 79 82 85...”

XP_016768886 xanthine dehydrogenase from Apis mellifera
23% identity, 57% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...Drosophila melanogaster (DmAOX1, NP_650475; DmAOX2, NP_732047; DmAOX3, NP_650477; DmAOX4, NP_650478; DmXDH, NP_524337); Apis mellifera (AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106;...”

XDH_EMENI / Q12553 Xanthine dehydrogenase; Purine hydroxylase I; EC 1.17.1.4 from Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC 38163 / CBS 112.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) (Aspergillus nidulans) (see paper)
hxA xanthine dehydrogenase (purine hydroxylase I); EC 1.17.1.4 from Emericella nidulans (see 2 papers)
25% identity, 50% coverage

• function: Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid (By similarity).
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
• CharProtDB Description: Xanthine dehydrogenase (purine hydroxylase I) involved in purine catabolism; requires a molybdenum cofactor for function; induction by uric acid requires the product of the uaY regulatory gene; Source:AspGD
• Molybdenum-containing nicotine hydroxylase genes in a nicotine degradation pathway that is a variant of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways.
  Yu, Applied and environmental microbiology 2015

TM1040_1765 Carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase from Silicibacter TM1040
27% identity, 91% coverage

• Ecological genomics of marine Roseobacters
  Moran, Applied and environmental microbiology 2007
  • “...and one in Silicibacter sp. strain TM1040 (TM1040_1764, TM1040_1765, and TM1040_1766). Without any apparent mechanism for CO2 fixation, this pathway may be used...”

MSMEG_0746 carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase, large subunit from Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155
I7F6J6 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (Large chain), CoxL from Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (strain ATCC 700084 / mc(2)155)
26% identity, 91% coverage

• Atmospheric carbon monoxide oxidation is a widespread mechanism supporting microbial survival
  Cordero, The ISME journal 2019
  • “...20gmL 1 for E. coli . Mutant construction A markerless deletion of the coxL gene (MSMEG_0746) was constructed by allelic exchange mutagenesis. Briefly, a 2245bp fragment containing the fused left and right flanks of the MSMEG_0746 gene was synthesized by GenScript. This fragment was cloned into...”
  • “...whole-cell biochemical assays. To do so, we constructed a markerless deletion of the coxL gene (MSMEG_0746) (Fig. S1 ). Native polyacrylamide gels containing fractions of wild-type M. smegmatis harvested in carbon-limited stationary-phase cells strongly stained for CO dehydrogenase activity in a 100% CO atmosphere; the molecular...”
• The Biological Properties and Potential Interacting Proteins of d-Alanyl-d-alanine Ligase A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  Yang, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2018
  • “...100 cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase YP_890503.1 MSMEG_6284 48,608.7 5.99 13 198 100 carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit WP_011727162.1 MSMEG_0746 85,807 5.21 19 60 93.366 molecules-23-00324-t003_Table 3 Table 3 Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study. Strains/Plasmids Description Source Strains E. coli NovaBlue Used for cloning and propagation of...”
• Carbon Monoxide-Sensing Transcription Factors: Regulators of Microbial Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Pathway Gene Expression.
  Dent, Journal of bacteriology 2023 (no snippet)

F0UCF6 xanthine dehydrogenase from Ajellomyces capsulatus (strain H88)
25% identity, 49% coverage

• Identifying Potential Molecular Targets in Fungi Based on (Dis)Similarities in Binding Site Architecture with Proteins of the Human Pharmacolome.
  Bedoya-Cardona, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2023
  • “...reductase P00390 F0UFI2 91 Q4WRK8 91 Q6FRV2 73 Q5KH19 91 A0A0C4DHU2 91 Xanthine dehydrogenase P47989 F0UCF6 90 Q4WQ15 90 A0A0D2Y4E4 90 DNA topoisomerase 2- Q02880 F0UWA9 87.5 Q4WLF7 75 O93794 82 Q5KP97 71 A0A0C4DHU5 87 Histone deacetylase 2 Q92769 F0UKC3 87 Q4WHY0 87 Q5ADP0 95.7 G8BBB0...”

CDHA_PSEU3 / D7REY3 Caffeine dehydrogenase subunit alpha; Caffeine dehydrogenase large subunit; EC 1.17.5.2 from Pseudomonas sp. (strain CBB1) (see paper)
25% identity, 92% coverage

• function: Component of the caffeine dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the hydrolytical oxidation of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (caffeine) by incorporation of an oxygen atom originating from a water molecule into position C-8 to produce 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (TMU). Coenzyme Q0 (ubiquinone-0) is the preferred electron acceptor and, to a lesser extent, coenzyme Q2 (ubiquinone-2) can also be used, but oxygen and NAD(P)(+) cannot. Is involved in a caffeine degradation pathway that allows Pseudomonas sp. strain CBB1 to grow on caffeine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Is also active with theobromine as substrate, but shows a very poor activity with theophylline and is not active with xanthine, 3-methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, TMU, and 3,7- dimethylurate.
  catalytic activity: caffeine + a ubiquinone + H2O = 1,3,7-trimethylurate + a ubiquinol (RHEA:47148)
  catalytic activity: ubiquinone-0 + caffeine + H2O = ubiquinol-0 + 1,3,7- trimethylurate (RHEA:27902)
  catalytic activity: theobromine + a ubiquinone + H2O = 3,7-dimethylurate + a ubiquinol (RHEA:77299)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Mo-MCD) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Heterotrimer composed of an alpha (CdhA), a beta (CdhB) and a gamma (CdhC) subunit.
• Cotinine Hydroxylase CotA Initiates Biodegradation of Wastewater Micropollutant Cotinine in Nocardioides sp. Strain JQ2195
  Zhao, Applied and environmental microbiology 2021 (secret)
• Identification and Characterization of a Novel pic Gene Cluster Responsible for Picolinic Acid Degradation in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135
  Qiu, Journal of bacteriology 2019
  • “...ferredoxin (Q51493) Caffeine dehydrogenase large subunit (D7REY3) Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase medium chain (P19914) Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase small chain...”
  • “...3-succinoylpyridine dehydrogenase from P. putida; CDHABC (D7REY3, D7REY4, and D7REY5), caffeine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain CBB1; NDHLMS...”

Saci_2117 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639
24% identity, 100% coverage

• Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Transports Pentoses via a Carbohydrate Uptake Transporter 2 (CUT2)-Type ABC Transporter and Metabolizes Them through the Aldolase-Independent Weimberg Pathway
  Wagner, Applied and environmental microbiology 2018
  • “...saci_2121 saci_1938 saci_1939 saci_2120 saci_2139 saci_2117 saci_0883 saci_1003 Pentose Transport in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Applied and Environmental...”
• Macromolecular fingerprinting of sulfolobus species in biofilm: a transcriptomic and proteomic approach combined with spectroscopic analysis
  Koerdt, Journal of proteome research 2011
  • “...SSO2430 n.d. 1.19 0.029 Sulfurtransferase enoyl-CoA hydratase ST0048 2.01 n.s. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain Saci_2117 n.s. 0.51 0.002 SSO3009 n.d. 0.3 0.046 Oxidoreductase SSO2794 n.d. 0.32 0.021 Thiosulfate reductase electron transport protein (PhsB) ST1839 n.d. 0.67 0.022 Pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase Saci_0331 1.16 n.s. ST0615 0.71...”
• Comparative study of the extracellular proteome of Sulfolobus species reveals limited secretion
  Ellen, Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 2010
  • “...+ Medium only Energy & metabolism Thiamine pyrophosphate enzyme Saci_1743 + + Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase Saci_2117 + + FAD binding protein Saci_0207 + + Transcription DEAD like helicase family ST0147 + + Protein secretion VirB11-like ATPase ST2523 + + Other Transposon ISC1190 SSO2894 A4 + +...”

Entcl_2795 molybdopterin-dependent oxidoreductase Mo/Fe-S-binding subunit from [Enterobacter] lignolyticus SCF1
24% identity, 76% coverage

• Multi-time series RNA-seq analysis of Enterobacter lignolyticus SCF1 during growth in lignin-amended medium
  Orellana, PloS one 2017
  • “...that catalyzes the further metabolization of xanthine, such as Entcl_4100, Entcl_3480, Entcl_2780, Entcl_2781, Entcl_2782, and Entcl_2795, were found to be up-regulated during lignin-amended mid-exponential growth. This set of enzymes belong to a mechanism of recycling of uric acid, xanthine and other nitrogenous products that has been...”

Dshi_2959 Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4) from Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL-12
26% identity, 84% coverage

• mutant phenotype: Specifically important for utilizing Adenine hydrochloride hydrate. Automated validation from mutant phenotype: the predicted function (1.17.1.4) was linked to the condition via a SEED subsystem. This annotation was also checked manually.

TR75_12445 aerobic carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit from Hydrogenibacillus schlegelii
25% identity, 91% coverage

• Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus does not fix nitrogen
  MacKellar, Scientific reports 2016
  • “...CoxL * TH66_01970 TR74_16690 100 59 CoxM TR75_12455 SdnM 100 CoxS TR75_12450 SdnS 99 CoxL TR75_12445 SdnL 99 Fe/Mn SOD LI90_840 TH66_04480 TR74_15150 100 38 Fe/Mn SOD TR75_10445 SdnO 100 * mis-annotated as pseudogene; start codon is 21bp 5 to features start. Table 3 Results of...”

MSMEG_5880 nicotine dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155
25% identity, 86% coverage

• Characterization of Mycobacterium smegmatis sigF mutant and its regulon: overexpression of SigF antagonist (MSMEG_1803) in M. smegmatis mimics sigF mutant phenotype, loss of pigmentation, and sensitivity to oxidative stress
  Singh, MicrobiologyOpen 2015
  • “...GTGTN 17 GGGTT 783 MSMEG_5606 Cytochrome bdI oxidase subunit II 1.24/3.75 GTTGN 14 GGGTT 625 MSMEG_5880 Nicotine dehydrogenase 0.78/2.05 GCTTN 17 GGGAA 733 MSMEG_5936 Conserved hypothetical protein 1.18/3.80 MSMEG_6151 Alpha/beta hydrolase fold1 0.12/2.26 MSMEG_6210 Conserved hypothetical protein 1.04/3.38 MSMEG_6541 a Antisigma factor antagonist 0.66/3.63 GTTTN 15...”

FPSE_00773 hypothetical protein from Fusarium pseudograminearum CS3096
25% identity, 47% coverage

• The FpPPR1 Gene Encodes a Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein That Is Essential for Asexual Development, Sporulation, and Pathogenesis in Fusarium pseudograminearum
  Wang, Frontiers in genetics 2020
  • “...using qRT-PCR ( Table 1 with primers; Figure 7C ). Three genes, FPSE_11993, FPSE_12025, and FPSE_00773, encoding the 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain proteins were also significantly down-regulated. Expression of FPSE_01622, encoding a thioredoxin TRX group I ortholog of TRX1 in Magnaporthe oryzae , was significantly...”

Pc22g06330 uncharacterized protein from Penicillium rubens
25% identity, 49% coverage

• A Penicillium rubens platform strain for secondary metabolite production
  Pohl, Scientific reports 2020
  • “...(Pc13g07630, log2 FC 1.8), IMP and pyridine-specific 5-nucleotidase (Pc12g13510, log2 FC 0.5) and xanthine dehydrogenase (Pc22g06330, log2 FC 0.6), while expression of the putative urate oxidase encoded by Pc22g20960 was decreased (log2 FC of 1.3). The adenosyl homocysteinase encoded by Pc16g05080 was lower expressed (log2 FC...”

blr0336 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110
25% identity, 91% coverage

• Identification of Genes Regulated by the Antitermination Factor NasT during Denitrification in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens
  Sánchez, Microbes and environments 2019
  • “...and 3 ). In addition, for aerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, blr0335 ( coxS ) and blr0336 ( coxL ) were down-regulated, and bll3376 ( coxS ) and bll3377 ( coxM ) were up-regulated ( Table 2 and 3 ). The presence of alternative sets of LIV...”
  • “...transporter substrate-binding protein 2.07 blr0335 Putative carbon monoxide dehydrogenase small chain ( coxS ) 2.02 blr0336 Putative carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain ( coxL ) 2.02 blr3166 gcl ; glyoxylate carboligase 5.72 blr3167 hyi ; hydroxypyruvate isomerase 6.31 blr3168 glxR ; oxidoreductase; putative tartronate semialdehyde reductase...”
• Reactive oxygen species-inducible ECF σ factors of Bradyrhizobium japonicum
  Masloboeva, PloS one 2012
  • “...dehydrogenase and blr0337 a subunit of a predicted carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Notably, genes blr0335 and blr0336 encoding two additional subunits of the latter enzyme are also controlled by EcfF. The regulon of EcfQ is functionally rather undefined because almost 70% of its members are hypothetical or...”
• Complete genome sequence of Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14 and comparative genomic analysis of species within the genus Nitrobacter
  Starkenburg, Applied and environmental microbiology 2008
  • “...110 apparently matched the translated sequence of blr0336 (M. Lorite, unpublished results), indicating that this gene cluster is expressed for carboxydotrophy....”
  • “...bll5663 bll5662 bll5661 bll5660 bll5659 bll5914 blr5209 blr5210 blr5211 blr0335 blr0336 blr0337 NP NP NP % Protein sequence identity 84 91 84 87 76 89 79 77 78...”
• Soybean seed extracts preferentially express genomic loci of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the initial interaction with soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr
  Wei, DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes 2008
  • “...there were no strongly induced loci except for one locus (covering genes from bll0330 to blr0336), including a probable alcohol dehydrogenase precursor (bll0333) (Fig. 1 ), suggesting that the expression patterns were mainly obtained by the SSE or genistein in itself. Figure 1 Genome-wide expression profiling...”

SCO2940 oxidoreductase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
26% identity, 94% coverage

• Multiple-platform data integration method with application to combined analysis of microarray and proteomic data
  Wu, BMC bioinformatics 2012
  • “...ABC, [ 17 ] nuclease subunit A metabolism repair, restr./modificn A subunit [ 17 ] SCO2940 other putative Not classified Not classified xanthine oxidoreductase (included putative (included putative dehydrogenase, assignments) assignments) putative SCO2951 other putative malate Central intermediary Other central malate [ 16 , 17 ,...”

DVU1559 aldehyde oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough
Q72BS5 Aldehyde oxidoreductase from Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris (strain ATCC 29579 / DSM 644 / CCUG 34227 / NCIMB 8303 / VKM B-1760 / Hildenborough)
24% identity, 80% coverage

• Absence of biofilm adhesin proteins changes surface attachment and cell strategy for <i>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</i> Hildenborough
  Pickens, Journal of bacteriology 2025
  • “...hypothetical protein Unknown 3.428 2.04E-06 DVU2062 ATP-dependent DNA helicase, UvrD/REP family L Cytoplasm 3.529 0.018 DVU1559 Aldehyde oxidoreductase C Cytoplasm 3.708 0.020 DVU2655 d -alanyl- d -alanine carboxypeptidase family protein M Inner membrane 3.733 0.022 DVU3049 Hemerythrin family protein P Cytoplasm 3.874 0.002 DVU1365 Heme-binding protein,...”
• Combining metabolic flux analysis with proteomics to shed light on the metabolic flexibility: the case of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough.
  Marbehan, Frontiers in microbiology 2024
  • “...4 18 4 Membrane associated lipoprotein ApbE Q727Q7 DVU_2798 35.0 Ethanol metabolism Aldehyde oxidoreductase Aor Q72BS5 DVU_1559 97.4 66 42 30 Iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenases Adh1 Q729E6 DVU_2405 41.7 111 64 27 Q729Z6 DVU_2201 41.9 37 52 17 Q72F61 DVU_0353 39.4 24 54 15 Q727H0 DVU_2885 42.0...”

WPS_30380 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Vulcanimicrobium alpinum
26% identity, 99% coverage

• Vulcanimicrobium alpinus gen. nov. sp. nov., the first cultivated representative of the candidate phylum "Eremiobacterota", is a metabolically versatile aerobic anoxygenic phototroph
  Yabe, ISME communications 2022
  • “...[ 7 , 62 ] (Fig. 1 ). Although WC8-2 possesses CoxL homologs (WPS_11190 and WPS_30380), the active site, CSFR [ 63 ], is not found in the sequences. Moreover, the WC8-2 genome encodes a complete Sox system involved in thiosulfate oxidation (Fig. 2 and Table...”

LOC110372133 uncharacterized protein LOC110372133 from Helicoverpa armigera
25% identity, 56% coverage

• Adaptation of Helicoverpa armigera to Soybean Peptidase Inhibitors Is Associated with the Transgenerational Upregulation of Serine Peptidases
  Velasquez-Vasconez, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...< 0.05) LOC110370568 1.03 0.002 1.76 0.000 Diuretic hormone LOC110371086 1.03 0.000 2.48 0.000 Uricase LOC110372133 2.03 0.000 1.50 0.012 Probable aldehyde oxidase 2 LOC110375492 1.16 0.012 1.81 0.000 Uncharacterized protein LOC110375492 LOC110377152 1.13 0.020 1.59 0.001 Uncharacterized protein LOC110377152 LOC110378559 4.75 0.036 6.43 0.003 Trypsin,...”

MUL_RS00990 aerobic carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit from Mycobacterium ulcerans Agy99
MUL_0115 carbon monoxyde dehydrogenase (large chain), CoxL from Mycobacterium ulcerans Agy99
26% identity, 91% coverage

• Emergence and spread of Mycobacterium ulcerans at different geographic scales
  Briand, Microbiology spectrum 2024
  • “...observed a specific loss of 481 bp corresponding to a sequence straddling two loci, MUL_0115 (MUL_RS00990) and MUL_0116 (MUL_RS00995), encoding the large (CoxL) and small (CoxS) chains of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, respectively ( Table 4 ). This deletion was common to all the strains from SL3.3E...”
• Emergence and spread of Mycobacterium ulcerans at different geographic scales
  Briand, Microbiology spectrum 2024
  • “...hypothetical protein SL3.3E 347 Benin (318), Nigeria (29) Del7 Agy99_SAMN02603346 CP000325.1 116556 117036 481 pb MUL_0115 and MUL_0116: Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain (Cox L) and small chain (Cox S) The three sub-lineages have specific sequences (data set 2) There was a difference of 630,000 base...”
  • “...We observed a specific loss of 481 bp corresponding to a sequence straddling two loci, MUL_0115 (MUL_RS00990) and MUL_0116 (MUL_RS00995), encoding the large (CoxL) and small (CoxS) chains of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, respectively ( Table 4 ). This deletion was common to all the strains from...”

pNG7244 possible hypoxanthine oxidase XdhD from Haloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049
25% identity, 86% coverage

• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “...ygfN selenate reductase, Mo-binding subunit 14 b2881 (EF_2570) 3 pNG7246 3 ( CD2099 ) 5 (pNG7244) 4 CD2073 5 (CD2079) ygfO xanthine/uracil family permease b2882 (EF_2573) sulfurtransferase-related protein TIGR03527 12 EF_2566 pNG7238 CD3667 selD selenophosphate synthase b1764 EF_2567 pNG7239 CD2496 selenocysteine lyase TIGR01977 11 EF_2568 CD3670...”
• Genome information management and integrated data analysis with HaloLex
  Pfeiffer, Archives of microbiology 2008
  • “...OE2497F, HQ2422A, NP1346A pNG7178 984 834 Extended HQ2189A pNG7227 747 612 Extended NP0054A, HQ1091A, OE3843F pNG7244 2,481 2,166 Extended pNG7246, HQ1944A pNG7252 1,659 1,788 Shortened OE2316R, rrnAC2655, HQ2451A pNG7278 1,041 1,155 Shortened OE4674F, HQ1124A pNG7280 540 489 Extended pNG6134, NP5298A pNG7297 603 630 Shortened NP0672A pNG7321...”

SSO3009 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, large chain (cutA-7) from Sulfolobus solfataricus P2
24% identity, 98% coverage

• Macromolecular fingerprinting of sulfolobus species in biofilm: a transcriptomic and proteomic approach combined with spectroscopic analysis
  Koerdt, Journal of proteome research 2011
  • “...Sulfurtransferase enoyl-CoA hydratase ST0048 2.01 n.s. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain Saci_2117 n.s. 0.51 0.002 SSO3009 n.d. 0.3 0.046 Oxidoreductase SSO2794 n.d. 0.32 0.021 Thiosulfate reductase electron transport protein (PhsB) ST1839 n.d. 0.67 0.022 Pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase Saci_0331 1.16 n.s. ST0615 0.71 n.s. Formate dehydrogenase subunit...”
• Appendage-mediated surface adherence of Sulfolobus solfataricus
  Zolghadr, Journal of bacteriology 2010
  • “...transporters (SSO3010/17); a glucose-1 dehydrogenase (SSO3009); and a gluconolactonase (SSO3041). An oxidoreductase (SSO3014) and a dihydrodipicolinate...”
  • “...cellsa SSO3002 SSO3003 SSO3004 SSO3006 SSO3007 SSO3008 SSO3009 SSO3010 SSO3011 SSO3012 SSO3013 SSO3014 SSO3015 SSO3016 SSO3017 SSO3019 SSO3021 SSO3022 SSO3029...”

NCU03350 xanthine dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa OR74A
24% identity, 47% coverage

• Identification and functional analysis of endogenous nitric oxide in a filamentous fungus
  Pengkit, Scientific reports 2016
  • “...in other organisms. Our preliminary data show that deletion of a putative xanthine oxidase gene (NCU03350) does not impair NO synthesis during submerged hyphal development in N. crassa ( Supplementary Fig. 5 ). We also did screening knockout mutants of transcription factors and serine/threonine protein kinases...”

Noca_0612 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding from Nocardioides sp. JS614
26% identity, 88% coverage

• KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs
  Kanehisa, Nucleic acids research 2017
  • “...pathway (M00810), where coloring of positional correlation indicates that Noca_0613 for EC:3.7.1.19 is adjacent to Noca_0612 for EC:1.5.99.14. ( C ) Dendrogram obtained by hierarchical clustering of ag:CAD47941 and its neighbors in SSDB, where genes annotated with K19188 are distinguished by coloring. Figure 3A shows a...”

AOXA_RAT / Q9Z0U5 Aldehyde oxidase 1; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 1; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Rattus norvegicus (Rat) (see 5 papers)
Q9Z0U5 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Rattus norvegicus (see 4 papers)
24% identity, 53% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. Is a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. Also catalyzes nitric oxide (NO) production; under anaerobic conditions, reduces nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor, but under aerobic conditions, NADH is the preferred substrate. These reactions may be catalyzed by several isozymes. May play a role in adipogenesis.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• Functional proteomic analysis of corticosteroid pharmacodynamics in rat liver: Relationship to hepatic stress, signaling, energy regulation, and drug metabolism.
  Ayyar, Journal of proteomics 2017
  • “...Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Ethanol degradation - catalyzes the transformation from acetaldehyde to acetic acid UP Q9Z0U5 Aox1 Aldehyde oxidase 1 Metabolizes aldehyde compounds and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents UP P31210 Akr1d1 Aldo-keto reductase 1D1 Reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites UP Q63276...”
• Recovery of brain biomarkers following peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist neuroprotective treatment before ischemic stroke.
  Gelé, Proteome science 2014
  • “...Lipid Metabolism, Mito 9.0/70.8 4/16 I/R P84079 ADP rybosilation factor 1 Trafficking 6.3/20.7 4/16 I/R Q9Z0U5 Aldehyde oxidase precursor Redox regulation 6.5/146.9 5/25 I/R, I/R Atorva, , I/R Feno P37840 Alpha-synuclein Presynaptic/axon 4.7/14.5 4/11 I/R, Atorva P23565 Alpha-internexin Intermediate filament 5.2/56.2 5/26 I/R Q63754 Beta-synuclein Neuronal...”

