Found 182 low-confidence and 40 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
| Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
|---|
| 2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | MCA_RS07490 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCA_RS08650 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | MCA_RS11135 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
| acetate | dctA: organic acid/proton symporter DctA | MCA_RS09200 | |
| alanine | snatA: L-alanine symporter SnatA | MCA_RS08480 | |
| arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
| arabinose | araB: ribulokinase | | |
| arabinose | araD: L-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase | | |
| arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | | |
| arginine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| arginine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | MCA_RS10180 | MCA_RS00085 |
| arginine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | MCA_RS10180 | MCA_RS04000 |
| arginine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
| asparagine | ans: asparaginase | | |
| asparagine | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | MCA_RS09200 | |
| aspartate | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | MCA_RS09200 | |
| cellobiose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | | |
| citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
| citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | MCA_RS05815 | MCA_RS05285 |
| citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | | |
| citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
| citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
| citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
| citrulline | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | MCA_RS10180 | MCA_RS04000 |
| D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
| D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
| D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
| D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
| D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | MCA_RS01745 | |
| deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCA_RS08650 | |
| deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | MCA_RS15430 | |
| deoxyinosine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
| deoxyinosine | deoD: deoxyinosine phosphorylase | MCA_RS09720 | |
| deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | | |
| deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | MCA_RS07725 | |
| deoxyribonate | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
| deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | | |
| deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
| deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | | |
| deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
| deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCA_RS08650 | |
| deoxyribose | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
| deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | MCA_RS04760 | |
| deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
| ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCA_RS08650 | |
| ethanol | etoh-dh-nad: ethanol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)) | MCA_RS07740 | MCA_RS03830 |
| fructose | Slc2a5: fructose:H+ symporter | | |
| fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | | |
| fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
| fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
| fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
| fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
| galactose | galE: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | MCA_RS12025 | MCA_RS03040 |
| galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
| galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | | |
| galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
| galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
| galacturonate | kdgK: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase | | |
| galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | | |
| galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
| galacturonate | uxaC: D-galacturonate isomerase | | |
| gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
| gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
| glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
| glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | MCA_RS00075 | |
| glucose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | | |
| glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
| glucuronate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
| glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
| glucuronate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | MCA_RS03315 | |
| glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
| glutamate | aspA: L-aspartate ammonia-lyase | MCA_RS07605 | |
| glutamate | gltP: L-glutamate:cation symporter GltP/GltT | MCA_RS09200 | |
| glycerol | dhaD: glycerol dehydrogenase | | |
| glycerol | dhaM: dihydroxyacetone:PEP phosphotransferase, subunit M | | |
| glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
| histidine | Ga0059261_1577: L-histidine transporter | MCA_RS01690 | |
| histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
| histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
| histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
| histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
| isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
| isoleucine | Bap2: L-isoleucine permease Bap2 | | |
| isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
| isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | | |
| isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | MCA_RS09790 | MCA_RS04555 |
| isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
| isoleucine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
| isoleucine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | MCA_RS04175 | |
| isoleucine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
| L-lactate | lctO: L-lactate oxidase or 2-monooxygenase | | |
| L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
| lactose | galE: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | MCA_RS12025 | MCA_RS03040 |
| lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
| lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
| lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
| lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | MCA_RS07755 | |
| leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | MCA_RS07725 | |
| leucine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
| leucine | leuT: L-leucine:Na+ symporter LeuT | | |
| leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
| leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | MCA_RS05120 | |
| leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | | |
| leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
| leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
| leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
| lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | MCA_RS08650 | |
| lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
| lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | MCA_RS04000 | MCA_RS10180 |
| lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | MCA_RS10785 | MCA_RS14695 |
| lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
| lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | | |
| maltose | MAL11: maltose permease | | |
| maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | MCA_RS04630 