A0A1U9X1S0 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Bombyx mori (see paper)
22% identity, 56% coverage

F1LRQ1 aldehyde oxidase from Rattus norvegicus
24% identity, 53% coverage

• Biological Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Polysaccharides in Aged Rat Using Global Proteomic Approach.
  Lee, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2020
  • “...Peroxiredoxin 1 Prdx1 Q63716 4.3 0.00001 Profilin-1 Pfn1 P62963 8.2 0.00017 Aldehyde oxidase 1 Aox1 F1LRQ1 4.1 0.00001 Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 Styk1 D3ZHY0 8.1 0.00018 S-adenosylmethionine synthase Mat1a F1LZ34 4.1 0.00001 Fatty acid synthase Fasn P12785 8.1 0.00018 AHNAK nucleoprotein Ahnak A0A0G2JU96 4.0 0.00001 Telomerase protein...”

XP_316291 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase isoform X4 from Anopheles gambiae
23% identity, 56% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853); Gallus gallus (GgAOX1, NP_046777290; GgAOX2,NP_001034690; GgXDH, NP_990458); Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsXDH, ANS35864). ( B ) C58800 ,...”

NP_062236 aldehyde oxidase 1 from Rattus norvegicus
24% identity, 53% coverage

• Nitrite reductase activity of rat and human xanthine oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase: evaluation of their contribution to NO formation in vivo.
  Maia, Biochemistry 2015 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: These results supported the possibility that XO/XD and AO can contribute to nitric oxide generation.
• Aldehyde and xanthine oxidase activities in tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation.
  Ghaffari, Biological trace element research 2012 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Data show that aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities increased significantly after induction of diabetes.
• Aldehyde oxidase 1 gene is regulated by Nrf2 pathway.
  Maeda, Gene 2012 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: It was shown that show that Nrf2 binds to and strongly activates the rat AOX1 gene.
• Study of aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed metabolic pathway of phenanthridine using MCR-ALS method.
  Sorouraddin, Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 2011 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Study of aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed metabolic pathway of phenanthridine using MCR-ALS method.
• The mammalian aldehyde oxidase gene family
  Garattini, Human genomics 2009
  • “...Aoh2 NP_076120 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aoxl Aoh3 NP_001008419 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox1 Aox1 NP_062236 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox3 Aoh1 NP_001008527 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox4 Aoh2 NP_001008523 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aoxl1 Aoh3 NP_001008522 Dog Canis lupus familiaris Cf AOX4 AOH2 DQ150104 Dog...”
• Characterization of the magnitude and mechanism of aldehyde oxidase-mediated nitric oxide production from nitrite.
  Li, The Journal of biological chemistry 2009
  • GeneRIF: AO-catalyzed nitrite reduction can be an important source of NO generation, and its NO production will be further increased by therapeutic administration of nitrite
• Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
  Garattini, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2008
  • “...Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn AOX1 aldehyde oxidase 1 Aox1 NP_062236 G Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn AOH1 aldehyde oxidase 3 Aox3 NP_001008527 G Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn...”
• Heredity mode of genetic polymorphism in aldehyde oxidase activity in Donryu strain rats.
  Adachi, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems 2008 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: The results indicate that the genetic polymorphism of aldehyde oxidase in Donryu strain rats obeys Mendelian heredity
• More

D5G1Y2 anaerobic carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.7.4) from Mycobacterium sp. (see paper)
26% identity, 91% coverage

FGSG_01561 xanthine dehydrogenase from Fusarium graminearum PH-1
25% identity, 47% coverage

• Biological potential of Bacillus subtilis BS45 to inhibit the growth of Fusarium graminearum through oxidative damage and perturbing related protein synthesis
  Lu, Frontiers in microbiology 2023
  • “...Catalase 2.64873051252 FGSG_05695 Catalase 1.3892361697 FGSG_07069 Fe-Mn family superoxide dismutase 1.17652030596 FGSG_02051 Superoxide dismutase 4.21409558008 FGSG_01561 Xanthine dehydrogenase 4.6310489363 FGSG_13617 D-amino-acid oxidase 2.21109818749 Effects of methanol extract of BS45 on the expression of genes related to toxin synthesis in Fusarium graminearum Trichothecene mycotoxins are the main...”
• A fungal ABC transporter FgAtm1 regulates iron homeostasis via the transcription factor cascade FgAreA-HapX
  Wang, PLoS pathogens 2019
  • “...constructed in our laboratory and found that nitrite reductase (FgNiiA, FGSG_08402) and xanthine dehydrogenase (FgXdh, FGSG_01561) mutants showed increased sensitivity to Fe 2+ ( Fig 3A and S5 Fig ). Similar to what were reported in the yeasts [ 37 , 38 , 42 , 43...”

EF_2570 selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase from Enterococcus faecalis V583
EF2570 aldehyde oxidoreductase, putative from Enterococcus faecalis V583
26% identity, 85% coverage

• Orphan SelD proteins and selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases
  Haft, Biology direct 2008
  • “.... locus PPP rank C. difficile locus xdhA xanthine dehydrogenase, Mo-binding subunit 6 b2866 14 EF_2570 5 CD2087 xdhB xanthine dehydrogenase, FAD binding subunit 15 b2867 (CD2101) xdhC xanthine dehydrogenase, Fe-S binding subunit 17 b2868 14 (EF_2570) (CD2088) ygeV sigma(54)-dependent activator 13 b2869 ygeW carbamoyl transferase...”
  • “...8 pNG7259 ygfM selenate reductase, FAD-binding subunit b2880 ygfN selenate reductase, Mo-binding subunit 14 b2881 (EF_2570) 3 pNG7246 3 ( CD2099 ) 5 (pNG7244) 4 CD2073 5 (CD2079) ygfO xanthine/uracil family permease b2882 (EF_2573) sulfurtransferase-related protein TIGR03527 12 EF_2566 pNG7238 CD3667 selD selenophosphate synthase b1764 EF_2567...”
• Clostridioides difficile exploits xanthine and uric acid as nutrients by utilizing a selenium-dependent catabolic pathway
  Johnstone, Microbiology spectrum 2024
  • “...sought out putative SDMH genes in the C. difficile genome. Having previously shown that the EF2570 gene in Enterococcus faecalis V583 encodes a selenium-dependent XDH ( 43 ), we performed tblastn of EF2570 against the C. difficile 630 and R20291 genomes to search for open reading...”
  • “...simultaneously encode both a molybdenum center and an FeS-containing subunit based on sequence identity to EF2570. The diversity of these gene clusters suggests that some molybdenum hydroxylases may exhibit unique substrate specificities depending on the presence or absence of certain redox centers (e.g., FAD and FeS)....”
• Eight Unexpected Selenoprotein Families in Organometallic Biochemistry in Clostridium difficile, in ABC Transport, and in Methylmercury Biosynthesis
  Haft, Journal of bacteriology 2023 (secret)
• Genes Contributing to the Unique Biology and Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis
  Gilmore, mBio 2020
  • “...of 3 oxidoreductases that incorporate both molybdenum and selenium into active centers (EF1390, EF2563, and EF2570), only EF2563 yielded Tn-seq evidence of importance as tested. EF2563 and genes in the operon associated with it (e.g., EF2563 to -2567 and EF2569 to -2572) occur rarely outside E....”
• Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital
  Lebreton, Cell 2017
  • “...shown to enhance biofilm formation by E. faecalis , requiring a selenium-dependent molybdoenzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (EF2570) and a selenophosphate synthetase, selD (EF2567) for this activity ( Srivastava et al., 2011 ). To identify genes involved in this pathway, and determine when they were gained, we constructed...”
  • “...metabolism to provide the necessary cofactor ( Srivastava et al., 2011 ) for xanthine dehydrogenase (EF2570) ( Figure S4E ). The effect of uric acid in promoting biofilm formation had been suggested to confer increased pathogenicity to E. faecalis ( Srivastava et al., 2011 ), but...”
• Auranofin: repurposing an old drug for a golden new age
  Roder, Drugs in R&D 2015
  • “...40 ]. Biofilm production in E. faecalis has been linked to a putative xanthine dehydrogenase (EF2570), a labile selenoprotein that is upregulated in the presence of uric acid, selenium and molybdenum. There is evidence that this xanthine dehydrogenate is necessary for extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide...”
• Use of recombinase-based in vivo expression technology to characterize Enterococcus faecalis gene expression during infection identifies in vivo-expressed antisense RNAs and implicates the protease Eep in pathogenesis
  Frank, Infection and immunity 2012
  • “...EF1755 EF1809 EF1826 EF1918 EF1962 EF1978 EF2207 EF2380 EF2570 EF2668 EF2744 EF2889 EF3008 EF3056 EF3124 EF3177 EF3258 OG1RF0176 (EF2352)d Time(s) of isolation...”
  • “...clone was isolated. Two nonsibling clones were isolated for EF2570 at the indicated time points. Tissue and chamber surface clones were isolated from a chamber...”
• A selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase triggers biofilm proliferation in Enterococcus faecalis through oxidant production
  Srivastava, Journal of bacteriology 2011
  • “...screen, the gene encoding a putative xanthine dehydrogenase (EF2570) was identified as a locus that is upregulated in biofilms versus planktonic cells (7). In...”
  • “...mutation of the selD gene (EF2567) or the xdh gene (EF2570) from E. faecalis V583 into the multiple cloning site of pLT06. A region 5 of either gene that...”
• Functional genomics of Enterococcus faecalis: multiple novel genetic determinants for biofilm formation in the core genome
  Ballering, Journal of bacteriology 2009
  • “...EF1809 EF1626 EF1918 EF1978 EF2207 EF2570 EF2744 Glutamate 5-kinase UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase Conserved hypothetical protein Conserved...”
• More

8emtA / Q06278 Cryo-em analysis of the human aldehyde oxidase from liver (see paper)
24% identity, 58% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide (8emtA)

A8TUB4 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Bombyx mori (see paper)
NP_001103812 aldehyde oxidase 1 from Bombyx mori
23% identity, 57% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...DmAOX2, NP_732047; DmAOX3, NP_650477; DmAOX4, NP_650478; DmXDH, NP_524337); Apis mellifera (AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853);...”
• Identification and Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase 5 in the Pheromone Gland of the Silkworm (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
  Zhang, Journal of insect science (Online) 2020
  • “...the background color of no positive residues is white. BmAOX1, B. mori aldehyde oxidase 1 (NP_001103812); BmAOX2, B. mori aldehyde oxidase 2 (NP_001103811); BmXDH1, B. mori xanthine dehydrogenase 1 (BAA21640); BmXDH2, B. mori xanthine dehydrogenase 2 (BAA24290); BmAOX5, B. mori aldehyde oxidase 5 (AQY62686). Expression and...”

AOX1 / Q06278 aldehyde oxidase monomer (EC 1.2.3.1) from Homo sapiens (see 5 papers)
AOXA_HUMAN / Q06278 Aldehyde oxidase; Aldehyde oxidase 1; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Homo sapiens (Human) (see 14 papers)
Q06278 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Homo sapiens (see 5 papers)
NP_001150 aldehyde oxidase from Homo sapiens
24% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. May also catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• Characterization and Proteomic Profiling of Hepatocyte-like Cells Derived from Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: De Novo Expression of Liver-Specific Enzymes
  Lo, Biology 2025
  • “...process Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 (Fragment) H3BLU7 AKR7A2 + + Aldehyde oxidase (**) Q06278 AOX1 + Cytochrome P450 1B1 Q16678 CYP1B1 + Cytochrome P450 2A13 Q16696 CYP2A13 + Cytochrome P450 2S1 Q96SQ9 CYP2S1 + + Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 (**) P31513 FMO3 + Epoxide...”
• Functional, Structural and Proteomic Effects of Ageing in Resistance Arteries
  Jensen, International journal of molecular sciences 2024
  • “...1 -R Type-1 angiotensin II receptor P50052 AGTR2 AT 2 -R Type-2 angiotensin II receptor Q06278 AOX1 AOXA Aldehyde oxidase Q14155 ARHGEF7 RhoGEF7/-Pix Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 P16615 ATP2A2 SERCA2 Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 O73707 Cacna1C Ca V 1.2 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel...”
• Human xenobiotic metabolism proteins have full-length and split homologs in the gut microbiome.
  Rendina, bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024
  • “...G6PE_HUMAN GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein 7 47 Q6UB35 C1TM_HUMAN Monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial 4 47 Q06278 AOXA_HUMAN Aldehyde oxidase 3 46 P47989 XDH_HUMAN Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 0 38 O95340 PAPS2_HUMAN Bifunctional 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate synthase 2 0 28 Q9NQX3 GEPH_HUMAN Gephyrin 0 27 Q12882 DPYD_HUMAN Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase 24...”
• Proteomics analysis of carotid body tumor revealed potential mechanisms and molecular differences among Shamblin classifications.
  Lv, Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 2023
• AOPM: Application of Antioxidant Protein Classification Model in Predicting the Composition of Antioxidant Drugs.
  Zhai, Frontiers in pharmacology 2021
  • “...Melatonin enzyme P09601 Vitamin E, alpha-Tocopherol succinate enzyme P46597 Melatonin enzyme P05091 Nitric Oxide enzyme Q06278 Allopurinol enzyme Q03154 Acetylcysteine enzyme P11511 Melatonin enzyme P04798 Melatonin, Resveratrol, Carvedilol enzyme P05177 Nitric Oxide, Pentoxifylline, Melatonin, Resveratrol, Carvedilol enzyme Q16678 Melatonin, Resveratrol enzyme O43174 Vitamin A enzyme P20813...”
• DUSP7 inhibits cervical cancer progression by inactivating the RAS pathway.
  Bai, Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2021
  • “...A0A087WW43 ITIH3 1.50 1.36 1.51 C9J0G8 AOC1 2.33 2.72 1.52 Q146243 ITIH4 1.77 2.06 1.59 Q06278 AOX1 1.78 1.52 1.42 A0A087WY88 JAGN1 2.69 1.88 1.42 P05090 APOD 1.35 3.35 2.06 E9PB18 KIAA1324 1.42 1.45 1.83 A7KAX92 ARHGAP32 1.36 1.46 1.43 F8WCS1 MED15 2.07 2.63 1.36 Q93088...”
• RACK1 mediates rewiring of intracellular networks induced by hepatitis C virus infection.
  Lee, PLoS pathogens 2019
  • “...partner Uniprot 1 ANPEP Alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase Core P15144 2 AOX1 Aldehyde oxidase 1 NS3 Q06278 3 BAAT Bile Acid-CoA: Amino Acid N-Acyltransferase NS5A Q14032 4 CTSB Cathepsin B NS5A P07858 5 CYP2C8 Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 8 Core P10632 6 ISOC2 Isochorismatase...”
• From single drug targets to synergistic network pharmacology in ischemic stroke.
  Casas, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2019
  • “...4 DUOX2 Dual oxidase 2 Q9NRD8 4 PPOX Protoporphyrinogen oxidase P50336 4 AOX1 Aldehyde oxidase Q06278 4 Proteins n = 10 to n = 378 are included in SI Appendix , Table S1 . Semantic Similarity of Gene Ontology Terms Affirms Network Analysis Results. Semantic similarity...”
• More
• The mammalian aldehyde oxidase gene family
  Garattini, Human genomics 2009
  • “...name Abbrev. Gene symbol Our original symbol Accession no. Human Homo sapiens Hs AOX1 AOX1 NP_001150 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes Pt AOX1 AOX1 XR_024408 Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus Pp AOX1 AOX1 ENSPTRP0000021853 Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Mam AOX1 AOX1 XP_001089327 Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Mam AOX4 * AOH2...”
• Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
  Garattini, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2008
  • “...Homo sapiens Hs AOX1 aldehyde oxidase 1 AOX1 NP_001150 G Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes Pt AOX1 similar to aldeyde oxidase nd ENSPTRP00000021853 E Orangoutan Pongo...”

LOC102171556 aldehyde oxidase 4 from Capra hircus
23% identity, 54% coverage

• Integrated analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs by RNA-Seq in secondary hair follicle development and cycling (anagen, catagen and telogen) of Jiangnan cashmere goat (Capra hircus)
  Wu, BMC veterinary research 2022
  • “...2.45E-06 1.44 down LRP1B 8.68E-07 1.51 down LOC102191700 6.47E-07 1.51 down FAT4 4.13E-09 1.39 down LOC102171556 9.31E-25 1.58 down LOC108633257 1.06E-13 1.36 down LncRNA is known to play important roles in regulating development of cashmere goats and therefore serve as potential candidate genes for studying the...”

Q7Q5T1 AGAP006225-PA from Anopheles gambiae
23% identity, 56% coverage

• Proteome-wide analysis of Anopheles culicifacies mosquito midgut: new insights into the mechanism of refractoriness
  Vijay, BMC genomics 2018
  • “...AGAP011158-PA (Fragment) (similar to Anopheles gambiae ) 6.15 3 51.5 pyridoxal phosphate binding 0.64 17. Q7Q5T1 AGAP006225-PA (similar to Anopheles gambiae ) 5.14 8 138.7 oxidoreductase activity 0.53 18. T1DPT6 Malic enzyme (Fragment) (similar to Anopheles aquasalis) 4.43 3 79.2 metal ion binding 0.45 19. F5HLD4...”

XP_011509364 aldehyde oxidase isoform X1 from Homo sapiens
24% identity, 54% coverage

• Aldehyde oxidase 1 promotes gallbladder carcinogenesis through ROS-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
  Yuan, Cellular signalling 2024 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Aldehyde oxidase 1 promotes gallbladder carcinogenesis through ROS-mediated activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.
• Role of AOX1 on RXR signaling regulates osteoblastogenesis in hPDLMSCs.
  Sun, Scientific reports 2024
  • GeneRIF: Role of AOX1 on RXR signaling regulates osteoblastogenesis in hPDLMSCs.
• DNA Methylation-Mediated Lowly Expressed AOX1 Promotes Cell Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer.
  Wu, Urologia internationalis 2023 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: DNA Methylation-Mediated Lowly Expressed AOX1 Promotes Cell Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer.
• Aldehyde oxidase 1 activity and protein expression in human, rabbit, and pig ocular tissues.
  Hammid, European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 2023 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Aldehyde oxidase 1 activity and protein expression in human, rabbit, and pig ocular tissues.
• Epigenetic loss of AOX1 expression via EZH2 leads to metabolic deregulations and promotes bladder cancer progression.
  Vantaku, Oncogene 2020
  • GeneRIF: Epigenetic loss of AOX1 expression via EZH2 leads to metabolic deregulations and promotes bladder cancer progression.
• Population Pharmacokinetics of Sulindac and Genetic Polymorphisms of FMO3 and AOX1 in Women with Preterm Labor.
  Sung, Pharmaceutical research 2020 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: This prospective study aimed to evaluate the effects of genetic polymorphisms in sulindac-related metabolizing enzyme genes including FMO3 and AOX1 on the population pharmacokinetics of sulindac in 58 pregnant women with preterm labor
• Aldehyde oxidase 1 promoted the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer by up-regulation of expression of CD133.
  Zhang, International immunopharmacology 2020 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Aldehyde oxidase 1 promoted the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer by up-regulation of expression of CD133.
• Human aldehyde oxidase (hAOX1): structure determination of the Moco-free form of the natural variant G1269R and biophysical studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms.
  Mota, FEBS open bio 2019
  • GeneRIF: In this study, the authors present the crystal structure of the inactive variant G1269R, revealing the first structure of a molybdenum cofactor (Moco)-free form of hAOX1. These data allowed to model, for the first time, the flexible Gate 1 that controls access to the active site.
• More

AOXA_CAVPO / H9TB17 Aldehyde oxidase 1; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 1; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig) (see 2 papers)
24% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. May also catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.

7orcB / Q06278 Human aldehyde oxidase in complex with raloxifene (see paper)
24% identity, 56% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide; raloxifene (7orcB)

Gocc_1636 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Gaiella occulta
27% identity, 89% coverage

• High-quality draft genome sequence of Gaiella occulta isolated from a 150 meter deep mineral water borehole and comparison with the genome sequences of other deep-branching lineages of the phylum Actinobacteria
  Severino, MicrobiologyOpen 2019
  • “...hydrogenase (Gocc_1122 to Gocc_1127) and three carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODH, EC 1.2.5.3, Gocc_1071 to Gocc_1073, Gocc_1636 to Gocc_1638 and Gocc_2945 to Gocc_2947) (Shi et al., 2015 ). Several CODH genes were also identified in R. radiotolerans and S. soli . Growth was not observed under anaerobic...”

AOXA_MACFA / Q5FB27 Aldehyde oxidase 1; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 1; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Macaca fascicularis (Crab-eating macaque) (Cynomolgus monkey) (see paper)
Q5FB27 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Macaca fascicularis (see 2 papers)
25% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. May also catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis (By similarity).
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• Combined alignments of sequences and domains characterize unknown proteins with remotely related protein search PSISearch2D
  Yang, Database : the journal of biological databases and curation 2019
  • “...Lipase 1 Photorhabdus luminescens Autotransporter Autotransporter beta Yes 8 P64557 | YGFM_ECOLI Uncharacterized protein YgfM Q5FB27 | AOXA_MACFA Aldehyde oxidase 1 Macaca fascicularis FAD_binding_5, CO_deh_flav_C FAD-binding domain, CO dehydrogenase flavoprotein (C-terminal), Molybdopterin dehydrogenase Yes 9 P75863 | YCBX_ECOLI Uncharacterized protein YcbX Q96EN8 | MOCOS_HUMAN Molybdenum cofactor...”

OG1RF_11951 selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase from Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF
26% identity, 85% coverage

• (p)ppGpp and CodY Promote Enterococcus faecalis Virulence in a Murine Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
  Colomer-Winter, mSphere 2019
  • “...Molybdenum metabolism OG1RF_11183 MOSC protein b +30.1 OG1RF_11185 Molybdopterin-binding protein +25.6 OG1RF_11944 Molybdenum hydroxylase +29.7 OG1RF_11951 Molybdenum hydroxylase +10.8 2.0 moaA Molybdenum cofactor synthesis +20.0 moaB Molybdenum cofactor synthesis +27.1 moaC Molybdenum cofactor synthesis +10.1 yedF2 Selenium metabolism +23.3 ygfJ Molybdenum hydroxylase +20.6 Other metabolic genes...”
• Global Regulation of Gene Expression by the MafR Protein of Enterococcus faecalis
  Ruiz-Cruz, Frontiers in microbiology 2015
  • “...Table 3 ), suggesting that MafR might play a positive role in biofilm production. Genes OG1RF_11951 (selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylase) and OG1RF_11948 ( selD ; selenide, water dikinase) were also down-regulated in the absence of MafR (log 2 FC about 3). Both genes, which form part of...”

H6S33_000221 uncharacterized protein from Morchella sextelata
24% identity, 51% coverage

• Comparative Transcriptome Profiles of the Response of Mycelia of the Genus Morchella to Temperature Stress: An Examination of Potential Resistance Mechanisms
  Yue, Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 2024
  • “...L38e (H6S33_005098). Moreover, genes involved in the catabolism of purine nucleotides, such as xanthine dehydrogenase (H6S33_000221), S-methyl-5-thioadenosine (H6S33_000470), hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (H6S33_000561), and phospholipase C/P1 nuclease (H6S33_006004), were enriched in module II. Notably, H6S33_001094, a flavoprotein-related protein, was identified in module III. 3.8. Effects of...”

PPUBIRD1_1576 xanthine dehydrogenase molybdopterin binding subunit from Pseudomonas putida BIRD-1
25% identity, 91% coverage

• 2-Aminoethylphosphonate utilization in Pseudomonas putida BIRD-1 is controlled by multiple master regulators
  Murphy, Environmental microbiology 2022
  • “...upregulated 2.99 PPUBIRD1_4262 AapQ Amino acid ABC transporter permease NtrBC dependent, Low N upregulated 2.82 PPUBIRD1_1576 XdhB Xanthine dehydrogenase NtrBC dependent, Low N upregulated 2.78 PPUBIRD1_2330 Quinohaemoprotein amine dehydrogenase A NtrBC dependent, Low N upregulated 2.55 PPUBIRD1_0593 Ethanolamine transporter NtrBC dependent, Low N upregulated 2.36 PPUBIRD1_1769...”

L7TEV7 aldehyde oxidase from Sus scrofa
24% identity, 54% coverage

• Label-Free Quantitative Analysis of Pig Liver Proteome after Hepatitis E Virus Infection
  Martino, Viruses 2024
  • “...acid synthase 24 124.48 0.0194 1.82 Q95332 BHMT betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 19 140.67 0.0003 1.78 L7TEV7 AOX1 aldehyde oxidase 18 91.88 0.0072 2.06 F1S1E7 DPYS dihydropyrimidinase isoform X1 17 108.90 0.0015 1.86 A0A4X1VFQ7 LOC110255172 acyl-coenzyme A amino acid N-acyltransferase 2-like 17 93.37 0.0078 1.75 A0A480ST43 ASS1...”

CtCNB1_3514 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni CNB-2
25% identity, 91% coverage

• The Response Regulator FlmD Regulates Biofilm Formation in Comamonas testosteroni through the Transcriptional Activator SoxR
  Wang, Microorganisms 2022
  • “...permease 2.97 10 3 1.097 sapF CtCNB1_3509 ABC-type antimicrobial peptide 1.39 10 3 1.2249 coxL CtCNB1_3514 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase 9.86 10 3 1.1075 coxS CtCNB1_3515 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase 3.64 10 2 1.079 ilvB CtCNB1_4060 thiamine pyrophosphate-requiring enzymes 3.64 10 3 1.0155 apbA CtCNB1_4061 2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase 1.80...”

1jroB / O54051 Crystal structure of xanthine dehydrogenase from rhodobacter capsulatus (see paper)
27% identity, 93% coverage

• Ligand: calcium ion (1jroB)

A0A1L8D6P5 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Plutella xylostella (see paper)
23% identity, 56% coverage

BIX52_RS02480 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Acuticoccus yangtzensis
27% identity, 94% coverage

• Genome sequence of Acuticoccus yangtzensis JL1095T (DSM 28604T) isolated from the Yangtze Estuary
  Hou, Standards in genomic sciences 2017
  • “...phylogenetic tree for strain JL1095 T and confirmed that four predicted coxL genes (Locus tag: BIX52_RS02480, BIX52_RS05715, BIX52_RS17810 and BIX52_RS18370) were recognized as form II coxL genes (Fig. 3 ). Additionally, the accessory genes were also essential for CO oxidation to take place. The accessory genes...”

2e1qA / P47989 Crystal structure of human xanthine oxidoreductase mutant, glu803val (see paper)
23% identity, 54% coverage

• Ligands: bicarbonate ion; calcium ion; fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide; hydroxy(dioxo)molybdenum (2e1qA)

SSO2639 / Q97VI4 glycolaldehyde oxidoreductase large subunit from Saccharolobus solfataricus (strain ATCC 35092 / DSM 1617 / JCM 11322 / P2) (see paper)
SSO2639 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, large chain (cutA-4) from Sulfolobus solfataricus P2
23% identity, 97% coverage

• Carbohydrate metabolism in Archaea: current insights into unusual enzymes and pathways and their regulation
  Bräsen, Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 2014
  • “...the genome of Sul. solfataricus (SSO2636, SSO2637, and SSO2639) (291). According to the proposed function in hexose and pentose degradation, the DCPIP-dependent...”
  • “...identified in the Sul. solfataricus genome (SSO2636, SSO2637, and SSO2639) (30, 32, 291). The key enzyme of the npED pathway is glycerate kinase (class II),...”
• "Hot standards" for the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus
  Zaparty, Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 2010
  • “...(0.23) 0.29 (0.04) SSO2637 4 Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase, -subunit (AOR) 1.2.7.- 1.12 (0.53) 0.36 (0.17) SSO2639 4 Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase, -subunit (AOR) 1.2.7.- 1.28 (0.88) 0.05 (0.10) SSO0666 5 Glycerate kinase (GK) 2.7.1.- 0.45 (0.21) 0.40 (0.14) SSO0913 6 Enolase (ENO) 4.2.1.11 0.02 (0.09) 0.25 (0.21)...”

LOC126204421 uncharacterized protein LOC126204421 from Schistocerca nitens
23% identity, 54% coverage

• Comparative genomics uncovers evolutionary drivers of locust migratory adaptation
  Dong, BMC genomics 2025
  • “...signal of SETX gene was consistently present in all five migratory species. In addition, the LOC126204421 gene , involved in oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491), flavin adenine dinucleotide binding (GO:0050660), organic hydroxy compound metabolic process (GO:1,901,615), and pyridine-containing compound metabolic process (GO:0072524), was specifically identified in S.gregaria ,...”

DR_A0178 xanthine dehydrogenase, C-terminal subunit from Deinococcus radiodurans R1
26% identity, 84% coverage

• Characterization of a Novel N4-Methylcytosine Restriction-Modification System in Deinococcus radiodurans
  Shi, International journal of molecular sciences 2024
  • “...2.59 10 4 DR_A0029 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, argD 1.20 1.23 10 3 1.66 1.33 10 3 DR_A0178 xanthine dehydrogenase C-terminal subunit 1.10 7.00 10 3 1.17 1.03 10 3 DR_A0179 xanthine dehydrogenase accessory protein XdhC 1.39 4.09 10 5 1.15 4.02 10 3 DR_A0180 guanine deaminase, guaD...”
• Deciphering peculiar protein-protein interacting modules in Deinococcus radiodurans
  Mezhoud, Biology direct 2009
  • “...two network interactions of two proteins, which are common between the DIP and PSIbase databases (DR_A0178 and DR_A0129). Research results show that, in both cases, DR_A0178 belongs to a network of interactions involved in electron transport (biological process) and redox activity (molecular-based); and that DR_A0129 belongs...”

Bphy_6673 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Paraburkholderia phymatum STM815
Bphy_6673 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase molybdopterin binding from Burkholderia phymatum STM815
26% identity, 71% coverage

• Transcriptome Analysis of Paraburkholderia phymatum under Nitrogen Starvation and during Symbiosis with Phaseolus Vulgaris
  Lardi, Genes 2017
  • “...formyltransferase 3.9 Bphy_6671 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain-containing protein INF Bphy_6672 carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (acceptor) 3.7 Bphy_6673 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase molybdopterin binding 4.5 Bphy_7231 cytochrome ce class I 2.8 Bphy_7232 xenobiotic (desulfurization)monooxygenase subunit A 5.3 Bphy_7262 hydrogenase expression/formation protein 5.6 Bphy_7263 Ni/Fe-hydrogenase, b-type cytochrome subunit...”

PADG_06197 xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding subunit from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pb18
25% identity, 48% coverage

• Paracoccidioides brasiliensis presents metabolic reprogramming and secretes a serine proteinase during murine infection
  Lacerda, Virulence 2017
  • “...Protein/peptide degradation PADG_06309 Glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase 5.37 Energy conversion and regeneration PADG_05757 Sugar transporter 5.26 Transport PADG_06197 Xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding subunit 5.24 Purine metabolism PADG_05081 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 5.13 Fermentation PADG_04907 Chaperone/heat shock protein 5.07 Stress response PADG_06425 Delta(3,5)-Delta(2,4)-dienoyl-CoA isomerase 4.99 Transport PADG_06477 Phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase 4.70...”

O54051 xanthine dehydrogenase (subunit 1/2) (EC 1.17.1.4) from Rhodobacter capsulatus (see 2 papers)
xdhB / CAA04470.2 xanthine dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus (see paper)
27% identity, 91% coverage

• Genomic and Metagenomic Insights into the Distribution of Nicotine-degrading Enzymes in Human Microbiota.
  Guan, Current genomics 2024
  • “...but showed detectable similarities to NDEs. The xanthine dehydrogenase large subunit sequences (XdhB, Uniprot accessions O54051, Q8RLC0, and Q9I3J0; the NCBI nr database accession ALT22391.1) were used as the outgroup for NdhB and NdhL. The group II intron reverse transcriptase sequences were used as the outgroup...”

8emtB / Q06278 Cryo-em analysis of the human aldehyde oxidase from liver (see paper)
24% identity, 59% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide (8emtB)

H16_RS02155 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Cupriavidus necator H16
25% identity, 88% coverage

• Studies on the aerobic utilization of synthesis gas (syngas) by wild type and recombinant strains of Ralstonia eutropha H16
  Heinrich, Microbial biotechnology 2018
  • “...homologues in the genome of R.eutropha H16. Of these, one putative coxL gene (locus tag: H16_RS02155) is located in a coxSLMDEGI cluster, which was shown to be constitutively transcribed, at least under heterotrophic growth conditions, in foregoing studies by Peplinski etal . ( 2010 ). This...”

XP_011531397 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase isoform X1 from Homo sapiens
23% identity, 53% coverage

• The clinical value of serum xanthine oxidase levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
  Yu, Redox biology 2023
  • GeneRIF: The clinical value of serum xanthine oxidase levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
• Overnight changes in uric acid, xanthine oxidoreductase and oxidative stress levels and their relationships with sleep-disordered breathing in patients with coronary artery disease.
  Shimizu, Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2023 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Overnight changes in uric acid, xanthine oxidoreductase and oxidative stress levels and their relationships with sleep-disordered breathing in patients with coronary artery disease.
• Xanthine oxidoreductase gene polymorphisms are associated with high risk of sepsis and organ failure.
  Gao, Respiratory research 2023
  • GeneRIF: Xanthine oxidoreductase gene polymorphisms are associated with high risk of sepsis and organ failure.
• Natural mutations of human XDH promote the nitrite (NO2-)-reductase capacity of xanthine oxidoreductase: A novel mechanism to promote redox health?
  Massimo, Redox biology 2023
  • GeneRIF: Natural mutations of human XDH promote the nitrite (NO2[-])-reductase capacity of xanthine oxidoreductase: A novel mechanism to promote redox health?
• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “..., XP_024357701), C. reinhardtii ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , XP_042919120), H. sapiens ( Homo sapiens , XP_011531397), M. caroli ( Mus caroli , XP_021041341), D. rerio ( Danio rerio , XP_688983), B. taurus ( Bos taurus , NP_7 76397 ); * represents highly conserved. Figure 3 Expression...”
• Association of Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase with Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes with Liver Dysfunction.
  Ohira, The American journal of the medical sciences 2022 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Association of Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase with Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes with Liver Dysfunction.
• Purine-Induced IFN-γ Promotes Uric Acid Production by Upregulating Xanthine Oxidoreductase Expression.
  Wang, Frontiers in immunology 2022
  • GeneRIF: Purine-Induced IFN-gamma Promotes Uric Acid Production by Upregulating Xanthine Oxidoreductase Expression.
• Racial Differences in XO (Xanthine Oxidase) and Mitochondrial DNA Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Resistant Hypertension.
  Butts, Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2022
  • GeneRIF: Racial Differences in XO (Xanthine Oxidase) and Mitochondrial DNA Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Resistant Hypertension.
• More

NP_001105309 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase from Zea mays
23% identity, 51% coverage

• The carotenoid biosynthetic and catabolic genes in wheat and their association with yellow pigments
  Colasuonno, BMC genomics 2017
  • “...AK334048 Bradi1g04320 Os03g59610 GRMZM2G332976 AAO3 Abscisic aldehyde oxidase At2g27150 EMS56969 a , AK331622 Bradi1g52740 Os07g18120 NP_001105309 a partial EST sequence The bootstrapped molecular phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2 ), based on 119 carotenoid cDNAs which correspond to orthologous sequences of the above-mentioned five plant species showed clear...”

2ckjA / P47989 Human milk xanthine oxidoreductase
23% identity, 56% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide (2ckjA)

XDH / P47989 xanthine dehydrogenase monomer (EC 1.17.1.4) from Homo sapiens (see 14 papers)
XDH_HUMAN / P47989 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase; EC 1.17.1.4; EC 1.17.3.2 from Homo sapiens (Human) (see 6 papers)
P47989 xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) from Homo sapiens (see paper)
NP_000370 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Homo sapiens
23% identity, 53% coverage

• function: Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro).
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  catalytic activity: xanthine + O2 + H2O = urate + H2O2 (RHEA:21132)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer. Interacts with BTN1A1 (By similarity).
• Molecular Structure, Antioxidant Potential, and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Plant Flavonoid Blumeatin and Investigating Its Inhibition Mechanism on Xanthine Oxidase for Hyperuricemia by Molecular Modeling
  Altunayar-Unsalan, ACS omega 2024
  • “...we also applied a homology modeling study using the human protein sequence (NCBI Accession number: NP_000370) and carrying out the molecular docking study with the human 3D structure for the PDB code 2E1Q . Our findings are presented in the Supporting Information as Figures 19 and...”
• Mechanism of porcine liver xanthine oxidoreductase mediated N-oxide reduction of cyadox as revealed by docking and mutagenesis studies
  Chen, PloS one 2013
  • “...[30] , cat ( Felis catus ) (NP_001009217) [31] , human ( Homo sapiens ) (NP_000370) [29] , mouse ( Mus musculus ) (NP_035853) [28] and rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) (NP_058850) [27] were 91%, 87%, 89%, 85% and 86%, respectively. In porcine XOR, Glu804 and...”
• Complex genomic rearrangements lead to novel primate gene function
  Ciccarelli, Genome research 2005
  • “...NP_620409 Vang-like protein 2p23.1 2q33.1 2 H XDHA NP_000370 Xanthine oxidoreductase 2q12.3 6 H RANBP2 NP_006258 RanBP2 3p12.3 3q22.1 3 L SB153 BAC086025 SB153...”
• The ultrafine powder of atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma improves immune function in naturally aging rats by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway
  Yu, Frontiers in pharmacology 2025 (no snippet)
• Association between allopurinol and hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of genetic risk and patient survival.
  Li, Discover oncology 2025
  • “...of patients with HCC, we identified the target gene of allopurinol as XDH (UniProt ID: P47989 or Ensembl ID: ENSG00000158125) by querying the DrugBank database. We obtained STAR-counts data for HCC along with corresponding clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database ( https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov )....”
• Potential candidates from a functional food Zanthoxyli Pericarpium (Sichuan pepper) for the management of hyperuricemia: high-through virtual screening, network pharmacology and dynamics simulations
  Chen, Frontiers in endocrinology 2024
  • “...drugs, namely Allopurinol, Lesinurad, Probenecid, Rasburicase and Sulfinpyrazone. The related targets were XDH (UniProt ID P47989), SLC22A12 (UniProt ID Q96S37), SLC22A11 (UniProt ID Q9NSA0), SLC22A8 (UniProt ID Q8TCC7), SLC22A6 (UniProt ID Q4U2R8), PANX1 (UniProt ID Q96RD7), TAS2R16 (UniProt ID Q9NYV7), ABCC1 (UniProt ID P33527), ABCC2 (UniProt...”
  • “...hyperuricemia. Serial number UniProt ID Target name Total binding score (kcal/mol) Average binding affinity(kcal/mol) HH10 P47989 XDH -661.98 -6.554257426 HH08 P08254 MMP3 -646.036 -6.39639604 HH01 P21397 MAOA -644.601 -6.382188119 HH15 Q8TCC7 SLC22A8 -635.634 -6.293405941 HH14 Q4U2R8 SLC22A6 -623.511 -6.173376238 HH02 P29474 NOS3 -623.058 -6.168891089 HH09 P28223...”
• Integrating Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experimental Validation to Explore the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Quercetin Against Diabetic Wound
  Zhang, International journal of medical sciences 2024
  • “...P11511 59 MPO P05164 89 VCAM1 P19320 30 DNMT1 P26358 60 MTTP P55157 90 XDH P47989 Table 2 Selection for hub genes. Rank MNC MCC Degree 1 ACTB ACTB AKT1 2 AKT1 AKT1 CCL2 3 EGFR EGFR EGFR 4 ESR1 IL6 ESR1 5 HSP90AA1 JUN HSP90AA1...”
• Non-covalent Lasso Entanglements in Folded Proteins: Prevalence, Functional Implications, and Evolutionary Significance
  Rana, Journal of molecular biology 2024 (secret)
• Identification of inhibitors from a functional food-based plant Perillae Folium against hyperuricemia via metabolomics profiling, network pharmacology and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations
  Wu, Frontiers in endocrinology 2024
  • “...UniProt ID Target name Target type Total binding score (kcal/mol) Average binding affinity (kcal/mol) ZH01 P47989 XDH Intersected/Drug target -2216.7 -6.76 ZH02 P08254 MMP3 Intersected target -2151.6 -6.56 ZH03 P21397 MAOA Intersected target -2128.7 -6.49 ZH04 P05091 ALDH2 Intersected target -1975.6 -6.02 ZH05 P45983 MAPK8 Intersected...”
• Human xenobiotic metabolism proteins have full-length and split homologs in the gut microbiome.
  Rendina, bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2024
  • “...47 Q6UB35 C1TM_HUMAN Monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial 4 47 Q06278 AOXA_HUMAN Aldehyde oxidase 3 46 P47989 XDH_HUMAN Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 0 38 O95340 PAPS2_HUMAN Bifunctional 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate synthase 2 0 28 Q9NQX3 GEPH_HUMAN Gephyrin 0 27 Q12882 DPYD_HUMAN Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase 24 26 O43252 PAPS1_HUMAN Bifunctional 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate...”
• Insights from molecular network analysis to docking of sterubin with potential targets
  Viswanathan, Bioinformation 2023
  • “...O95180 Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H 57 XBP1 P17861 X-box-binding protein 1 58 XDH P47989 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Table 3 Protein speciations S.NO PROTEIN PBD CODE RESOLUTION() ORGANISM METHOD Active site 1 HSP90 AA 1 2YKJ 1.46 Homo Sapiens X-ray diffraction Leu 103, Try 139 2...”
• More

HXNS_EMENI / A0A1U8QNG8 Nicotinate hydroxylase hnxS; Nicotinate catabolism cluster protein hxnS; Purine hydroxylase II; PHII; Xanthine dehydrogenase II; EC 1.-.-.- from Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC 38163 / CBS 112.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) (Aspergillus nidulans) (see 3 papers)
25% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Nicotinate hydroxylase, part of the hnx cluster involved in the purine degradation (PubMed:4581274). The nicotinate hydroxylase hnxS accepts nicotinate as a substrate and catalyzes the first step of nicotinate catabolism (PubMed:4581274). HnxS also accepts hypoxanthine, but not xanthine, as a substrate (PubMed:29212709, PubMed:363427, PubMed:4581274). The major facilitator-type transporters hxnP and hxnZ are probably involved in the uptake of nicotinate-derived metabolites, and the oxidoreductases hxnT and hxnY in the further metabolism of 6-OH nicotinic acid (PubMed:4581274).
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)

DCML_HYDPS / P19913 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain; CO dehydrogenase subunit L; CO-DH L; EC 1.2.5.3 from Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava (Pseudomonas carboxydoflava) (see paper)
P19913 aerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.5.3) from Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava (see 2 papers)
24% identity, 88% coverage

• function: Catalyzes the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
  catalytic activity: CO + a quinone + H2O = a quinol + CO2 (RHEA:48880)
  cofactor: Cu(+) Note=Binds 1 Cu(+) ion per subunit
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Mo-MCD) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Dimer of heterotrimers. Each heterotrimer consists of a large, a medium and a small subunit.
• Cotinine Hydroxylase CotA Initiates Biodegradation of Wastewater Micropollutant Cotinine in Nocardioides sp. Strain JQ2195
  Zhao, Applied and environmental microbiology 2021 (secret)
• Open Issues for Protein Function Assignment in Haloferax volcanii and Other Halophilic Archaea.
  Pfeiffer, Genes 2021
  • “...33% b2866 Q46799 [ 329 ] 10986234 xanthine DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 28% - P19913 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 26% Saci_2271 Q4J6M3 [ 327 ] 10095793 GAPDH 9g HVO_B0310 coxM no 31% Saci_2269 Q4J6M6 [ 327 ] 10095793 GAPDH 9g...”
• Identification and Characterization of a Novel pic Gene Cluster Responsible for Picolinic Acid Degradation in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135
  Qiu, Journal of bacteriology 2019
  • “...ketone dehydrogenase from A. nicotinovorans; CODHLMS (P19913, P19914, and P19915), carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava; XDHABC...”
• Integrated multi-omics analyses reveal the biochemical mechanisms and phylogenetic relevance of anaerobic androgen biodegradation in the environment
  Yang, The ISME journal 2016
  • “...for the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (accession number: P19913) of Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava, under the PCR conditions used. To investigate the phylogeny of...”

Q6GMC5 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Xenopus laevis (see paper)
23% identity, 57% coverage

XDH_BLAAD / R4ZGN4 Xanthine dehydrogenase; XD; Xanthine oxidoreductase; Axorp; XOR; EC 1.17.1.4 from Blastobotrys adeninivorans (Yeast) (Arxula adeninivorans) (see 2 papers)
R4ZGN4 xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) from Blastobotrys adeninivorans (see paper)
24% identity, 45% coverage

• function: Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Oxidizes xanthine, hypoxanthine and pterine at high rates. Can also act on purine and guanine.
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  subunit: Homodimer.
  disruption phenotype: Exhibits less than 1% of the wild-type activity towards xanthine and hypoxanthine under inducible conditions (2.5 mmol/l adenine). No activity after cultivation without inducer.

AO356_02565 Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4) from Pseudomonas fluorescens FW300-N2C3
24% identity, 89% coverage

• mutant phenotype: Specifically important for utilizing Inosine. Automated validation from mutant phenotype: the predicted function (1.17.1.4) was linked to the condition via a SEED subsystem. This annotation was also checked manually.

1ffuB / P19913 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from hydrogenophaga pseudoflava which lacks the mo-pyranopterin moiety of the molybdenum cofactor (see paper)
24% identity, 89% coverage

• Ligand: cytidine-5'-diphosphate (1ffuB)

SSO2760 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, large chain (cutA-5) from Sulfolobus solfataricus P2
24% identity, 83% coverage

• Identification of a novel alpha-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus
  Brouns, Journal of bacteriology 2006
  • “...that matched band 1 with the gene product of Sso2760 (cutA-5), an 84.9-kDa protein which is orthologous to the 80.5-kDa -subunit of the aldehyde oxidoreductase...”

Q5QE79 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Rattus norvegicus (see paper)
23% identity, 54% coverage

• Characterization of rat glutathione transferases in olfactory epithelium and mucus
  Heydel, PloS one 2019
  • “...of identified peptides (number of spectra) in rat 1, 2 and 3 Aldehyde oxidase 4 Q5QE79 25 (38), 3 (3), 2 (2) Retinal dehydrogenase 1 P51647 8 (11), 6 (9), 1 (1) Glutathione peroxidase 6 Q64625 5 (16), 2 (4), 0 (0) Glutathione S-transferase M2 P08010...”

LOC123105343 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase-like from Triticum aestivum
23% identity, 52% coverage

• Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of anthocyanin metabolism in wheat pericarp
  Wang, BMC genomic data 2025
  • “...ACO genes had significantly high expression in Hengzi151 (Fig. 10 d). The expression of genes (LOC123105343, LOC123105344, LOC123113609, LOC123123132) encoding AAO (abscisic aldehyde oxidase) in ABA biosynthesis were also up-regulated (Fig. 10 e). In GA biosynthesis, the most identified genes were highly expressed (Fig. 10 f)....”

NP_033806 aldehyde oxidase 1 from Mus musculus
24% identity, 54% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853); Gallus gallus (GgAOX1, NP_046777290; GgAOX2,NP_001034690; GgXDH, NP_990458); Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsXDH, ANS35864). ( B ) C58800 , C67698 , C66700 , and C67485...”
• The mammalian aldehyde oxidase gene family
  Garattini, Human genomics 2009
  • “...AOX1 AB201545 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Oc AOX1 AOX1 BAA81726 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aox1 Aox1 NP_033806 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aox3 Aoh1 NP_076106 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aox4 Aoh2 NP_076120 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aoxl Aoh3 NP_001008419 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox1 Aox1 NP_062236 Rat Rattus...”
• Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
  Garattini, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2008
  • “...G Mouse Mus musculus Mm AOX1 aldehyde oxidase 1 Aox1 NP_033806 G Mouse Mus musculus Mm AOH1 aldehyde oxidase 3 Aox3 NP_076106 G Mouse Mus musculus Mm AOH2...”

NP_001008523 aldehyde oxidase 4 from Rattus norvegicus
23% identity, 54% coverage

• The mammalian aldehyde oxidase gene family
  Garattini, Human genomics 2009
  • “...Aox1 NP_062236 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox3 Aoh1 NP_001008527 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox4 Aoh2 NP_001008523 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aoxl1 Aoh3 NP_001008522 Dog Canis lupus familiaris Cf AOX4 AOH2 DQ150104 Dog Canis lupus familiaris Cf AOXRL1 AOH3 DQ150105 Cow Bos taurus Bt AOX1 AOX1 NP_788841...”
• Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
  Garattini, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2008
  • “...Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn AOH2 aldehyde oxidase 4 Aox4 NP_001008523 G Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn AOH3 aldehyde oxidase 2 Aox2 NP_001008522 G Dog Canis lupus...”

F6Y8K6 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Callithrix jacchus (see paper)
25% identity, 54% coverage

cutA / Q4J6M3 aldehyde dehydrogenase α subunit (EC 1.2.99.8) from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770) (see paper)
CUTA_SULAC / Q4J6M3 Glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase large chain; Glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase subunit A; Glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase subunit alpha; EC 1.2.99.8 from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770) (see paper)
Q4J6M3 glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-containing) (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.99.8) from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (see paper)
Saci_2271 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639
25% identity, 96% coverage

• function: Component of the glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase which is involved the nonphosphorylated Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glyceraldehyde to yield glycerate. When the artificial electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (Cl2Ind) is used, the enzyme shows a broad substrate range (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde), but is most active with D-glyceraldehyde. It is not known which acceptor is utilized in vivo.
  catalytic activity: D-glyceraldehyde + A + H2O = (R)-glycerate + AH2 + H(+) (RHEA:36047)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (Mo-MGD) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Heterotrimer composed of a large chain (CutA), a medium chain (CutB) and a small chain (CutC).
• Open Issues for Protein Function Assignment in Haloferax volcanii and Other Halophilic Archaea
  Pfeiffer, Genes 2021
  • “...no 28% - P19913 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 26% Saci_2271 Q4J6M3 [ 327 ] 10095793 GAPDH 9g HVO_B0310 coxM no 31% Saci_2269 Q4J6M6 [ 327 ] 10095793 GAPDH 9g HVO_B0310 (cont.) no 31% - P19914 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH 9g...”
• Open Issues for Protein Function Assignment in Haloferax volcanii and Other Halophilic Archaea
  Pfeiffer, Genes 2021
  • “...(cont.) no 28% - P19913 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH 9g HVO_B0309 (cont.) no 26% Saci_2271 Q4J6M3 [ 327 ] 10095793 GAPDH 9g HVO_B0310 coxM no 31% Saci_2269 Q4J6M6 [ 327 ] 10095793 GAPDH 9g HVO_B0310 (cont.) no 31% - P19914 [ 328 ] 10482497 CO-DH...”

Q54FB7 Xanthine dehydrogenase from Dictyostelium discoideum
23% identity, 51% coverage

• Proteomics links the redox state to calcium signaling during bleaching of the scleractinian coral Acropora microphthalma on exposure to high solar irradiance and thermal stress.
  Weston, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2015
  • “...of the thioredoxin system v1.2.004521.t1 205 3e-53 0.3 3.8 196.0 0.6 (+ 2 other sequences) Q54FB7 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase v1.2.032465.t1 (+ 8 other sequences) 581 3e-165 1.0 1.4 n/d n/d (b) Exocytosis Q9XZP2 Calmodulin-2 of Ca 2+ -signalling pathway v1.2.025795.t1 284 4e-77 77.9 106.2 n/d n/d (+...”
  • “...proteome, consistent with reactive oxygen species-induced initiation of coral bleaching. Xanthine dehydrogenase (Uniprot accession number Q54FB7) appeared also in our dataset. This enzyme catalyzes the formation of uric acid, which is a strong reductant and antioxidant. Xanthine dehydrogenase was detected likewise in the proteome of a...”

AOXA_MOUSE / O54754 Aldehyde oxidase 1; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 1; Retinal oxidase; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Mus musculus (Mouse) (see 8 papers)
O54754 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Oryctolagus cuniculus (see paper)
24% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Also plays a role in the reductive metabolism of the xenobiotic imidacloprid (IMI) via its nitroreduction to nitrosoguanidine (IMI-NNO) and aminoguanidine (IMI-NNH(2)). Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. May also catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis. Cannot use xanthine and hypoxanthine as substrate.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• Tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice treated with acupuncture
  Wang, Bioscience reports 2022
  • “...P55050 Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal Fabp2 0.725 0.00038 down Q9EQ21 Hepcidin Hamp 0.723 0.0372 down O54754 Aldehyde oxidase 1 Aox1 0.722 0.000117 down P02089 Hemoglobin subunit -2 Hbb-b2 0.719 0.00354 down O35678 Monoglyceride lipase Mgll 0.717 0.000537 down Q9Z211 Peroxisomal membrane protein 11A Pex11a 0.717 0.0019...”
  • “...ratio M/C P -value M/C ratio (TMT) A/M ratio A/M P -value A/M ratio (TMT) O54754 Aldehyde oxidase 1 2.24 4.58E-03 1.72 0.60 2.43E-03 0.72 Q9QYR9 Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 2 4.58 5.63E-04 2.91 0.79 7.55E-02 0.71 P43883 Perilipin-2 3.37 6.74E-02 2.42 0.29 3.28E-02 0.42 Q5SWU9 Acetyl-CoA...”
• Functional, proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of Nrf2- and Keap1- null skeletal muscle
  Gao, The Journal of physiology 2020
  • “...b5 type B 0.03 2.21 Prkag2 Q91WG5 5-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 0.03 1.49 Aox1 O54754 Aldehyde oxidase 1 0.03 2.5 Homer2 Q9QWW1 Homer protein homolog 2 0.03 1.67 Cops8 Q8VBV7 COP9 signalosome complex subunit 8 0.03 1.66 Mup3 P04939 Major urinary protein 3 0.03 7.92...”
• Proteomic profiling of liver tissue from the mdx-4cv mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  Murphy, Clinical proteomics 2018
  • “...Serpina1b Alpha-1-antitrypsin 1-2 3 7.0562 0.00500 2.34 Q9QZX7 Srr Serine racemase 2 6.2347 0.02590 2.24 O54754 Aox1 Aldehyde oxidase 1 2 6.4066 0.00869 2.21 Q8BGT5 Gpt2 Alanine aminotransferase 2 8 26.9779 5.36E05 2.17 Q8R086 Suox Sulfite oxidase, mitochondrial 13 55.1200 0.00039 2.12 P16015 Ca3 Carbonic anhydrase...”
• Mechanisms of Nrf2 protection in astrocytes as identified by quantitative proteomics and siRNA screening
  Dowell, PloS one 2013
  • “...2 O08709 peroxiredoxin 6 2.11 1.70 2.43 O08739 adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 NA 2.33 2.14 O54754 aldehyde oxidase 1 NA 2.62 7.30 P06801 malic enzyme 1 NA 1.74 3.45 P10649 glutathione S-transferase, mu 1 2.14 1.54 2.19 P14901 heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 10.41 2.65 NA P17809...”

1t3qB / P72224 Crystal structure of quinoline 2-oxidoreductase from pseudomonas putida 86 (see paper)
24% identity, 89% coverage

• Ligand: pterin cytosine dinucleotide (1t3qB)

Q8R387 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Mus musculus (see paper)
24% identity, 54% coverage

• Changes in Protein Expression and Lysine Acetylation Induced by Decreased Glutathione Levels in Astrocytes
  Pehar, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2016
  • “...reductase 1 Transaldolase Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic Q8R387 P24270 Q91W09 Q9CPX4 P09528 P97494 D3Z7P3 P24472 P15626 Q790Y8 Q3U5H8 Q91VS7 Q9DCD0 Q91YR9...”

P72224 quinoline 2-oxidoreductase (subunit 1/3) (EC 1.3.99.17) from Pseudomonas putida (see paper)
24% identity, 89% coverage

LOC123123132 probable aldehyde oxidase 2 from Triticum aestivum
23% identity, 54% coverage

• Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of anthocyanin metabolism in wheat pericarp
  Wang, BMC genomic data 2025
  • “...significantly high expression in Hengzi151 (Fig. 10 d). The expression of genes (LOC123105343, LOC123105344, LOC123113609, LOC123123132) encoding AAO (abscisic aldehyde oxidase) in ABA biosynthesis were also up-regulated (Fig. 10 e). In GA biosynthesis, the most identified genes were highly expressed (Fig. 10 f). For JA synthesis,...”

Q148T8 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Mus musculus (see paper)
22% identity, 54% coverage

AOXD_MOUSE / Q3TYQ9 Aldehyde oxidase 4; Aldehyde oxidase homolog 2; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 4; Retinal oxidase; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Mus musculus (Mouse) (see 2 papers)
Q3TYQ9 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Mus musculus (see 2 papers)
NP_076120 aldehyde oxidase 4 from Mus musculus
22% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Aldehyde oxidase able to catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde into retinoate. Is responsible for the major all-trans- retinaldehyde-metabolizing activity in the Harderian gland, and contributes a significant amount of the same activity in the skin. Is devoid of pyridoxal-oxidizing activity, in contrast to the other aldehyde oxidases. Acts as a negative modulator of the epidermal trophism. May be able to oxidize a wide variety of aldehydes into their corresponding carboxylates and to hydroxylate azaheterocycles.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  catalytic activity: all-trans-retinal + O2 + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:22520)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
  disruption phenotype: Mice are viable, fertile and born at the expected Mendelian rate. However, they show a deficiency of retinoic acid synthesis in both the Harderian gland and skin. The Harderian gland's transcriptome of knockout mice demonstrates overall down-regulation of direct retinoid-dependent genes as well as perturbations in pathways controlling lipid homeostasis and cellular secretion, particularly in sexually immature animals. The skin is characterized by thickening of the epidermis in basal conditions and after UVB light exposure.
• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853); Gallus gallus (GgAOX1, NP_046777290; GgAOX2,NP_001034690; GgXDH, NP_990458); Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsXDH, ANS35864). ( B ) C58800 , C67698 , C66700 , and C67485 amino acid sequences were compared with...”
• Mouse aldehyde-oxidase-4 controls diurnal rhythms, fat deposition and locomotor activity.
  Terao, Scientific reports 2016
  • GeneRIF: Deletion of the Aox4 gene causes perturbations in diurnal rhythms, fat deposition and locomotor activity.
• Insights into the structural determinants of substrate specificity and activity in mouse aldehyde oxidases.
  Cerqueira, Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 2015 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Although mAOX2 and mAOX3 are very similar to each other, we propose the following pairs of overlapping substrate specificities: mAOX2/mAOX4 and mAOX3/mAXO1.
• The mammalian aldehyde oxidase gene family
  Garattini, Human genomics 2009
  • “...Aox1 NP_033806 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aox3 Aoh1 NP_076106 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aox4 Aoh2 NP_076120 Mouse Mus musculus Mm Aoxl Aoh3 NP_001008419 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox1 Aox1 NP_062236 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox3 Aoh1 NP_001008527 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox4 Aoh2 NP_001008523 Rat Rattus...”
• Role of the molybdoflavoenzyme aldehyde oxidase homolog 2 in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid: generation and characterization of a knockout mouse.
  Terao, Molecular and cellular biology 2009
  • GeneRIF: data indicate a significant role of AOH2 in the local synthesis and biodisposition of endogenous retinoids in the Harderian gland and skin
• Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
  Garattini, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2008
  • “...Mouse Mus musculus Mm AOH2 aldehyde oxidase 4 Aox4 NP_076120 G Mouse Mus musculus Mm AOH3 aldehyde oxidase 3-like 1 Aox3l1 NP_001008419 G Rat Rattus norvegicus...”

ALDO2_MAIZE / O23888 Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase; IAA oxidase; Aldehyde oxidase-2; ZmAO-2; EC 1.2.3.7 from Zea mays (Maize) (see paper)
O23888 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Zea mays (see paper)
22% identity, 51% coverage

• function: In higher plants aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. Involved in the biosynthesis of auxin
  catalytic activity: indole-3-acetaldehyde + O2 + H2O = (indol-3-yl)acetate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16277)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits.
• Growth Stimulatory Effects and Genome-Wide Transcriptional Changes Produced by Protein Hydrolysates in Maize Seedlings.
  Santi, Frontiers in plant science 2017
  • “...GRMZM2G022679_T01 Q8S0S6 Gibberellin 2-oxidase 2.10 2.34 GRMZM2G068701_T01 Q0D4Z6 Probable indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.8 2.06 GRMZM2G141473_T01 O23888 Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase 2.0 AC233864.1_FGT009 Q7XTN9 OSJNBa0093O08.8 protein; response to auxin 11.81 6.49 GRMZM2G471931_T01 K7TM25 Cytokinin riboside 5-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase 2.38 GRMZM2G136567_T01 K7VFP2 WAT-1 related protein 3.43 GRMZM2G330012_T01 A0A0B4J3E8 Uncharacterized protein; response...”

O61198 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Caenorhabditis elegans (see paper)
23% identity, 57% coverage

SPO3019 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
27% identity, 94% coverage

• Experimental Identification of Small Non-Coding RNAs in the Model Marine Bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
  Rivers, Frontiers in microbiology 2016
  • “...protein 0.010 trans48 142 SPO1762 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase Coenzyme metabolism 0.004 SPO1508 Quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase 0.005 SPO3019 Xanthine dehydrogenase family, large subunit Nucleic acid metabolism 0.006 SPO1029 YeeE/YedE family protein 0.007 trans49 124 SPO1050 Phage integrase family site specific recombinase Phage 0.001 SPO0323 Hypothetical protein 0.001 SPO0526...”

AOXA_RABIT / P80456 Aldehyde oxidase 1; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 1; Retinal oxidase; Retinoic acid synthase; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) (see 4 papers)
P80456 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Oryctolagus cuniculus (see 3 papers)
NP_001075459 aldehyde oxidase 1 from Oryctolagus cuniculus
25% identity, 52% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. May also catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis. Cannot use hypoxanthine and all-trans- retinol as substrate.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  catalytic activity: all-trans-retinal + O2 + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:22520)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• Interspecies differences in the metabolism of methotrexate: An insight into the active site differences between human and rabbit aldehyde oxidase.
  Choughule, Biochemical pharmacology 2015
  • “...AOX4 (Uniprot: M1ZMP8; M1ZML0 and G1TY33 respectively) at the transcript levels whereas only AOX1 (Uniprot: P80456) has been confirmed at the protein level. If rabbits are similar to rodents, both AOX1 and AOX3 may be expressed at significant levels in the liver. Thus, the differences in...”
• Interspecies differences in the metabolism of methotrexate: An insight into the active site differences between human and rabbit aldehyde oxidase.
  Choughule, Biochemical pharmacology 2015
  • GeneRIF: Methotrexate is poorly metabolized by human AOX1, in contrast to rabbit.
• A single amino acid substitution confers high cinchonidine oxidation activity comparable with that of rabbit to monkey aldehyde oxidase 1.
  Fukiya, Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 2010 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Amino acid substitution experiments reveal structural aspects of substrate specificity of AOX1.

Rmet_0364 aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdopterin binding from Ralstonia metallidurans CH34
Rmet_0364 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34
25% identity, 88% coverage

• The complete genome sequence of Cupriavidus metallidurans strain CH34, a master survivalist in harsh and anthropogenic environments
  Janssen, PloS one 2010
  • “...in this operonic structure and the presence of an AYRGAGR motif in CoxL (encoded by Rmet_0364) strongly suggest that the C. metallidurans' CODH is of form II. Although the ability of C. metallidurans CH34 to undertake substantial oxidation of carbon monoxide still needs to be tested,...”

AOXA_BOVIN / P48034 Aldehyde oxidase 1; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 1; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Bos taurus (Bovine) (see paper)
P48034 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Bos taurus (see 3 papers)
NP_788841 aldehyde oxidase 1 from Bos taurus
24% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. May also catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• The mammalian aldehyde oxidase gene family
  Garattini, Human genomics 2009
  • “...DQ150104 Dog Canis lupus familiaris Cf AOXRL1 AOH3 DQ150105 Cow Bos taurus Bt AOX1 AOX1 NP_788841 Cow Bos taurus Bt AOX4 AOH2 XP_596585 Cow Bos taurus Bt AOX3L1 AOH3 XP_610199 Opossum Monodelphis domestica Md AOX1 AOX1 XP_0011379598 Opossum Monodelphis domestica Md AOX3 AOH1 XP_0011379605 Opossum Monodelphis...”
• Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
  Garattini, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2008
  • “...XP_001497159 G Cow Bos taurus Bt AOX1 aldehyde oxidase 1 AOX1 NP_788841 G Cow Bos taurus Bt AOH2 similar to aldehyde oxidase 2 nd XP_596585 G Cow Bos taurus Bt...”

Q2QB49 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Gallus gallus (see 2 papers)
23% identity, 54% coverage

AOXD_CAVPO / H9TB18 Aldehyde oxidase 4; Aldehyde oxidase homolog 2; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 4; Retinal oxidase; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig) (see paper)
23% identity, 52% coverage

• function: Aldehyde oxidase able to catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde into retinoate. Acts as a negative modulator of the epidermal trophism. May be able to oxidize a wide variety of aldehydes into their corresponding carboxylates and to hydroxylate azaheterocycles (By similarity).
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: retinal + O2 + H2O = retinoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:56736)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.

ALDO1_MAIZE / O23887 Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase; IAA oxidase; Aldehyde oxidase; ZmAO-1; EC 1.2.3.7 from Zea mays (Maize) (see 2 papers)
O23887 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Zea mays (see paper)
NP_001105308 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase from Zea mays
22% identity, 53% coverage

• function: In higher plants aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. Involved in the biosynthesis of auxin from (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde. Can also use indole-3-aldehyde and benzaldehyde as substrate.
  catalytic activity: indole-3-acetaldehyde + O2 + H2O = (indol-3-yl)acetate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16277)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits.
• Proteomics Revealed Distinct Responses to Salinity between the Halophytes Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort and Salicornia brachiata (Roxb).
  Benjamin, Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 2020
  • “...4 P0C317 3.96 up 0.64 down Signaling Calmodulin P41040 4.02 down 7.62 up Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase O23887 3.69 up 0.64 down Osmotic/oxidative stress Heat shock protein 82 Q08277 4.47 down 12.92 down Chaperonin CPN60-1, mitochondrial P29185 1.77 up 1.30 down Catalase isozyme 1 P18122 10.88 down 8.20...”
• RNASeq analysis of giant cane reveals the leaf transcriptome dynamics under long-term salt stress
  Sicilia, BMC plant biology 2019
  • “...(EIN3) (Nr ID: XP_004973869.1) 61.43% 1e-113 +14.849 14027.190058 Zea mays Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase (AAO) (Swissprot ID: O23887) 67.55% 4e-175 +13.436 14027.58358 Setaria italica probable indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.8 (Nr ID: XP_004958192.1) 69.87% 2e-133 Inf a 14027.189947 Oryza sativa subsp. japonica Jasmonic acid-amido synthetase JAR1 (Swissprot ID: Q6I581)...”
• Overexpression of Arabidopsis molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene confers drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.).
  Lu, PloS one 2013
  • GeneRIF: Data indicate that overexpression of Arabidopsis molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene (LOS5) in maize markedly enhanced the expression of ZmAO and aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity, leading to abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and increased drought tolerance.

W3Y6K1 Selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase from Veillonella sp. AS16
24% identity, 85% coverage

• Survey of metaproteomics software tools for functional microbiome analysis.
  Sajulga, PloS one 2020
  • “...terms resulting in an expanded hierarchy with moderate coverage. For MPA, there were two proteins (W3Y6K1 selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase and T0T10 xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdenum binding subunit) with four specific UniProt-derived GO terms. For ProPHAnE, there were two protein families that resulted in a hierarchy similar to...”

XDH_CHICK / P47990 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase; EC 1.17.1.4; EC 1.17.3.2 from Gallus gallus (Chicken) (see 2 papers)
21% identity, 52% coverage

• function: Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species.
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  catalytic activity: xanthine + O2 + H2O = urate + H2O2 (RHEA:21132)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• A Proteomic View of the Cross-Talk Between Early Intestinal Microbiota and Poultry Immune System
  Rodrigues, Frontiers in physiology 2020
  • “...14 5.000 0.029 P05180 Cyp2c23 Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily c, polypeptide 23 3.300 0.031 P47990 XDH Xanthine dehydrogenase 2.500 0.031 Q5ZIW2 CNOT10 CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 10 3.300 0.032 P05122-5 CKB Creatine kinase B 3.300 0.033 P02789 TF Transferrin 1.250 0.035 O57535 NME2 NME/NM23 nucleoside...”

S5FPI8 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Amyelois transitella (see paper)
23% identity, 55% coverage

PS417_20890 Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4) from Pseudomonas simiae WCS417
23% identity, 87% coverage

• mutant phenotype: Specifically important for utilizing Inosine. Automated validation from mutant phenotype: the predicted function (1.17.1.4) was linked to the condition via a SEED subsystem. This annotation was also checked manually.

NP_001009217 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Felis catus
22% identity, 53% coverage

• Mechanism of porcine liver xanthine oxidoreductase mediated N-oxide reduction of cyadox as revealed by docking and mutagenesis studies
  Chen, PloS one 2013
  • “...those of bovine ( Bos taurus ) (NP_776397) [30] , cat ( Felis catus ) (NP_001009217) [31] , human ( Homo sapiens ) (NP_000370) [29] , mouse ( Mus musculus ) (NP_035853) [28] and rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) (NP_058850) [27] were 91%, 87%, 89%, 85%...”

Q9FV23 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Solanum lycopersicum (see paper)
24% identity, 49% coverage

CLJU_c29940 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Clostridium ljungdahlii DSM 13528
22% identity, 99% coverage

• Pleiotropic Regulator GssR Positively Regulates Autotrophic Growth of Gas-Fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii
  Zhang, Microorganisms 2023
  • “...Oxidation and reduction 21 CLJU_c29930 putative oxidoreductase, iron-sulfur binding subunit 5.30 Oxidation and reduction 22 CLJU_c29940 xanthine dehydrogenase related protein, molybdopterin bindin 5.36 Oxidation and reduction 23 CLJU_c29950 putative deacetylase 5.39 Post-translational modification 24 CLJU_c29960 N-acyl-D-amino-acid deacylase 4.61 Post-translational modification 25 CLJU_c29970 predicted ABC-type transporter, permease...”

G1TY33 aldehyde oxidase from Oryctolagus cuniculus
23% identity, 53% coverage

• Interspecies differences in the metabolism of methotrexate: An insight into the active site differences between human and rabbit aldehyde oxidase.
  Choughule, Biochemical pharmacology 2015
  • “...that in addition to AOX1, rabbits have AOX3, AOX3L1 and AOX4 (Uniprot: M1ZMP8; M1ZML0 and G1TY33 respectively) at the transcript levels whereas only AOX1 (Uniprot: P80456) has been confirmed at the protein level. If rabbits are similar to rodents, both AOX1 and AOX3 may be expressed...”

7px0B / Q9VF53 Drosophila melanogaster aldehyde oxidase 1
24% identity, 57% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide (7px0B)

Q8RLC0 Xanthine dehydrogenase large subunit from Delftia acidovorans
26% identity, 84% coverage

• Genomic and Metagenomic Insights into the Distribution of Nicotine-degrading Enzymes in Human Microbiota.
  Guan, Current genomics 2024
  • “...showed detectable similarities to NDEs. The xanthine dehydrogenase large subunit sequences (XdhB, Uniprot accessions O54051, Q8RLC0, and Q9I3J0; the NCBI nr database accession ALT22391.1) were used as the outgroup for NdhB and NdhL. The group II intron reverse transcriptase sequences were used as the outgroup for...”

XP_005630370 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase isoform X2 from Canis lupus familiaris
22% identity, 53% coverage

• Measurement and characterization of superoxide generation from xanthine dehydrogenase: a redox-regulated pathway of radical generation in ischemic tissues.
  Lee, Biochemistry 2014
  • GeneRIF: Data suggest that XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) can be an important redox-regulated source of superoxide generation in ischemic tissue; conversion XDH to XO (xanthine oxidase) is not required to activate radical formation and subsequent tissue injury.
• Xanthine oxidase inhibition prevents atrial fibrillation in a canine model of atrial pacing-induced left ventricular dysfunction.
  Sakabe, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2012 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Xanthine oxidase inhibition suppresses atrial fibrillation promotion by preventing electrical and structural remodeling in the heart.

XP_002314067 xanthine dehydrogenase 1 isoform X1 from Populus trichocarpa
24% identity, 46% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...ossac30 ; M. polymorpha ( Marchantia polymorpha , BBM98107), P. trichocarpa ( Populus trichocarpa , XP_002314067), S. moellendorffii ( Selaginella moellendorffii , XP_002966075), B. distachyon (XP_003562358, Brachypodium distachyon ), C. illinoinensis ( Carya illinoinensis , XP_042959708), A. trichopoda ( Amborella trichopoda , XP_006850189), P. patens (...”

NP_990458 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Gallus gallus
21% identity, 52% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853); Gallus gallus (GgAOX1, NP_046777290; GgAOX2,NP_001034690; GgXDH, NP_990458); Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsXDH, ANS35864). ( B ) C58800 , C67698 , C66700 , and C67485 amino acid sequences were compared with multiple sequences of other insect homologous genes; ( C...”

NP_732047 aldehyde oxidase 2 from Drosophila melanogaster
23% identity, 56% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...information and NCBI GenBank login number used are as follows: Drosophila melanogaster (DmAOX1, NP_650475; DmAOX2, NP_732047; DmAOX3, NP_650477; DmAOX4, NP_650478; DmXDH, NP_524337); Apis mellifera (AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291;...”

3nrzL / P80457 Crystal structure of bovine xanthine oxidase in complex with hypoxanthine (see paper)
22% identity, 86% coverage

• Ligand: hypoxanthine (3nrzL)

Q9VF53 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1); pyridoxal oxidase (EC 1.2.3.8) from Drosophila melanogaster (see 2 papers)
NP_650475 aldehyde oxidase 1 from Drosophila melanogaster
24% identity, 56% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...the sequence information and NCBI GenBank login number used are as follows: Drosophila melanogaster (DmAOX1, NP_650475; DmAOX2, NP_732047; DmAOX3, NP_650477; DmAOX4, NP_650478; DmXDH, NP_524337); Apis mellifera (AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae...”
• A First Glimpse of the Mexican Fruit Fly Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Antenna Morphology and Proteome in Response to a Proteinaceous Attractant
  Ruiz-May, International journal of molecular sciences 2020
  • “...(Q9VF51), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt35b, Q9XYN3). Furthermore, the Cyp6a9 (Q27594), thioester-containing protein 4 (Tep4, M9PD73), AOX1 (Q9VF53), and GstE9 (Q7K8X7), in the group III, were also upregulated in sexually mature females (24h_15D). Mature male flies treated with CeraTrap for 24 h (24h_15D) exhibited significant upregulation of GstE7...”

3nrzC / P80457 Crystal structure of bovine xanthine oxidase in complex with hypoxanthine (see paper)
22% identity, 85% coverage

• Ligand: hypoxanthine (3nrzC)

K0JKH7 CoxL protein from Brachyspira pilosicoli WesB
23% identity, 83% coverage

• The Exposed Proteomes of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli
  Casas, Frontiers in microbiology 2016
  • “...248 D8IB10 BP951000_0328 BRAPL Unchar D8I9Q8 195 D8I9Q8 BP951000_0016 BRAPL CoxL protein 146 J9U0I3 , K0JKH7 coxL BRAPL Variable surface protein VspD 144 D8ICU0 , J9UQJ0 vspD, B2904_orf389 BRAPL Unchar J9UGA5 122 J9UGA5 B2904_orf1414 BRAPL Unchar J9U2W9 116 J9U2W9 B2904_orf2565 BRAPL Flagellar filament protein FlaA 105...”

3ax7A / P80457 Bovine xanthine oxidase, protease cleaved form (see paper)
22% identity, 57% coverage

• Ligands: fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide; {[(5ar,8r,9ar)-2-amino-4-oxo-6,7-di(sulfanyl-kappas)-3,5,5a,8,9a,10-hexahydro-4h-pyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methyl dihydrogenato(2-) phosphate}(hydroxy)oxo(thioxo)molybdenum; bicarbonate ion; calcium ion (3ax7A)

LOC112765029 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase from Arachis hypogaea
23% identity, 48% coverage

• Multi-Omics Revealed Peanut Root Metabolism Regulated by Exogenous Calcium under Salt Stress
  Dong, Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 2023
  • “...genes key enzymes in the ABA biosynthesis pathway. They are LOC112765030 (AAO3), LOC112702199 (AAO2), and LOC112765029 (AAO2). Their expression trends in the two pairwise comparison groups were consistent between the two quantitative methods. Two genes encode UGT71C5 (LOC112702879 and LOC112764382), whose function is to glycosylate ABA....”

J9U0I3 CoxL protein from Brachyspira pilosicoli B2904
23% identity, 83% coverage

• The Exposed Proteomes of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli
  Casas, Frontiers in microbiology 2016
  • “...Unchar D8IB10 248 D8IB10 BP951000_0328 BRAPL Unchar D8I9Q8 195 D8I9Q8 BP951000_0016 BRAPL CoxL protein 146 J9U0I3 , K0JKH7 coxL BRAPL Variable surface protein VspD 144 D8ICU0 , J9UQJ0 vspD, B2904_orf389 BRAPL Unchar J9UGA5 122 J9UGA5 B2904_orf1414 BRAPL Unchar J9U2W9 116 J9U2W9 B2904_orf2565 BRAPL Flagellar filament protein...”

AAO2 / Q7G192 aldehyde oxidase subunit (EC 1.2.3.9; EC 1.2.3.1) from Arabidopsis thaliana (see paper)
ALDO2_ARATH / Q7G192 Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase; IAA oxidase; Aldehyde oxidase 2; AO-2; AtAO-2; AtAO3; EC 1.2.3.7 from Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) (see 8 papers)
Q7G192 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Arabidopsis thaliana (see paper)
NP_189946 aldehyde oxidase 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana
AT3G43600 AAO2 (ALDEHYDE OXIDASE 2); aldehyde oxidase from Arabidopsis thaliana
23% identity, 50% coverage

• function: In higher plant aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. In vitro, AO-gamma uses heptaldehyde, benzaldehyde, naphthaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde as substrates; AO-beta uses indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld), indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) and naphtaldehyde; the AAO2-AAO3 dimer uses abscisic aldehyde
  catalytic activity: indole-3-acetaldehyde + O2 + H2O = (indol-3-yl)acetate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16277)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits. AO-beta is a AAO1-AAO2 heterodimer; AO-gamma is a AAO2 homodimer. AAO2 also forms a dimer with AAO3.
• AAO2 impairment enhances aldehyde detoxification by AAO3 in Arabidopsis leaves exposed to UV-C or Rose-Bengal.
  Nurbekova, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 2024 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: AAO2 impairment enhances aldehyde detoxification by AAO3 in Arabidopsis leaves exposed to UV-C or Rose-Bengal.
• Dalbergia odorifera undergoes massive molecular shifts in response to waterlogging combined with salinity
  Cisse, Plant physiology 2024
  • “...AT2G27150 ABA2 Gramene: AT1G52340 ABA2 Araport: AT1G52340 AAO1 Gramene: AT5G20960 AAO1 Araport: AT5G20960 AAO2 Gramene: AT3G43600 AAO2 Araport: AT3G43600 AMY1 Gramene: AT4G25000 AMY1 Araport: AT4G25000 AOX1A Gramene: AT3G22370 AOX1A Araport: AT3G22370 BAM3 Gramene: AT4G20270 BAM3 Araport: AT4G20270 GSTF10 Gramene: AT2G30870 GSTF10 Araport: AT2G30870 AMY3 Gramene: AT1G69830...”
• Research progress of aldehyde oxidases in plants
  Wu, PeerJ 2022
  • “...( Sekimoto et al., 1997 ). From the prediction of the website, AtAO2 in Arabidopsis (AT3G43600) could interact with two proteins (gene number: AT1G19730 and AT5G42980) which are belong to thioredoxin superfamily and it indicates AO2 might involve in redox reaction. Biochemical and physiological function of...”
• The DNA methylation landscape of the root-knot nematode-induced pseudo-organ, the gall, in Arabidopsis, is dynamic, contrasting over time, and critically important for successful parasitism
  Silva, The New phytologist 2022
  • “...transcript overlaps with AT3G24520 CG 25 1.51 AT3G27610 Nucleotidylyl transferase superfamily protein CG 24 0.41 AT3G43600 ALDEHYDE OXIDASE 2 (AAO2) CG 31 0.3 AT3G45240 GEMINIVIRUS REP INTERACTING KINASE 1 (GRIK1) CG 37 0.31 AT3G45840 Cysteine/Histidinerich C1 domain family protein CG 20 1.28 AT3G60415 Phosphoglycerate mutase family...”
• IQD1 Involvement in Hormonal Signaling and General Defense Responses Against Botrytis cinerea
  Barda, Frontiers in plant science 2022
  • “...protein homolog 1) 2.354 AT1G16540 ABA3 (ABA Deficient 3) 2.427 AT1G22690 Gibberellin-regulated family protein 2.155 AT3G43600 AA02 (Abscisic Aldehyde Oxidase 2) 3.307 AT3G11540 SPY (Spindly) 2.026 Brassinosteroids AT4G25420 GA20OX1 (Gibberellin 20-Oxidase 1) 2.309 AT3G20730 BIN3 (Brassinosteroid Insensitive 3) 2.064 AT1G52320 2OG-Fe(ll)-dependent oxygenase 2.565 AT1G74360 Leucine-rich repeat...”
• The function of glutaredoxin GRXS15 is required for lipoyl-dependent dehydrogenases in mitochondria
  Moseler, Plant physiology 2021
  • “...MCCA (At1g03090), ATM3 (At5g58270), CNX2 (At2g31955), CNX3 (At1g01290), NR1 (At1g77760), NR2 (At1g37130), AAO1 (At5g20960), AAO2 (At3g43600), AAO3 (At2g27150), XDH1 (At4g34890) XDH2 (At4g34900), ACO1 (At4g35830), ACO2 (At4g26970), ACO3 (At2g05710), mLIP1 (At2g20860), IVDH (At3g45300), and BCAT (At5g65780). Supplemental data The following materials are available in the online version...”
• Transcriptome Analysis of Chloris virgata, Which Shows the Fastest Germination and Growth in the Major Mongolian Grassland Plant
  Bolortuya, Frontiers in plant science 2021
  • “...NCED9 At1g78390 Os03g0645900 Chloris28516c000010 1.170 0.972 ABA2 At1g52340 Os03g0810800 Chloris6223c000010 0.974 1.247 AAO2 AAO3 AAO4 At3g43600 AT2G27150 At1g04580 Os07g0164900 Os03g0790900 Os0790164900 Chloris17143c000010 1.074 0.678 CYP707A At4g19230 Os02g0703600 Chloris18677c000010 0.741 1.160 Possible abscisic acid homologous gene names of C. virgata are shown in the left panel. Notable...”
• Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) Genes Involved in the Accumulation of Carotenoid Pigments in Wheat Grain
  Colasuonno, Frontiers in plant science 2017
  • “...genes in wheat The cDNAs corresponding to the four AO isoforms from A. thaliana (AT5G20960, AT3G43600, AT2G27150, and AT1G04580, designated, respectively O1, AO2, AO3 , and AO4 ) and the five AO isoforms from B. distachyon (XM010230033, XM_003557870, XM_003559293, and XM_003559295, all designated AO2, and XM_003561213...”
• Keeping Control: The Role of Senescence and Development in Plant Pathogenesis and Defense
  Häffner, Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 2015
  • “...at5g62490 (ATHVA22B) 0.49 at3g63210 (MARD1) 0.50 at2g44990 (CCD7) 0.16 at1g45249 (ABF2) 0.39 at2g17770 (ATBZIP27) 0.32 at3g43600 (AAO2) 0.26 at5g23370 0.46 at1g52920 (GCR2) 0.48 at1g45249 (ABF2) 0.36 at3g63210 (MARD1) 0.45 Brassinosteroid synthesis, signaling and response at3g50660 (DWF4) 4.09 at3g50660 (DWF4) 2.99 at2g22830 (SQE2) 2.28 at1g76090 (SMT3) 2.30...”
• More

Q96Y29 glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-containing) (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.99.8) from Sulfurisphaera tokodaii (see paper)
23% identity, 88% coverage

Q9I3J0 Xanthine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1)
PA1523 xanthine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
24% identity, 92% coverage

• Proteome-wide identification of druggable targets and inhibitors for multidrug-resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using an integrative subtractive proteomics and virtual screening approach
  Vemula, Heliyon 2025
  • “...2390 Q9HTC6 3472 Q9HYV3 4554 Q9I3I9 227 Q51472 1309 Q9HUK5 2391 Q9HTC8 3473 Q9HYV4 4555 Q9I3J0 228 Q51559 1310 Q9HUK6 2392 Q9HTC9 3474 Q9HYV5 4556 Q9I3J1 229 Q51566 1311 Q9HUL1 2393 Q9HTD1 3475 Q9HYV8 4557 Q9I3J3 230 Q59635 1312 Q9HUL2 2394 Q9HTD3 3476 Q9HYV9 4558 Q9I3J4...”
• Genomic and Metagenomic Insights into the Distribution of Nicotine-degrading Enzymes in Human Microbiota
  Guan, Current genomics 2024
  • “...similarities to NDEs. The xanthine dehydrogenase large subunit sequences (XdhB, Uniprot accessions O54051, Q8RLC0, and Q9I3J0; the NCBI nr database accession ALT22391.1) were used as the outgroup for NdhB and NdhL. The group II intron reverse transcriptase sequences were used as the outgroup for NicA1 (PDB...”
• From genotype to phenotype: adaptations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cystic fibrosis environment
  Camus, Microbial genomics 2021
  • “...13 ] pilJ PA0411 Twitching motility protein Yes 3 [ 9, 13, 17 ] xdhB PA1523 Xanthine dehydrogenase No 3 [ 7, 8, 10 ] dnaX PA1532 DNA polymerase subunits and No 3 [ 6, 10, 16 ] pcoA PA2065 Copper resistance protein A precursor No...”
• Integrated whole-genome screening for Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes using multiple disease models reveals that pathogenicity is host specific
  Dubern, Environmental microbiology 2015
  • “...+ + + PA1030.1 + + + + PA1118 Membrane proteins + + + + PA1523 xdhB Nucleotide biosynthesis and metabolism + + PA1542 Unknown + + + PA1634 kdpB Transport of small molecules + + + + + + + PA1799 parR Transcriptional regulator +...”
• Coexistence and within-host evolution of diversified lineages of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in long-term cystic fibrosis infections
  Feliziani, PLoS genetics 2014
  • “...3 3 PA1099 fleR Motility & Attachment; Transcriptional regulators; Two-component regulatory systems 5 1 4 PA1523 xdhB Nucleotide biosynthesis and metabolism 5 2 3 PA3763 purL 7 4 3 PA3895 Transcriptional regulators 5 2 3 PA4937 rnr Transcription, RNA processing and degradation 5 2 3 PA4266...”
• Interkingdom adenosine signal reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity
  Sheng, Microbial biotechnology 2012
  • “...no adenosine for PA14 Gene ID Gene name Fold change Description Nucleotide biosynthesis and metabolism PA1523 xdhB 9.8 Xanthine dehydrogenase PA1524 xdhA 13.0 Xanthine dehydrogenase Pyoverdine synthesis and transport PA2384 18.4 Hypothetical protein PA2385 pvdQ 7.0 Probable acylase PA2386 pvdA 26.0 l ornithine N5oxygenase PA2389 3.0...”
• Effect of anaerobiosis and nitrate on gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  Filiatrault, Infection and immunity 2005
  • “...PA1418 PA1419 PA1420 PA1421 PA1429 PA1516 PA1517 PA1518 PA1523 PA1546 PA1556 PA1561 PA1673 PA1789 PA1806 PA1882 PA1883 PA1939 PA2012 PA2013 PA2014 PA2015 PA2016...”
• Screening for quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSI) by use of a novel genetic system, the QSI selector
  Rasmussen, Journal of bacteriology 2005
  • “...12, 2017 by University of California, Berkeley PA1514 PA1523 PA1562 PA1617 PA1651 PA1652 PA1660 PA1664 PA1665 PA1667 PA1668 PA1669 PA1670 PA1700 PA1730 PA1763...”

NP_776397 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Bos taurus
22% identity, 52% coverage

• S-allyl cysteine as potent anti-gout drug: Insight into the xanthine oxidase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity.
  Johnson, Biochimie 2018 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: S-allyl cysteine as potent anti-gout drug: Insight into the xanthine oxidase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity.
• Host defence related responses in bovine milk during an experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis infection
  Smolenski, Proteome science 2014
  • “...serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B like * XP_001254097 57 Metabolism 0.31 0.261 Whey Xanthine dehydrogenase NP_776397 94 Host defence 0.12 0.038 MFGM Zymogen granule membrane GP-2 NP_001069418 105 Host defence 0.4 0.072 MFGM *denotes detection only by 2DE/MALDI-TOF. Results of the adjusted Students T test for...”
  • “...Mod. Infl. response 192 Vitamin D-binding protein Q3MHN5 C/M Mod. Infl. response 193 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase NP_776397 C/M Antimicrobial. 194 Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein Q3ZCH5 C/M Ant. recog. 195 Zymogen granule membrane GP-2 NP_001069418 C/M Ant. recog. *denotes a peptide that maps to multiple members of the protein family, as...”
• Measurement and characterization of superoxide generation from xanthine dehydrogenase: a redox-regulated pathway of radical generation in ischemic tissues.
  Lee, Biochemistry 2014
  • GeneRIF: Data suggest that XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase) can be an important redox-regulated source of superoxide generation in ischemic tissue; conversion XDH to XO (xanthine oxidase) is not required to activate radical formation and subsequent tissue injury.
• Mechanism of porcine liver xanthine oxidoreductase mediated N-oxide reduction of cyadox as revealed by docking and mutagenesis studies
  Chen, PloS one 2013
  • “...Sus scrofa ) XOR (protein ID: AEW10559) with those of bovine ( Bos taurus ) (NP_776397) [30] , cat ( Felis catus ) (NP_001009217) [31] , human ( Homo sapiens ) (NP_000370) [29] , mouse ( Mus musculus ) (NP_035853) [28] and rat ( Rattus norvegicus...”
• Modeling the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the acute phase proinflammatory axis: variability in tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, and xanthine oxidase responses to endotoxin challenge in steers.
  Kahl, Domestic animal endocrinology 2011 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha response to either of two lipopolysaccharide challenges was lower in progesterone-treated than in 17beta-estradiol-treated steers. Xanthine oxidase response to either challenge was greater for estradiol-treated steers.
• Hydrogen peroxide is the major oxidant product of xanthine oxidase.
  Kelley, Free radical biology & medicine 2010
  • GeneRIF: Hydrogen peroxide is the major oxidant product of xanthine oxidase
• Substrate orientation and catalytic specificity in the action of xanthine oxidase: the sequential hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to uric acid.
  Cao, The Journal of biological chemistry 2010
  • GeneRIF: 6,8-dihydroxypurine is effectively converted to uric acid by xanthine oxidase.
• Crystal structures of urate bound form of xanthine oxidoreductase: substrate orientation and structure of the key reaction intermediate.
  Okamoto, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: crystal structures of the urate complexes of the demolybdo-form of the D428A mutant of rat xanthine oxidoreductase and of the reduced bovine milk enzyme [XOR]
• More

XDH_BOVIN / P80457 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase; EC 1.17.1.4; EC 1.17.3.2 from Bos taurus (Bovine) (see 6 papers)
P80457 xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4); xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) from Bos taurus (see 15 papers)
22% identity, 52% coverage

• function: Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species.
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  catalytic activity: xanthine + O2 + H2O = urate + H2O2 (RHEA:21132)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer. Interacts with BTN1A1 (By similarity).
• Characterization of the colostrum proteome of primiparous Holstein cows and its association with colostrum immunoglobulin G concentrations
  Castillo-Lopez, Journal of animal science and biotechnology 2025
  • “...had lower ( P <0.05) abundance of HGF activator (E1BCW0), alpha-S1-casein (P02662), and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (P80457). This resulted in enrichment of the biological processes predominantly for complement activation alternative pathway, complement activation, complement activation classical pathway, humoral immune response, leukocyte mediated immunity, and negative regulation of...”
  • “...F OS= Bos taurus (A8YXY3), kappa-casein OS= Bos taurus (A0A140T8A9), xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase OS= Bos taurus (P80457), beta-casein OS= Bos taurus (A0A452DHW7), alpha-S1-casein OS= Bos taurus (P02662), HGF activator OS= Bos taurus (E1BCW0). Table 3 Differences in the colostrum proteome of samples with different quality (content of...”
• Diet-derived urolithin A is produced by a dehydroxylase encoded by human gut Enterocloster species
  Pidgeon, Nature communications 2025
  • “...UcdO (UniProt A8RZR2), Ta 4-HBCD (UniProt O33819), Ac CoxL (UniProt P19919), and Bt XDH (UniProt P80457 amino acids 1-523 removed) were generated in Benchling using the Benchling Clustal Omega sequence alignment tool ( https://benchling.com ). Plasmid construction and transformation Plasmid construction in E . coli NEB10...”
• MFGM-enriched whey displays antiviral activity against common pediatric viruses in vitro.
  Kramer, Frontiers in nutrition 2024
  • “...(A0A3Q1M3L6), Butyrophilin (P18892), Alpha-S1-casein (P02662), Lactadherin (Q95114), CD36 (P26201), Lactoferrin (P24627), Alpha-lactalbumin (P00711), Xanthine dehydrogenase (P80457), Fatty acid-binding protein (P10790), Kappa-casein (P02668), Ig-like domain-containing protein (G3N0V0, A0A3Q1N3I9), Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (P81265), Ig-like domain-containing protein (G3MXB5, A0A3Q1LRW4), Perilipin-2 (Q9TUM6), Endopin 2 (A0A0A0MP92, A2I7N3), Lactoperoxidase (P80025). Table 4...”
• Lipidomic and Proteomic Profiling of the Milk Fat Globule Membrane from Different Industrial By-Products of the Butter and Butter Oil Manufacturing Process.
  Señoráns, Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 2023
  • “...Sequence Ion Score Protein Name Entry Number Mascot Score A 1216.84 949958 K.EGDLTHFNQR.L 50 XDH P80457 70 A 1334.96 12291240 K.IPAFGSIPTEFR.V 35 XDH P80457 70 D 961.87 7078 K.VSPAVFVSR.E 47 BTN P18892 131 D 1018.94 411420 R.TPLPLAGPPR.R 38 BTN P18892 131 D 1077.85 368376 R.TDWAIGVCR.E +...”
• Maternal Allergy and the Presence of Nonhuman Proteinaceous Molecules in Human Milk
  Dekker, Nutrients 2020
  • “...P31098, P31096 Osteopontin-K, Osteopontin 9 7 trypsin NVTRQAYWQIHMDQ P80209 Cathepsin D 0 3 unspecific NGNNPNCCMNQK P80457 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 1 0 semi-specific EKQLPNGDWPQENISGVFNKSCA P84466 Lanosterol synthase 5 3 unspecific VSITCSGSSSNIGR b Q1RMN8 Immunoglobulin light chain 8 5 trypsin CASFRENVLR b Q29443 Serotransferrin 10 10 trypsin QMERALLENE Q2HJ49...”
• Comparative milk proteome analysis of Kashmiri and Jersey cattle identifies differential expression of key proteins involved in immune system regulation and milk quality.
  Bhat, BMC genomics 2020
  • “...22 Q8HYJ9, Q5E9R3, P11151, Q5E9B1, Q8MK44, P62998, Q2TBH2, Q8HXQ5, Q148J4, F1MN60, P101, Q4GZT4, A5PK46, P00794, P80457, P02754, P80025 FMO3, EHD1, LPL, LDHB, DGAT1, RAC1, RRAS, ABCC1, RAB2A, ATP2B2, ANG1, ABCG2, PNLIPRP2, CYM, XDH, LGB, LPO 0.066 0.83 Antioxidant activity GO:0016209 1 P80025 LPO 0.087 0.52 Cellular...”
• Discovery and Quantification of Nonhuman Proteins in Human Milk
  Zhu, Journal of proteome research 2019
  • “...lipase (Fragment) P30122 Bos taurus 27 6 [R]. C MLDRNED M LITGGRHPFLAR.[Y] 12 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase P80457 Bos taurus 34 6 [R].NQPEPTVEEIEDAFQGNL C R.[C] 4 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase P80457 Bos taurus 44 6 [R]. CM LDRNED M LITGGRHPFLAR.[Y] 3 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase P80457 Bos taurus 27 6 [R]. C...”
  • “...P80457 Bos taurus 31 6 [K].LG C GEGG C GA C TVMLSKYDRLQDK.[I] 1 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase P80457 Bos taurus 31 6 [R].VFVQKEILDQFTEEVVKQTQR.[I] 11 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase Q2KJH9 Bos taurus 47 6 [R].VFVQKEILDQFTEEVVK.[Q] 3 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase Q2KJH9 Bos taurus 42 6 [K].EILDQFTEEVVK.[Q] 1 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase Q2KJH9 Bos taurus 44...”
• Effect of Processing Intensity on Immunologically Active Bovine Milk Serum Proteins.
  Brick, Nutrients 2017
  • “...Number of Peptides p -Value * Log2 Fold Change (95% CI) Protein Name Protein Function P80457 67 0.001 0.44 (0.56; 0.31) Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase immunity P24627 71 0.004 0.37 (0.51; 0.22) Lactoferrin immunity G3X6N3 57 0.006 0.35 (0.50; 0.20) Serotransferrin transport F1MR22 42 0.004 0.34 (0.47; 0.21)...”
• More

1fo4A / P80457 Crystal structure of xanthine dehydrogenase isolated from bovine milk (see paper)
22% identity, 53% coverage

• Ligands: calcium ion; fe2/s2 (inorganic) cluster; flavin-adenine dinucleotide (1fo4A)

F1MUT3 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Bos taurus
22% identity, 52% coverage

• The Manifold Bioactivity and Immunoreactivity of Microbial Proteins of Cow and Human Mature Milk in Late Lactation
  Ogrodowczyk, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 2022
  • “...receptors (Q3SYR8; P81265), and proteins related to the bovine milk fat globule membrane (Xanthine oxidase: F1MUT3 and Perilipin: F1N1N6). Moreover, 17 microbial proteins were also identified in cows derived digested material, several of which (such as pyruvate kinase: C2JX14, chaperone protein DnaK: B3WEQ7, ABC transporter: C2JYM1,...”
• Comparative analysis of the skim milk and milk fat globule membrane proteomes produced by Jersey cows grazing pastures with different plant species diversity
  Scuderi, Journal of dairy science 2020
  • “...chain A6QNL0 Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 A6QNZ7 Keratin 10 (epidermolytic hyperkeratosis; keratosis palmaris et plantaris) F1MUT3 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase F1MXX6 Lactadherin F1N1N6 Perilipin F1N726 Glycoprotein 2 G3MXB5 Immunoglobulin IgA heavy chain constant region, partial G3N0S9 Predicted: apolipoprotein R G3N0V2 Keratin 1 G5E513 IgM heavy chain constant region,...”
• Immunoproteomic Identification of Noncarbohydrate Antigens Eliciting Graft-Specific Adaptive Immune Responses in Patients with Bovine Pericardial Bioprosthetic Heart Valves.
  Gates, Proteomics. Clinical applications 2019
  • “...36 ] 72 kDa type IV collagenase MMP2 F1MKH8 [ 37 ] Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase XDH F1MUT3 Uncharacterized protein G3MZE0 G3MZE0 Beta-2-microglobulin B2M P01888 [ 38 ] D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PHGDH Q5EAD2 [ 39 ] Uncharacterized protein LOC525947 E1BI82 Canopy 2 homolog CNPY2 Q1LZ72 Vitamin K-dependent protein S...”

4zohA / Q96Y29 Crystal structure of glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase (see paper)
23% identity, 88% coverage

• Ligand: pterin cytosine dinucleotide (4zohA)

PITG_02284 xanthine dehydrogenase, putative from Phytophthora infestans T30-4
24% identity, 48% coverage

• Switchable Nitroproteome States of Phytophthora infestans Biology and Pathobiology
  Izbiańska, Frontiers in microbiology 2019
  • “...152 78 PITG_06853 PITG_15078 Endonuclease activity / protein metabolism Cytoskeleton organization S13 Xanthine dehydrogenase 58 PITG_02284 Oxidation-reduction process / others S14 PREDICTED: Secreted RxLR effector peptide protein, (fragment) Secreted RxLR effector peptide protein PREDICTED: Secreted RxLR effector peptide protein 25 20 19 PITG_05074 PITG_23137 PITG_15764 Signal...”

SPO2397 aerobic carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit from Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
24% identity, 89% coverage

• Experimental Identification of Small Non-Coding RNAs in the Model Marine Bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3
  Rivers, Frontiers in microbiology 2016
  • “...protein 0.003 SPO2943 Alpha/beta fold family hydrolase 0.004 SPO2635 Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase Sulfur metabolism 0.004 SPO2397 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, large subunit 0.005 SPO2759 NUDIX family hydrolase Nucleic acid metabolism 0.005 SPO0294 NUDIX family hydrolase Nucleic acid metabolism 0.007 SPO0571 PKD domain-containing protein 0.007 SPO1376 Glycosyl transferase,...”

ndhL / Q0QLF2 nicotinate hydroxylase 50 kD subunit (EC 1.17.1.5) from Eubacterium barkeri (see paper)
NDLMS_EUBBA / Q0QLF2 Nicotinate dehydrogenase large molybdopterin subunit; NDH; Nicotinic acid hydroxylase large molybdopterin subunit; NAH; EC 1.17.1.5 from Eubacterium barkeri (Clostridium barkeri) (see 3 papers)
Q0QLF2 nicotinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.5) from Eubacterium barkeri (see paper)
29% identity, 51% coverage

• function: Catalyzes the hydroxylation of nicotinate to 6- hydroxynicotinate. Also active against 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid, but inactive against other nicotinate analogs.
  catalytic activity: nicotinate + NADP(+) + H2O = 6-hydroxynicotinate + NADPH + H(+) (RHEA:12236)
  cofactor: Se-Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Se-Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Se-Mo-MCD) cofactor per heterotetramer. The cofactor is bound between the NdhL and NdhM subunits.)
  subunit: Heterooctamer of NDHM, NDHL, NDHS and NDHF. Dimer of heterotetramers.

LOC5573295 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Aedes aegypti
23% identity, 54% coverage

• Permethrin resistance in Aedes aegypti: Genomic variants that confer knockdown resistance, recovery, and death
  Saavedra-Rodriguez, PLoS genetics 2021
  • “...E122G 0.18 0.02 3.81 CYP4D24 LOC5569665 152855310 N296D 0.76 0.51 3.82 3 AAEL007815 ald-ox 10382 LOC5573295 182981518 A353S 0.66 0.88 3.81 2 AAEL010382 CYP9J20v2 LOC5564757 368529951 S43G 0.51 0.76 3.76 3 CYP9J19 LOC5579933 368517592 A56V 0.22 0.04 3.50 3 AAEL006810 CYP325M3 LOC5576781 111696906 E292D 0.13 0.00...”

3hrdA / Q0QLF2 Crystal structure of nicotinate dehydrogenase (see paper)
29% identity, 51% coverage

• Ligands: selenium atom; magnesium ion; pterin cytosine dinucleotide; nicotinic acid (3hrdA)

RLO149_c017470 aerobic carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase large subunit from Roseobacter litoralis Och 149
24% identity, 89% coverage

• Comparative genome analysis and genome-guided physiological analysis of Roseobacter litoralis
  Kalhoefer, BMC genomics 2011
  • “...(RLO149_c039830 - RLO149_c039850). Island 4 contains a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase encoding gene (CODH, RLO149_c017450 - RLO149_c017470), which is not present in R. denitrificans . The carbon monoxide dehydrogenase was believed to be common in the Roseobacter clade, as all members contain the corresponding genes [ 21...”

G1AQP3 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Bubalus bubalis
21% identity, 52% coverage

• Proteomic changes in the milk of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with subclinical mastitis due to intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus and by non-aureus staphylococci
  Pisanu, Scientific reports 2019
  • “...a 1.57 1.9 CaM A0A0C5GDU2 Myostatin a 1.59 S Q6RUS0 Butyrophilin b 1.6 1.75 LM G1AQP3 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase a 1.61 1.81 LM E9NV81 ATP-binding cassette sub-family G (WHITE) member 2 a 1.62 1.95 LM Q05927 5-nucleotidase b 1.65 1.88 NM M4QG36 Insulin induced protein 1 a...”

XDH_DROME / P10351 Xanthine dehydrogenase; XD; Protein rosy locus; EC 1.17.1.4 from Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (see paper)
NP_524337 rosy from Drosophila melanogaster
25% identity, 53% coverage

• function: Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid (By similarity).
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...used are as follows: Drosophila melanogaster (DmAOX1, NP_650475; DmAOX2, NP_732047; DmAOX3, NP_650477; DmAOX4, NP_650478; DmXDH, NP_524337); Apis mellifera (AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806;...”
• Expression of Drosophila melanogaster xanthine dehydrogenase in Aspergillus nidulans and some properties of the recombinant enzyme.
  Adams, The Biochemical journal 2002
  • GeneRIF: expression in Aspergillus nidulans and properties
• Molecular population genetics of Xdh and the evolution of base composition in Drosophila.
  Begun, Genetics 2002
  • GeneRIF: Xdh appears to be fixing more A/T mutations than G/C mutations in most lineages, leading to evolution of higher A/T content in the recent past.

LOC123113609 probable aldehyde oxidase 2 from Triticum aestivum
23% identity, 53% coverage

• Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of anthocyanin metabolism in wheat pericarp
  Wang, BMC genomic data 2025
  • “...had significantly high expression in Hengzi151 (Fig. 10 d). The expression of genes (LOC123105343, LOC123105344, LOC123113609, LOC123123132) encoding AAO (abscisic aldehyde oxidase) in ABA biosynthesis were also up-regulated (Fig. 10 e). In GA biosynthesis, the most identified genes were highly expressed (Fig. 10 f). For JA...”

NP_001272903 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Sus scrofa
23% identity, 48% coverage

• Acute inhibition of the endogenous xanthine oxidase improves renal hemodynamics in hypercholesterolemic pigs.
  Daghini, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2006 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: This study demonstrates that the endogenous XO system is activated in swine HC.

atcA / A0A127F6U7 1-testosterone hydratase/dehydrogenase α subunit (EC 1.17.99.11) from Steroidobacter denitrificans (see 2 papers)
A0A127F6U7 3-oxo-DELTA1-steroid hydratase/dehydrogenase (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.17.99.11) from Steroidobacter denitrificans (see paper)
24% identity, 88% coverage

GAD3_CAEEL / Q960A1 Probable aldehyde oxidase gad-3; EC 1.2.3.1 from Caenorhabditis elegans (see paper)
Q960A1 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Caenorhabditis elegans (see paper)
22% identity, 55% coverage

• function: May be involved in the metabolism of 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA). Linked to regulation of longevity through generation of reactive oxygen species, where it probably functions in a pathway downstream of the sirtuin sir-2.1 and the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase anmt-1.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  disruption phenotype: RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces both the longevity-extending effects and generation of reactive oxygen species when exposed to 1 microM N1-methylnicotinamide.

LOC112765030 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase from Arachis hypogaea
22% identity, 49% coverage

• Multi-Omics Revealed Peanut Root Metabolism Regulated by Exogenous Calcium under Salt Stress
  Dong, Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 2023
  • “...quantitative methods. There are three genes key enzymes in the ABA biosynthesis pathway. They are LOC112765030 (AAO3), LOC112702199 (AAO2), and LOC112765029 (AAO2). Their expression trends in the two pairwise comparison groups were consistent between the two quantitative methods. Two genes encode UGT71C5 (LOC112702879 and LOC112764382), whose...”

picA1 / A0A1X9WE62 picolinate 6-hydroxylase α subunit from Alcaligenes faecalis (see paper)
26% identity, 68% coverage

LOC8081161 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase from Sorghum bicolor
Sb02g003720 No description from Sorghum bicolor
23% identity, 47% coverage

• Heterogeneous root zone salinity mitigates salt injury to Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in a split-root system
  Zhang, PloS one 2019
  • “...) LOC8079723 0.82 0.81 1.47 ABC transporter G family member 25 ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) LOC8081161 0.25 -0.16 1.46 Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase ( Zea mays ) LOC8072010 0.37 -0.04 1.40 Protein TIFY 9 ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) LOC8076977 0.22 -0.13 1.39 NAC domain-containing protein 48 ( Oryza...”
• Identification of novel drought-responsive microRNAs and trans-acting siRNAs from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench by high-throughput sequencing analysis
  Katiyar, Frontiers in plant science 2015
  • “...aspartyl protease family protein (Sb02g038150); Exonuclease-like protein (TC113816); LigA (TC123718) 10 novel-sbi-miR-46 Aldehyde oxidase 4 (Sb02g003720); AMP-dependent synthetase and ligase family protein (Sb01g046790); D-alanineD-alanine ligase family (Sb02g002970); Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinase (Sb04g008350); Rad23 UV excision repair protein family (Sb10g009520); Ribosomal protein L2 family (Sb02g009810); AMP-binding...”

Q2QB48 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Canis lupus familiaris (see 2 papers)
22% identity, 54% coverage

LOC112702199 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase from Arachis hypogaea
22% identity, 49% coverage

• Multi-Omics Revealed Peanut Root Metabolism Regulated by Exogenous Calcium under Salt Stress
  Dong, Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 2023
  • “...There are three genes key enzymes in the ABA biosynthesis pathway. They are LOC112765030 (AAO3), LOC112702199 (AAO2), and LOC112765029 (AAO2). Their expression trends in the two pairwise comparison groups were consistent between the two quantitative methods. Two genes encode UGT71C5 (LOC112702879 and LOC112764382), whose function is...”

F1S3Y7 xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) from Sus scrofa (see paper)
23% identity, 48% coverage

• Proteomics Analysis of Colostrum Samples from Sows Housed under Different Conditions.
  Yin, Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 2020
  • “...Down Malaria P15203 Transforming growth factor beta-3 Down Malaria F1RII7 Hemoglobin subunit beta Down Peroxisome F1S3Y7 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Down Peroxisome A0A287APD5 Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 3 Down Carbon metabolism F1RIF8 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Down Carbon metabolism A0A287BBI5 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating Down Carbon metabolism I3LK59 Enolase 1 Down Drug metabolism...”

DCML_AFIC5 / P19919 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain; CO dehydrogenase subunit L; CO-DH L; EC 1.2.5.3 from Afipia carboxidovorans (strain ATCC 49405 / DSM 1227 / KCTC 32145 / OM5) (Oligotropha carboxidovorans) (see 4 papers)
P19919 aerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.5.3); anaerobic carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (subunit 3/3) (EC 1.2.7.4) from Afipia carboxidovorans (see 3 papers)
23% identity, 87% coverage

• function: Catalyzes the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
  catalytic activity: CO + a quinone + H2O = a quinol + CO2 (RHEA:48880)
  cofactor: Cu(+) (Binds 1 Cu(+) ion per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Mo-MCD) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Dimer of heterotrimers. Each heterotrimer consists of a large, a medium and a small subunit.
• Diet-derived urolithin A is produced by a dehydroxylase encoded by human gut Enterocloster species
  Pidgeon, Nature communications 2025
  • “...on protein sequences of Eb UcdO (UniProt A8RZR2), Ta 4-HBCD (UniProt O33819), Ac CoxL (UniProt P19919), and Bt XDH (UniProt P80457 amino acids 1-523 removed) were generated in Benchling using the Benchling Clustal Omega sequence alignment tool ( https://benchling.com ). Plasmid construction and transformation Plasmid construction...”
• Carbon Monoxide-Sensing Transcription Factors: Regulators of Microbial Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Pathway Gene Expression
  Dent, Journal of bacteriology 2023 (secret)

XP_002966075 xanthine dehydrogenase isoform X2 from Selaginella moellendorffii
23% identity, 51% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “..., BBM98107), P. trichocarpa ( Populus trichocarpa , XP_002314067), S. moellendorffii ( Selaginella moellendorffii , XP_002966075), B. distachyon (XP_003562358, Brachypodium distachyon ), C. illinoinensis ( Carya illinoinensis , XP_042959708), A. trichopoda ( Amborella trichopoda , XP_006850189), P. patens ( Physcomitrium patens , XP_024357701), C. reinhardtii (...”

Sb01g005650 No description from Sorghum bicolor
22% identity, 51% coverage

• Genetic architecture of photosynthesis in Sorghum bicolor under non-stress and cold stress conditions
  Ortiz, Journal of experimental botany 2017
  • “...is supported by the seven markers within the Abscisic aldehyde oxidase gene ( AAO , Sb01g005650 ) that were associated with E control. Given the role of ABA in the regulation of stomatal aperture in response to environmental factors ( Zhang and Davies, 1990 ; Trejo...”

LOC18034272 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase from Citrus x clementina
23% identity, 48% coverage

• Comparative transcriptomic analyses of citrus cold-resistant vs. sensitive rootstocks might suggest a relevant role of ABA signaling in triggering cold scion adaption
  Primo-Capella, BMC plant biology 2022
  • “...our samples (Fig. 6 c). Those genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, abscisic-aldehyde oxidase AAO3 (LOC18033897, LOC18034272), zeaxanthin epoxidase ZEP (LOC18036737), xanthoxin dehydrogenase ABA2 (LOC18038883) and neoxanthin synthase ABA4 (LOC18039410), were all down-regulated in M15 and C15 vs. M0 and C0, and only the expression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid...”

1n63B / P19919 Crystal structure of the cu,mo-co dehydrogenase (codh); carbon monoxide reduced state (see paper)
23% identity, 87% coverage

• Ligands: cu(i)-s-mo(iv)(=o)oh cluster; pterin cytosine dinucleotide (1n63B)

BIX52_RS17810 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Acuticoccus yangtzensis
25% identity, 91% coverage

• Genome sequence of Acuticoccus yangtzensis JL1095T (DSM 28604T) isolated from the Yangtze Estuary
  Hou, Standards in genomic sciences 2017
  • “...for strain JL1095 T and confirmed that four predicted coxL genes (Locus tag: BIX52_RS02480, BIX52_RS05715, BIX52_RS17810 and BIX52_RS18370) were recognized as form II coxL genes (Fig. 3 ). Additionally, the accessory genes were also essential for CO oxidation to take place. The accessory genes in forms...”

A0A1S4F2J6 xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4) from Aedes aegypti (see paper)
23% identity, 51% coverage

NP_650477 aldehyde oxidase 3, isoform A from Drosophila melanogaster
Q9VF51 Aldehyde oxidase 3, isoform A from Drosophila melanogaster
23% identity, 54% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...NCBI GenBank login number used are as follows: Drosophila melanogaster (DmAOX1, NP_650475; DmAOX2, NP_732047; DmAOX3, NP_650477; DmAOX4, NP_650478; DmXDH, NP_524337); Apis mellifera (AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865);...”
• A First Glimpse of the Mexican Fruit Fly Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Antenna Morphology and Proteome in Response to a Proteinaceous Attractant
  Ruiz-May, International journal of molecular sciences 2020
  • “...and III were highly upregulated: cytochrome Cyp4p1 (Q9V558), Cyp4e1 (Q9V4T5), Cypr (Q8IPJ7), GstO1 (Q9VSL6), AOX3 (Q9VF51), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt35b, Q9XYN3). Furthermore, the Cyp6a9 (Q27594), thioester-containing protein 4 (Tep4, M9PD73), AOX1 (Q9VF53), and GstE9 (Q7K8X7), in the group III, were also upregulated in sexually mature females (24h_15D)....”

Xdh / Q00519 xanthine oxidase monomer (EC 1.17.1.4; EC 1.17.3.2) from Mus musculus (see 4 papers)
XDH_MOUSE / Q00519 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase; EC 1.17.1.4; EC 1.17.3.2 from Mus musculus (Mouse) (see paper)
NP_035853 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Mus musculus
21% identity, 52% coverage

• function: Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species.
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  catalytic activity: xanthine + O2 + H2O = urate + H2O2 (RHEA:21132)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer. Interacts with BTN1A1.
• SDS3 regulates microglial inflammation by modulating the expression of the upstream kinase ASK1 in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
  Shen, Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 2024
  • “...ENSMUSG00000071369 O35099 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 0.36 0.69 -0.116 promoter-TSS (NM_008580) Xdh ENSMUSG00000024066 Q00519 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 0.36 0.62 -0.871 promoter-TSS (NM_011723) Gch1 ENSMUSG00000037580 Q05915 GTP cyclohydrolase 1 0.53 0.68 0.364 exon (NM_008102, exon 1 of 6) Taldo1 ENSMUSG00000025503 Q93092 Transaldolase 0.60 1.13 0.163 intron...”
• Proteomic Analysis of Protective Effects of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide against mpp + -Induced Toxicity via downregulating P53 pathway in N2A Cells
  Zhao, Proteome science 2023
  • “...surface antigen Ly-9 0.022723 Q01320 Top2a DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha 0.000116 Q00651 Itga4 Integrin alpha-4 0.003369 Q00519 Xdh Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 0.005239 P97863 Nfib Nuclear factor 1 B-type 0.004333 P97821 Ctsc Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 0.005292 P97449 Anpep Aminopeptidase N 0.000102 P97370 Atp1b3 Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 0.000624 P97369...”
• Exploration of the Antioxidant Effect of Spermidine on the Ovary and Screening and Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins.
  Jiang, International journal of molecular sciences 2023
  • “...Regulation Fold Change O35425 Bok Up 1.546 P70444 Bid Up 1.4635 P33242 Nr5a1 Up 1.955 Q00519 XDH Down 0.5005 P70399 p53 Up 1.445 Q8BG60 TXNIP Down 0.5075 ijms-24-05793-t002_Table 2 Table 2 Bioinformatics analysis software. Bioinformatics Analysis Methods Tool Version and URL Mass spectrum data analysis MaxQuant...”
• Extensive mitochondrial proteome disturbance occurs during the early stages of acute myocardial ischemia.
  Wang, Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2022
  • “...Calpastatin Up P61514 RPL37A 60S ribosomal protein L37a Up P62835 RAP1A Ras-related protein Rap-1A Up Q00519 XDH Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Up Q5SRC5 COX11 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX11, mitochondrial Up Q61578 FDXR NADPH: adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial Up Q6PA06 ATL2 Atlastin-2 Up Q6PDI5 ECM29;AI314180 Proteasome-associated protein ECM29...”
• miR-29a/b₁ Regulates the Luteinizing Hormone Secretion and Affects Mouse Ovulation
  Guo, Frontiers in endocrinology 2021
  • “...1.25 P11152 Lpl Lipoprotein lipase OS=Mus musculus GN=Lpl PE=1 SV=3 53 kDa < 0.0001 1.25 Q00519 Xdh Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase OS=Mus musculus GN=Xdh PE=1 SV=5 147 kDa 0.024 1.25 Q91YR9 Ptgr1 Prostaglandin reductase 1 OS=Mus musculus GN=Ptgr1 PE=1 SV=2 36 kDa 0.0013 1.25 P11087 Col1a1 Collagen alpha-1(I)...”
• Enhanced cardiomyocyte reactive oxygen species signaling promotes ibrutinib-induced atrial fibrillation.
  Yang, Redox biology 2020
  • “...alpha-amidating monooxygenase 0.828167319 2.39669E-05 Q91XF0 Pyridoxine-5-phosphate oxidase 1.66263048 0.017499651 P11352 Glutathione peroxidase 1 1.34082535 0.014289449 Q00519 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 1.209218581 0.028863429 G5E8T9 Hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase 1.356819894 0.033973033 O70571 [Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial 1.354865424 0.003127967 Q3TXU4 Apolipoprotein E 1.249906191 0.000506787 P58389 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator...”
• Dataset on the mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling of the kidney from wild type and the dystrophic mdx-4cv mouse model of X-linked muscular dystrophy.
  Dowling, Data in brief 2020
  • “...hydrolase Lta4h 2 7.3695 0.00689 1.33 P16675 Lysosomal protective protein Ctsa 2 7.8468 0.01961 1.33 Q00519 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Xdh 3 11.0764 0.00741 1.33 P10649 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 Gstm1 4 16.5436 6.74E-05 1.33 Q91X52 l -xylulose reductase Dcxr 5 22.2456 5.55E-07 1.33 P50431 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic...”
• Secretory Proteome of Brown Adipocytes in Response to cAMP-Mediated Thermogenic Activation.
  Villarroya, Frontiers in physiology 2019
  • “...1 511 1.04 P00688 Amy2 Pancreatic alpha-amylase 508 1.13 P21460 Cst3 Cystatin-C # 140 1.10 Q00519 Xdh Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 1,335 1.07 P17742 Ppia Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A # 164 1.04 Adipokines Q60994 Adipoq Adiponectin # 247 1.31 Q00724 Rbp4 Retinol-binding protein 4 201 1.31 P11859 Agt...”
• More
• Hypoxia-Mediated Upregulation of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Causes DNA Damage of Colonic Epithelial Cells in Colitis.
  Li, Inflammation 2024 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Hypoxia-Mediated Upregulation of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Causes DNA Damage of Colonic Epithelial Cells in Colitis.
• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...(AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853); Gallus gallus (GgAOX1, NP_046777290; GgAOX2,NP_001034690; GgXDH, NP_990458); Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsXDH, ANS35864). ( B ) C58800 , C67698 , C66700 , and C67485 amino acid sequences were compared with multiple sequences...”
• Xanthine oxidase mediates chronic stress-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment.
  Burrage, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2023
  • GeneRIF: Xanthine oxidase mediates chronic stress-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment.
• Release of hepatic xanthine oxidase (XO) to the circulation is protective in intravascular hemolytic crisis.
  Schmidt, Redox biology 2023
  • GeneRIF: Release of hepatic xanthine oxidase (XO) to the circulation is protective in intravascular hemolytic crisis.
• Tissue xanthine oxidoreductase activity in a mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy.
  Ishii, FEBS open bio 2021
  • GeneRIF: Tissue xanthine oxidoreductase activity in a mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy.
• Xanthine Oxidoreductase-Mediated Superoxide Production Is Not Involved in the Age-Related Pathologies in Sod1-Deficient Mice.
  Shibuya, International journal of molecular sciences 2021
  • GeneRIF: Xanthine Oxidoreductase-Mediated Superoxide Production Is Not Involved in the Age-Related Pathologies in Sod1-Deficient Mice.
• Xanthine oxidoreductase knockout mice with high HPRT activity were not rescued by NAD+ replenishment.
  Hosoyamada, Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids 2020 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Xanthine oxidoreductase knockout mice with high HPRT activity were not rescued by NAD(+) replenishment.
• Hereditary hemochromatosis disrupts uric acid homeostasis and causes hyperuricemia via altered expression/activity of xanthine oxidase and ABCG2.
  Ristic, The Biochemical journal 2020
  • GeneRIF: Hereditary hemochromatosis disrupts uric acid homeostasis and causes hyperuricemia via altered expression/activity of xanthine oxidase and ABCG2.
• More

LOC100812604 abscisic-aldehyde oxidase from Glycine max
22% identity, 49% coverage

• Genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes related to oleic acid content in soybean seeds
  Liu, BMC plant biology 2020
  • “...max protein S-acyltransferase 24-like (LOC100777470), misc_RNA 2490 0.32 Chr14 Glyma.14G045100.1 3PREDICTED: Glycine max abscisic-aldehyde oxidase-like (LOC100812604), mRNA 4517 0.22 Chr15 Glyma.15G117700.1 3PREDICTED: Glycine max uncharacterized LOC102666654 (LOC102666654), mRNA 693 0.17 Glyma.15G120100.1 3PREDICTED: Glycine max tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog A-like (LOC100779099), mRNA 1337 0.10 Glyma.15G120200.2 3PREDICTED: Glycine...”

LOC123105344 probable aldehyde oxidase 2 from Triticum aestivum
22% identity, 53% coverage

• Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of anthocyanin metabolism in wheat pericarp
  Wang, BMC genomic data 2025
  • “...genes had significantly high expression in Hengzi151 (Fig. 10 d). The expression of genes (LOC123105343, LOC123105344, LOC123113609, LOC123123132) encoding AAO (abscisic aldehyde oxidase) in ABA biosynthesis were also up-regulated (Fig. 10 e). In GA biosynthesis, the most identified genes were highly expressed (Fig. 10 f). For...”

XDH1 / Q8GUQ8 xanthine dehydrogenase monomer (EC 1.17.1.4) from Arabidopsis thaliana (see paper)
XDH1_ARATH / Q8GUQ8 Xanthine dehydrogenase 1; AtXDH1; EC 1.17.1.4 from Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) (see 6 papers)
NP_195215 xanthine dehydrogenase 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana
AT4G34890 XDH1 (XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE 1); xanthine dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana
23% identity, 47% coverage

• function: Key enzyme involved in purine catabolism. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and the oxidation of xanthine to urate. Regulates the level of ureides and plays an important role during plant growth and development, senescence and response to stresses. Possesses NADH oxidase activity and may contribute to the generation of superoxide anions in planta.
  catalytic activity: xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:16669)
  catalytic activity: hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+) (RHEA:24670)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.
• Free Radicals Mediated Redox Signaling in Plant Stress Tolerance
  Rai, Life (Basel, Switzerland) 2023
  • “...L Arg + NOS cofactors ( FAD , MOCO ) N O Chloroplast, mitochondria Q7G191/AT1G04580, Q8GUQ8 /AT4G34890 [ 8 , 21 ] Peroxidase Hydroxyurea + H 2 O 2 N O Chloroplast, mitochondria Q9SMU8/AT3G49120 [ 8 , 21 ] Amidoxime reducing components NO 2 + Cyt...”
• Early Senescence in Older Leaves of Low Nitrate-Grown Atxdh1 Uncovers a Role for Purine Catabolism in N Supply.
  Soltabayeva, Plant physiology 2018
  • GeneRIF: The Atxdh1 Mutation confers lower organic nitrogen and soluble protein levels but higher RNA than in wild-type old leaves grown under nitrogen deficiency
• Xanthine dehydrogenase AtXDH1 from Arabidopsis thaliana is a potent producer of superoxide anions via its NADH oxidase activity.
  Zarepour, Plant molecular biology 2010 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: AtXDH1 is capable of oxidizing NADH with concomitant formation of NAD(+) and superoxide.
• RNA interference-mediated suppression of xanthine dehydrogenase reveals the role of purine metabolism in drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.
  Watanabe, FEBS letters 2010 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Fully functional XDH and purine metabolism plays a role in the Arabidopsis drought acclimatization.
• The RNAi-mediated silencing of xanthine dehydrogenase impairs growth and fertility and accelerates leaf senescence in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.
  Nakagawa, Plant & cell physiology 2007 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: RNA interference was used to generate transgenic lines of this species in which AtXDH1 and AtXDH2, the two paralogous genes for XDH in this plant, were silenced simultaneously.
• Network Biology Analyses and Dynamic Modeling of Gene Regulatory Networks under Drought Stress Reveal Major Transcriptional Regulators in Arabidopsis
  Kumar, International journal of molecular sciences 2023
  • “...two tested targets of LCL5/RVE8 (AT3G21890; BBX31, a B-box type zinc finger family protein, and AT4G34890; XDH1, which encodes a xanthine dehydrogenase that is involved in purine catabolism) were only regulated during day 5 and day 7 of drought stress ( Figure 5 S,T; Table S3...”
  • “...( Q ) AT3G58630, ( R ) AT3G48990, ( S ) AT3G21890, ( T ) AT4G34890. The graphs represent the mean with standard errors of three technical replicates. Experiments were performed in three biological replications. The gray lines indicate error bars computed as the standard errors....”
• Peroxisome-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Signals Modulate Programmed Cell Death in Plants
  Huang, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...29 ] Potri.004G075800 LOC_Os04g57560 [ 32 ] UOX AT2G26230 [ 13 ] Potri.010G242600 LOC_Os01g64520 XDH1 AT4G34890 [ 14 ] Potri.009G054600 LOC_Os03g31550...”
• Molecular mechanisms of resistance to Myzus persicae conferred by the peach Rm2 gene: A multi-omics view
  Le, Frontiers in plant science 2022
  • “...Yes 2.1 2.60E-03 AAH; Allantoate deiminase Prupe_4G045000 AT4G04955 73 Yes 3.3 3.20E-22 ALN; Allantoinase Prupe_4G245700 AT4G34890 77 Yes 1.8 9.90E-09 XDH1; Xanthine dehydrogenase 1 Glutamine and ammonium metabolisms Prupe_2G269800 AT5G07440 89 Yes 2.1 1.30E-04 GDH2; Glutamate dehydrogenase 2 Prupe_2G311700 AT5G53460 83 Yes 2.5 3.50E-17 GLT1; Glutamate...”
• The function of glutaredoxin GRXS15 is required for lipoyl-dependent dehydrogenases in mitochondria
  Moseler, Plant physiology 2021
  • “...CNX2 (At2g31955), CNX3 (At1g01290), NR1 (At1g77760), NR2 (At1g37130), AAO1 (At5g20960), AAO2 (At3g43600), AAO3 (At2g27150), XDH1 (At4g34890) XDH2 (At4g34900), ACO1 (At4g35830), ACO2 (At4g26970), ACO3 (At2g05710), mLIP1 (At2g20860), IVDH (At3g45300), and BCAT (At5g65780). Supplemental data The following materials are available in the online version of this article. Supplemental...”
• Arabidopsis ABI5 plays a role in regulating ROS homeostasis by activating CATALASE 1 transcription in seed germination
  Bi, Plant molecular biology 2017
  • “...AT5G16960 AT2G39800 AT2G40880 AT1G71000 AT2G22080 AT5G39610 AT1G14200 AT4G33940 AT4G08770 AT1G13340 AT1G69270 AT3G60980 AT1G35720 AT5G40390 AT5G16990 AT4G34890 AT1G50290 AT2G47180 AT1G09080 P-value<0.05; Differentially expressed genes twofold-down-expression change or twofold-up-expression change Table 2 Differentially expressed genes related to seed germination and ROS metabolism in Col-0 and abi5-1 Gene_ID Gene...”
• Molybdenum metabolism in plants and crosstalk to iron
  Bittner, Frontiers in plant science 2014
  • “...Unknown (IAA biosynthesis ?) AAO3 AT2G27150 ABA biosynthesis AAO4 AT1G04580 Synthesis of benzoic acid AtXDH1 AT4G34890 Purine degradation AtXDH2 AT4G34900 Pseudogene ? ABA3/LOS5 AT1G16540 Mocosulfuration and activation of AO and XDH proteins ATM3/ABCB25 AT5G58270 Transporter involved in cytosolic Fe-S assembly and Moco synthesis FIGURE 1 Molybdenum...”

XP_021041341 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Mus caroli
21% identity, 52% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “..., XP_042919120), H. sapiens ( Homo sapiens , XP_011531397), M. caroli ( Mus caroli , XP_021041341), D. rerio ( Danio rerio , XP_688983), B. taurus ( Bos taurus , NP_7 76397 ); * represents highly conserved. Figure 3 Expression and subcellular analysis of OsSAC3. ( A...”

E1BBX5 aldehyde oxidase from Bos taurus
23% identity, 53% coverage

• Characterization of the bovine milk proteome in early-lactation Holstein and Jersey breeds of dairy cows
  Tacoma, Journal of proteomics 2016
  • “...4 4.3 0.035 TALDO _ BOVIN 2 2 1 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.035 E1BBX5 _ BOVIN 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1.2 0.038 SPB8 _ BOVIN 2 1 1 2 1 2 1.5 1 1 0 1 1 1 0.8...”

Q2QB47 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Canis lupus familiaris (see 2 papers)
23% identity, 54% coverage

XP_024357701 xanthine dehydrogenase 1-like from Physcomitrium patens
24% identity, 50% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “..., XP_042959708), A. trichopoda ( Amborella trichopoda , XP_006850189), P. patens ( Physcomitrium patens , XP_024357701), C. reinhardtii ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , XP_042919120), H. sapiens ( Homo sapiens , XP_011531397), M. caroli ( Mus caroli , XP_021041341), D. rerio ( Danio rerio , XP_688983), B. taurus...”

AO3 / B0LB01 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Pisum sativum (see paper)
B0LB01 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1); abscisic-aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.14) from Pisum sativum (see 2 papers)
23% identity, 49% coverage

AAO4 / Q7G191 benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.28; EC 1.2.3.9) from Arabidopsis thaliana (see paper)
ALDO4_ARATH / Q7G191 Aldehyde oxidase 4; AO-4; AtAO-4; AtAO2; Benzaldehyde oxidase; Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase; IAA oxidase; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.2.3.7 from Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) (see 4 papers)
Q7G191 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Arabidopsis thaliana (see 2 papers)
NP_563711 AAO4 (ARABIDOPSIS ALDEHYDE OXIDASE 4); aldehyde oxidase/ aryl-aldehyde oxidase from Arabidopsis thaliana
AT1G04580, NP_563711 aldehyde oxidase 4 from Arabidopsis thaliana
22% identity, 50% coverage

• function: Aldehyde oxidase with a broad substrate specificity (PubMed:28188272). Involved in the accumulation of benzoic acid (BA) in siliques (PubMed:19297586). Delays and protects siliques from senescence by catalyzing aldehyde detoxification in siliques. Catalyzes the oxidation of an array of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, including vanillin and the reactive carbonyl species (RCS) acrolein, 4- hydroxyl-2-nonenal (HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (PubMed:28188272).
  catalytic activity: indole-3-acetaldehyde + O2 + H2O = (indol-3-yl)acetate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16277)
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  catalytic activity: benzaldehyde + O2 + H2O = benzoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58960)
  catalytic activity: hexanal + O2 + H2O = hexanoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58964)
  catalytic activity: 1-naphthaldehyde + O2 + H2O = 1-naphthoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58968)
  catalytic activity: vanillin + O2 + H2O = vanillate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58972)
  catalytic activity: malonaldehyde + O2 + H2O = 3-oxopropanoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58976)
  catalytic activity: citral + O2 + H2O = 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58980)
  catalytic activity: acrolein + O2 + H2O = acrylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58984)
  catalytic activity: (E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enal + O2 + H2O = (E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58988)
  catalytic activity: (E)-cinnamaldehyde + O2 + H2O = (E)-cinnamate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58992)
  catalytic activity: indole-3-carbaldehyde + O2 + H2O = indole-3-carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:58996)
  catalytic activity: propanal + O2 + H2O = propanoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:59000)
  catalytic activity: dodecanal + O2 + H2O = dodecanoate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:59004)
  catalytic activity: salicylaldehyde + O2 + H2O = salicylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:59008)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters.)
  cofactor: FAD
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits.
  disruption phenotype: Plants have normal abscisic acid (ABA) levels, normal germination and are not affected in abscisic aldehyde oxidase activity in siliques, dry seeds and leaves. Reduced levels of benzoic acid (BA), 3-benzoyloxypropylglucosinolate and 4- benzoyloxybutylglucosinolate in seeds. Senesced siliques accumulate high endogenous reactive carbonyl species (RCS) levels associated with enhanced senescence molecular markers, have an increased chlorophyll degradation, and exhibit early seed shattering. Severe tissue damage and enhanced malondialdehyde levels and senescence symptoms in siliques treated with several aldehydes. Increased endogenous reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and higher expression levels of senescence marker genes, leading to premature siliques senescence in response to abiotic stresses such as dark and ultraviolet C irradiation (PubMed:28188272).
• Transcriptome profiling of khat (Catha edulis) and Ephedra sinica reveals gene candidates potentially involved in amphetamine-type alkaloid biosynthesis
  Groves, PloS one 2015
  • “...are as follows: BDH outgroup, NP_035853.2; AmBDH Antirrhinum majus , ACM89738.1; AtBDH Arabidopsis thaliana , NP_563711; BL outgroup, Q5SKN9.1; BL Arabidopsis thaliana , NP_176763.1; 4CL outgroup, Q336M7.3; 4CL Arabidopsis thaliana , Q42524.1; 4CL Nicotiana tabacum , O24145.1; 4CL Petroselinum crispum , P14912.1; 4CL Pinus taeda ,...”
  • “...At4CL1 Q42524.1 Ce4CL13 comp24405_c0_seq1 4CL 343/573 (59%) At4CL1 Q42524.1 CeBDH11 comp9812_c0_seq2 BDH 710/1367 (51%) AtAAO4 NP_563711 CeBDH21 comp1221_c0_seq1 BDH 423/537 (78%) AmBALDH ACM89738.1 CeBDH22 comp15067_c0_seq1 BDH 360/535 (67%) AmBALDH ACM89738.1 CeBDH23 comp6403_c0_seq2 BDH 276/534 (51%) AmBALDH ACM89738.1 CeCHD11 comp2279_c1_seq1 CHD 579/724 (79%) PhCHD JX142126.1 CeCHD12 comp1276_c0_seq1...”
• Expressed sequence tag analysis of khat (Catha edulis) provides a putative molecular biochemical basis for the biosynthesis of phenylpropylamino alkaloids
  Hagel, Genetics and molecular biology 2011
  • “...hybrida Thiolase 011_D07-057 1.00E-116 018_F11-085 3.00E-98 BZO1 NP_176763 Arabidopsis thaliana CoA ligase 047_C08-060 8.00E-71 AAO4 NP_563711 Arabidopsis thaliana Dehydrogenase No hit N/A BALDH ACM89738 Antirrhinum majus Dehydrogenase 044_C05-043 1.00E-129 034_A10-080 1.00E-86 CeUniGenes annotating as enzymes putatively catalyzing key reactions in alkaloid metabolism ALS Q42768 Gossypium hirsutum...”
• Genome assembly and multi-omics analyses of Isodon lophanthodies provide insights into the distribution of medicinal metabolites induced by exogenous methyl jasmonate
  Liu, BMC plant biology 2024
  • “...of enzyme number (EC) 1.2.1.28 were annotated by EggNOG and confirmed identity and length with AT1G04580 through blast. The candidate genes of the remaining two enzymes, EC 1.1.1.90 (phenylacetaldehyde reductase) and EC 2.4.1.172 (salicyl-alcohol -D-glucosyltransferase) were obtained through blast with the protein sequences of QXI89045.1 and...”
• Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Reveal the Involvement of PRT6 in Arabidopsis thaliana Seed Responsiveness to Ethylene
  Wang, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...compared to Col. Other proteins involved in ABA synthesis, such as AO4 (aldehyde oxidase 4, AT1G04580) was in reduced abundance in prt6, when proteins involved in methionine metabolism, such as MTO3 (S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, AT3G17390) and MAT3 (methionine adenosyltransferase 3, AT2G36880) had higher abundance in prt6 ....”
  • “...0.63 AT3G51810 Stress induced protein (LEA protein) 0.69 AT5G66780 Late embryogenesis abundant protein 0.55 Hormone AT1G04580 Aldehyde oxidase 4 (ABA synthesis) 0.61 AT3G17390 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase family protein (ethylene synthesis) 2.45 AT2G36880 Methionine adenosyltransferase 3 (ethylene synthesis) 1.50 ijms-23-09352-t003_Table 3 Table 3 The protein expression ratios (...”
• Endophytic bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai induces novel transcriptomic changes to stimulate plant growth
  Xu, PloS one 2022
  • “...Description Upregulated genes AT4G37990 14983.5 Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase AT1G14250 2685.5 Apyrase AT1G69880 2444.7 Thioredoxin H8 AT1G04580 2166.9 Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase AT2G30770 2092.8 Indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase AT1G26390 2018.8 Berberine bridge enzyme-like AT3G02885 1666.9 Gibberellin-regulated protein ATCG00040 12.3 Maturase K ATCG00360 12.0 Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like superfamily protein AT3G48360 10.8 BTB/POZ...”
• Altering the balance between AOX1A and NDB2 expression affects a common set of transcripts in Arabidopsis
  Sweetman, Frontiers in plant science 2022
  • “...10.01 3.5E-03 1.74 1.0E+00 0.92 9.6E-01 AT1G29418 transmembrane protein 9.66 4.3E-11 0.92 1.0E+00 8.80 9.0E-10 AT1G04580 AO4 9.54 3.2E-03 3.71 1.0E+00 1.30 8.3E-01 AT1G53542 hypothetical protein 9.51 4.3E-06 1.34 1.0E+00 4.76 3.9E-03 Including fold change values for each gene and each line for comparison. Statistical significance...”
• What Antarctic Plants Can Tell Us about Climate Changes: Temperature as a Driver for Metabolic Reprogramming
  Bertini, Biomolecules 2021
  • “...protein 1.36 10 3 3.65 AT1G48030 mtLPD1, mitochondrial lipoamide dehydrogenase 1 5.23 10 3 3.53 AT1G04580 AAO4, AO4, ATAO-4, ATAO2, aldehyde oxidase 4 5.10 10 4 3.44 AT1G79530 GAPCP-1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of plastid 1 2.51 10 3 3.35 AT2G15220 Plant basic secretory protein (BSP) family protein...”
• Transcriptome Analysis of Chloris virgata, Which Shows the Fastest Germination and Growth in the Major Mongolian Grassland Plant
  Bolortuya, Frontiers in plant science 2021
  • “...Os03g0645900 Chloris28516c000010 1.170 0.972 ABA2 At1g52340 Os03g0810800 Chloris6223c000010 0.974 1.247 AAO2 AAO3 AAO4 At3g43600 AT2G27150 At1g04580 Os07g0164900 Os03g0790900 Os0790164900 Chloris17143c000010 1.074 0.678 CYP707A At4g19230 Os02g0703600 Chloris18677c000010 0.741 1.160 Possible abscisic acid homologous gene names of C. virgata are shown in the left panel. Notable expression is...”
• Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) Genes Involved in the Accumulation of Carotenoid Pigments in Wheat Grain
  Colasuonno, Frontiers in plant science 2017
  • “...The cDNAs corresponding to the four AO isoforms from A. thaliana (AT5G20960, AT3G43600, AT2G27150, and AT1G04580, designated, respectively O1, AO2, AO3 , and AO4 ) and the five AO isoforms from B. distachyon (XM010230033, XM_003557870, XM_003559293, and XM_003559295, all designated AO2, and XM_003561213 (designated AO) were...”
• Aldehyde Oxidase 4 Plays a Critical Role in Delaying Silique Senescence by Catalyzing Aldehyde Detoxification.
  Srivastava, Plant physiology 2017
  • GeneRIF: The aldehyde-dependent differential generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by AAO4 and the induction of aldehyde oxidase 4 (AAO4) expression by hydrogen peroxide shown here suggest a self-amplification mechanism for detoxifying additional reactive aldehydes produced during stress.
• More

Gocc_1071 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Gaiella occulta
24% identity, 83% coverage

• High-quality draft genome sequence of Gaiella occulta isolated from a 150 meter deep mineral water borehole and comparison with the genome sequences of other deep-branching lineages of the phylum Actinobacteria
  Severino, MicrobiologyOpen 2019
  • “...Gocc_1455), a putative hydrogenase (Gocc_1122 to Gocc_1127) and three carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODH, EC 1.2.5.3, Gocc_1071 to Gocc_1073, Gocc_1636 to Gocc_1638 and Gocc_2945 to Gocc_2947) (Shi et al., 2015 ). Several CODH genes were also identified in R. radiotolerans and S. soli . Growth was not...”

BRADO6029 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain from Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278
24% identity, 87% coverage

• Comparative genomics of aeschynomene symbionts: insights into the ecological lifestyle of nod-independent photosynthetic bradyrhizobia
  Mornico, Genes 2011
  • “...coxF carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, coxF accessory protein BRADO6027 coxE carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, coxE accessory protein BRADO6029 coxL carbon monoxide dehydrogenase large chain BRADO6031 coxM carbon monoxide dehydrogenase medium chain (CO-DH M) BRADO6032 coxC carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, coxC signalling protein Photosynthesis & Carotenoid BRADO0659-0662 carotenoid synthesis BRADO2007...”

XP_688983 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Danio rerio
22% identity, 52% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “..., XP_011531397), M. caroli ( Mus caroli , XP_021041341), D. rerio ( Danio rerio , XP_688983), B. taurus ( Bos taurus , NP_7 76397 ); * represents highly conserved. Figure 3 Expression and subcellular analysis of OsSAC3. ( A ): Expression pattern of OsSAC3 ; OsSAC3...”

AO1 / B0LAZ9 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Pisum sativum (see paper)
B0LAZ9 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Pisum sativum (see paper)
22% identity, 49% coverage

NP_058850 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Rattus norvegicus
22% identity, 52% coverage

• The presence of xanthine dehydrogenase is crucial for the maturation of the rat kidneys.
  Dissanayake, Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 2024 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: The presence of xanthine dehydrogenase is crucial for the maturation of the rat kidneys.
• S-allyl cysteine as potent anti-gout drug: Insight into the xanthine oxidase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity.
  Johnson, Biochimie 2018 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: S-allyl cysteine as potent anti-gout drug: Insight into the xanthine oxidase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity.
• IFN-γ regulates xanthine oxidase-mediated iNOS-independent oxidative stress in maneb- and paraquat-treated rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
  Singh, Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2017 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: The results thus demonstrate that XO mediates oxidative stress in MB+PQ-treated rat PMNs via iNOS-independent but cytokine (predominantly IFN-gamma)-dependent mechanism.
• New 1,4-Dihydropyridines Down-regulate Nitric Oxide in Animals with Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus and Protect Deoxyribonucleic Acid against Peroxynitrite Action.
  Leonova, Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 2016 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Treatment with etaftorone decreased expression of inducible NOS and XOR in kidneys, whereas it increased the expression of endothelial NOS.
• Tempol improves xanthine oxidoreductase-mediated vascular responses to nitrite in experimental renovascular hypertension.
  Oliveira-Paula, Redox biology 2016
  • GeneRIF: Our results show that XOR is important to the cardiovascular responses to nitrite in 2K1C hypertension, and XOR inhibitors commonly used by patients may cancel this effect. This finding suggests that nitrite treatment may not be effective in patients being treated with XOR inhibitors
• Febuxostat, a novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, improves hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
  Shirakura, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2016
  • GeneRIF: Results suggest that exaggerated XO activity and resultant increase in oxidative stress contributes to hypertension and xanthine oxidase inhibition could treat treating hypertension and related endothelial dysfunction.
• Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced activation of xanthine oxidase in endothelial cells through the JAK2 signaling pathway.
  Zhang, International journal of molecular medicine 2016
  • GeneRIF: Hepatocyte growth factor prevents XO activation following hypoxia/reoxygenation primarily by inhibiting the JAK2 signaling pathway and in turn, inhibiting the increase in cytosolic Calcium.
• Abdominal paracentesis drainage protects rats against severe acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury by reducing the mobilization of intestinal XDH/XOD.
  Zhou, Free radical biology & medicine 2016 (PubMed)
  • GeneRIF: Abdominal paracentesis drainage protects rats against severe acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury by reducing the mobilization of intestinal xanthine dehydrogenase.
• More

Alide2_4320 xanthine dehydrogenase family protein molybdopterin-binding subunit from Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601
23% identity, 83% coverage

• Genome analysis and physiological comparison of Alicycliphilus denitrificans strains BC and K601(T.)
  Oosterkamp, PloS one 2013
  • “...1,3-cyclohexanedione and subsequent cleavage of the ring [7] . Genes encoding a three subunit molybdoenzyme (Alide2_4320 Alide2_4322) are present in the genome of strain K601 T , but are absent in strain BC. This gene cluster, homologous to carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CO-DH) and xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh),...”

BCAL3172 putative xanthine dehydrogenase large subunit from Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315
25% identity, 83% coverage

• NtrC-dependent control of exopolysaccharide synthesis and motility in Burkholderia cenocepacia H111
  Liu, PloS one 2017
  • “...metabolism I35_4672 BCAM0774 Poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate depolymerase -6.6 Nucleotide metabolism and transport I35_0495 BCAL3380 Allantoicase -3.5 I35_0689 BCAL3172 Xanthine dehydrogenase, molybdenum binding subunit xdhB -3.1 I35_7854 BCAS0731 Dihydropyrimidinase dhT -3.7 I35_7855 BCAS0732 Putative pyrimidine permease in reductive pathway -3.8 Post translational modifications I35_0765 BCAL3108 Urease accessory protein ureF...”
• Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the Burkholderia cepacia tyrosine kinase bceF mutant reveals a role in tolerance to stress, biofilm formation, and virulence
  Ferreira, Applied and environmental microbiology 2013
  • “...BCAL0635 BCAL3140 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.5 yagT pyrR BCAL3172 BCAL3400 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.6 xdhB pyrF Nucleotide metabolism a b LB-FC, lower bound of fold change. FC,...”

Q2QB50 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Gallus gallus (see 3 papers)
23% identity, 50% coverage

AOXB_CAVPO / H9TB19 Aldehyde oxidase 2; Aldehyde oxidase homolog 3; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 2; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Cavia porcellus (Guinea pig) (see paper)
23% identity, 54% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde and retinal.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.

NP_001008527 aldehyde oxidase 3 from Rattus norvegicus
23% identity, 54% coverage

• The mammalian aldehyde oxidase gene family
  Garattini, Human genomics 2009
  • “...Aoh3 NP_001008419 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox1 Aox1 NP_062236 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox3 Aoh1 NP_001008527 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aox4 Aoh2 NP_001008523 Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn Aoxl1 Aoh3 NP_001008522 Dog Canis lupus familiaris Cf AOX4 AOH2 DQ150104 Dog Canis lupus familiaris Cf AOXRL1 AOH3 DQ150105...”
• Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
  Garattini, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2008
  • “...Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn AOH1 aldehyde oxidase 3 Aox3 NP_001008527 G Rat Rattus norvegicus Rn AOH2 aldehyde oxidase 4 Aox4 NP_001008523 G Rat Rattus norvegicus...”

LOC105384208 xanthine dehydrogenase from Plutella xylostella
23% identity, 53% coverage

• Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Responsive Genes under Sublethal Concentration of Bifenazate in the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
  Hou, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...0.60 ko00230 xanthine dehydrogenase LOC105383429 0.025 0.64 ko00230 apyrase-like LOC105383538 0.0017 1.075 ko00230 indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase-like LOC105384208 0.022 0.69 ko00230 xanthine dehydrogenase LOC105386323 0.024 0.86 ko00230 uricase LOC105393481 0.043 0.59 ko00230 purine nucleoside phosphorylase-like LOC105393606 0.041 0.66 ko00230 phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase LOC105398645 0.0075 0.83 ko00230 amidophosphoribosyltransferase-like KEGG pathway...”

XP_006850189 xanthine dehydrogenase 1 isoform X1 from Amborella trichopoda
22% identity, 49% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...distachyon ), C. illinoinensis ( Carya illinoinensis , XP_042959708), A. trichopoda ( Amborella trichopoda , XP_006850189), P. patens ( Physcomitrium patens , XP_024357701), C. reinhardtii ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , XP_042919120), H. sapiens ( Homo sapiens , XP_011531397), M. caroli ( Mus caroli , XP_021041341), D. rerio...”

G3I4G1 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase from Cricetulus griseus
22% identity, 52% coverage

• Mapping the molecular basis for growth related phenotypes in industrial producer CHO cell lines using differential proteomic analysis
  Bryan, BMC biotechnology 2021
  • “...G3HQP7 Flotillin-1 2.15 Up in low peak VCD 1.51 Up in low peak VCD XDH G3I4G1 Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase 2.02 Up in low peak VCD 1.84 Up in low peak VCD PSMC6 G3I6I1 26S protease regulatory subunit S10B 2.00 Up in low peak VCD 1.63 Up in...”

A8TUC0 aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) from Bombyx mori (see paper)
NP_001103811 aldehyde oxidase 2 from Bombyx mori
21% identity, 55% coverage

• The Effects of Nine Compounds on Aldehyde-Oxidase-Related Genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
  Zou, Genes 2023
  • “...DmAOX3, NP_650477; DmAOX4, NP_650478; DmXDH, NP_524337); Apis mellifera (AmXDH, XP_016768886). Bombyx mori (BmAOX1, NP_001103812; BmAOX2, NP_001103811; BmXDH1, NP_001037325; BmXDH2, NP_001037333); Culex quinquefasciatus (CqAOX, XP_038118267; CqXDH, XP_038112406); Anopheles gambiae (AgAOX, XP_316291; AgXDH, AAO14865); Mus musculus (MmAOX1, NP_033806; MmAOX2, NP_001008419; MAOX3, NP_076106; MmAOX4, NP_076120; MmXDH, NP_035853); Gallus gallus...”
• Identification and Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase 5 in the Pheromone Gland of the Silkworm (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
  Zhang, Journal of insect science (Online) 2020
  • “...is white. BmAOX1, B. mori aldehyde oxidase 1 (NP_001103812); BmAOX2, B. mori aldehyde oxidase 2 (NP_001103811); BmXDH1, B. mori xanthine dehydrogenase 1 (BAA21640); BmXDH2, B. mori xanthine dehydrogenase 2 (BAA24290); BmAOX5, B. mori aldehyde oxidase 5 (AQY62686). Expression and Localization of BmAOX5 in the PG of...”

XP_003562358 xanthine dehydrogenase from Brachypodium distachyon
22% identity, 49% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...trichocarpa ( Populus trichocarpa , XP_002314067), S. moellendorffii ( Selaginella moellendorffii , XP_002966075), B. distachyon (XP_003562358, Brachypodium distachyon ), C. illinoinensis ( Carya illinoinensis , XP_042959708), A. trichopoda ( Amborella trichopoda , XP_006850189), P. patens ( Physcomitrium patens , XP_024357701), C. reinhardtii ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ,...”

P08793 Xanthine dehydrogenase from Calliphora vicina
24% identity, 50% coverage

• Gene silencing in phlebotomine sand flies: Xanthine dehydrogenase knock down by dsRNA microinjections
  Sant'Anna, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology 2008
  • “...Drosophila XDH, 62% similar to the medfly Ceratitis capitata ( AAG47345 ) Calliphora vicina ( P08793 ) and A. gambiae XDH ( AF515734 ) and 60% identical to a B. mori XDH ( AB005911 ). To examine these relationships more closely a phylogenetic analysis was performed...”

ndhM / Q0QLF1 nicotinate hydroxylase 37 kD subunit (EC 1.17.1.5) from Eubacterium barkeri (see paper)
NDMMS_EUBBA / Q0QLF1 Nicotinate dehydrogenase medium molybdopterin subunit; NDH; Nicotinic acid hydroxylase medium molybdopterin subunit; NAH; EC 1.17.1.5 from Eubacterium barkeri (Clostridium barkeri) (see 3 papers)
3hrdB / Q0QLF1 Crystal structure of nicotinate dehydrogenase (see paper)
30% identity, 42% coverage

• function: Catalyzes the hydroxylation of nicotinate to 6- hydroxynicotinate. Also active against 2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid, but inactive against other nicotinate analogs.
  catalytic activity: nicotinate + NADP(+) + H2O = 6-hydroxynicotinate + NADPH + H(+) (RHEA:12236)
  cofactor: Se-Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Binds 1 Se-Mo-molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide (Se-Mo-MCD) cofactor per heterotetramer. The cofactor is bound between the NdhL and NdhM subunits.)
  subunit: Heterooctamer of NDHM, NDHL, NDHS and NDHF. Dimer of heterotetramers.
• Ligands: pterin cytosine dinucleotide; nicotinic acid (3hrdB)

AOXB_MACFA / C4NYZ3 Aldehyde oxidase 2; Aldehyde oxidase homolog 3; Azaheterocycle hydroxylase 2; EC 1.2.3.1; EC 1.17.3.- from Macaca fascicularis (Crab-eating macaque) (Cynomolgus monkey) (see paper)
23% identity, 52% coverage

• function: Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde and retinal.
  catalytic activity: an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+) (RHEA:16829)
  cofactor: [2Fe-2S] cluster (Binds 2 [2Fe-2S] clusters per subunit.)
  cofactor: FAD (Binds 1 FAD per subunit.)
  cofactor: Mo-molybdopterin (Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.)
  subunit: Homodimer.

XP_042959708 xanthine dehydrogenase 1-like isoform X1 from Carya illinoinensis
23% identity, 46% coverage

• Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice
  Xie, International journal of molecular sciences 2022
  • “...moellendorffii , XP_002966075), B. distachyon (XP_003562358, Brachypodium distachyon ), C. illinoinensis ( Carya illinoinensis , XP_042959708), A. trichopoda ( Amborella trichopoda , XP_006850189), P. patens ( Physcomitrium patens , XP_024357701), C. reinhardtii ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , XP_042919120), H. sapiens ( Homo sapiens , XP_011531397), M. caroli...”

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Statistics

How It Works

PaperBLAST builds a database of protein sequences that are linked to scientific articles. These links come from automated text searches against the articles in EuropePMC and from manually-curated information from GeneRIF, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, BRENDA, CAZy (as made available by dbCAN), BioLiP, CharProtDB, MetaCyc, EcoCyc, TCDB, REBASE, the Fitness Browser, and a subset of the European Nucleotide Archive with the /experiment tag. Given this database and a protein sequence query, PaperBLAST uses protein-protein BLAST to find similar sequences with E < 0.001.

To build the database, we query EuropePMC with locus tags, with RefSeq protein identifiers, and with UniProt accessions. We obtain the locus tags from RefSeq or from MicrobesOnline. We use queries of the form "locus_tag AND genus_name" to try to ensure that the paper is actually discussing that gene. Because EuropePMC indexes most recent biomedical papers, even if they are not open access, some of the links may be to papers that you cannot read or that our computers cannot read. We query each of these identifiers that appears in the open access part of EuropePMC, as well as every locus tag that appears in the 500 most-referenced genomes, so that a gene may appear in the PaperBLAST results even though none of the papers that mention it are open access. We also incorporate text-mined links from EuropePMC that link open access articles to UniProt or RefSeq identifiers. (This yields some additional links because EuropePMC uses different heuristics for their text mining than we do.)

For every article that mentions a locus tag, a RefSeq protein identifier, or a UniProt accession, we try to select one or two snippets of text that refer to the protein. If we cannot get access to the full text, we try to select a snippet from the abstract, but unfortunately, unique identifiers such as locus tags are rarely provided in abstracts.

PaperBLAST also incorporates manually-curated protein functions:

• Proteins from NCBI's RefSeq are included if a GeneRIF entry links the gene to an article in PubMed^®. GeneRIF also provides a short summary of the article's claim about the protein, which is shown instead of a snippet.
• Proteins from Swiss-Prot (the curated part of UniProt) are included if the curators identified experimental evidence for the protein's function (evidence code ECO:0000269). For these proteins, the fields of the Swiss-Prot entry that describe the protein's function are shown (with bold headings).
• Proteins from BRENDA, a curated database of enzymes, are included if they are linked to a paper in PubMed and their full sequence is known.
• Every protein from the non-redundant subset of BioLiP, a database of ligand-binding sites and catalytic residues in protein structures, is included. Since BioLiP itself does not include descriptions of the proteins, those are taken from the Protein Data Bank. Descriptions from PDB rely on the original submitter of the structure and cannot be updated by others, so they may be less reliable. (For SitesBLAST and Sites on a Tree, we use a larger subset of BioLiP so that every ligand is represented among a group of structures with similar sequences, but for PaperBLAST, we use the non-redundant set provided by BioLiP.)
• Every protein from EcoCyc, a curated database of the proteins in Escherichia coli K-12, is included, regardless of whether they are characterized or not.
• Proteins from the MetaCyc metabolic pathway database are included if they are linked to a paper in PubMed and their full sequence is known.
• Proteins from the Transport Classification Database (TCDB) are included if they have known substrate(s), have reference(s), and are not described as uncharacterized or putative. (Some of the references are not visible on the PaperBLAST web site.)
• Every protein from CharProtDB, a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations, is included.
• Proteins from the CAZy database of carbohydrate-active enzymes are included if they are associated with an Enzyme Classification number. Even though CAZy does not provide links from individual protein sequences to papers, these should all be experimentally-characterized proteins.
• Proteins from the REBASE database of restriction enzymes are included if they have known specificity.
• Every protein with an evidence-based reannotation (based on mutant phenotypes) in the Fitness Browser is included.
• Sequence-specific transcription factors (including sigma factors and DNA-binding response regulators) with experimentally-determined DNA binding sites from the PRODORIC database of gene regulation in prokaryotes.
• Putative transcription factors from RegPrecise that have manually-curated predictions for their binding sites. These predictions are based on conserved putative regulatory sites across genomes that contain similar transcription factors, so PaperBLAST clusters the TFs at 70% identity and retains just one member of each cluster.
• Coding sequence (CDS) features from the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) are included if the /experiment tag is set (implying that there is experimental evidence for the annotation), the nucleotide entry links to paper(s) in PubMed, and the nucleotide entry is from the STD data class (implying that these are targeted annotated sequences, not from shotgun sequencing). Also, to filter out genes whose transcription or translation was detected, but whose function was not studied, nucleotide entries or papers with more than 25 such proteins are excluded. Descriptions from ENA rely on the original submitter of the sequence and cannot be updated by others, so they may be less reliable.

Except for GeneRIF and ENA, the curated entries include a short curated description of the protein's function. For entries from BioLiP, the protein's function may not be known beyond binding to the ligand. Many of these entries also link to articles in PubMed.

For more information see the PaperBLAST paper (mSystems 2017) or the code. You can download PaperBLAST's database here.

Changes to PaperBLAST since the paper was written:

• November 2023: incorporated PRODORIC and RegPrecise. Many PRODORIC entries were not linked to a protein sequence (no UniProt identifier), so we added this information.
• February 2023: BioLiP changed their download format. PaperBLAST now includes their non-redundant subset. SitesBLAST and Sites on a Tree use a larger non-redundant subset that ensures that every ligand is represented within each cluster. This should ensure that every binding site is represented.
• June 2022: incorporated some coding sequences from ENA with the /experiment tag.
• March 2022: incorporated BioLiP.
• April 2020: incorporated TCDB.
• April 2019: EuropePMC now returns table entries in their search results. This has expanded PaperBLAST's database, but most of the new entries are of low relevance, and the resulting snippets are often just lists of locus tags with annotations.
• February 2018: the alignment page reports the conservation of the hit's functional sites (if available from from Swiss-Prot or UniProt)
• January 2018: incorporated BRENDA.
• December 2017: incorporated MetaCyc, CharProtDB, CAZy, REBASE, and the reannotations from the Fitness Browser.
• September 2017: EuropePMC no longer returns some table entries in their search results. This has shrunk PaperBLAST's database, but has also reduced the number of low-relevance hits.

Many of these changes are described in Interactive tools for functional annotation of bacterial genomes.

Secrets

PaperBLAST cannot provide snippets for many of the papers that are published in non-open-access journals. This limitation applies even if the paper is marked as "free" on the publisher's web site and is available in PubmedCentral or EuropePMC. If a journal that you publish in is marked as "secret," please consider publishing elsewhere.

Omissions from the PaperBLAST Database

Many important articles are missing from PaperBLAST, either because the article's full text is not in EuropePMC (as for many older articles), or because the paper does not mention a protein identifier such as a locus tag, or because of PaperBLAST's heuristics. If you notice an article that characterizes a protein's function but is missing from PaperBLAST, please notify the curators at UniProt or add an entry to GeneRIF. Entries in either of these databases will eventually be incorporated into PaperBLAST. Note that to add an entry to UniProt, you will need to find the UniProt identifier for the protein. If the protein is not already in UniProt, you can ask them to create an entry. To add an entry to GeneRIF, you will need an NCBI Gene identifier, but unfortunately many prokaryotic proteins in RefSeq do not have corresponding Gene identifers.

References

PaperBLAST: Text-mining papers for information about homologs.
M. N. Price and A. P. Arkin (2017). mSystems, 10.1128/mSystems.00039-17.

Europe PMC in 2017.
M. Levchenko et al (2017). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkx1005.

Gene indexing: characterization and analysis of NLM's GeneRIFs.
J. A. Mitchell et al (2003). AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2003:460-464.

UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase.
The UniProt Consortium (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw1099.

BRENDA in 2017: new perspectives and new tools in BRENDA.
S. Placzek et al (2017). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw952.

The EcoCyc database: reflecting new knowledge about Escherichia coli K-12.
I. M. Keeseler et al (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw1003.

The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes.
R. Caspi et al (2018). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkx935.

CharProtDB: a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations.
R. Madupu et al (2012). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkr1133.

The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013.
V. Lombard et al (2014). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkt1178.

The Transporter Classification Database (TCDB): recent advances
M. H. Saier, Jr. et al (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkv1103.

REBASE - a database for DNA restriction and modification: enzymes, genes and genomes.
R. J. Roberts et al (2015). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gku1046.

Deep annotation of protein function across diverse bacteria from mutant phenotypes.
M. N. Price et al (2016). bioRxiv, 10.1101/072470.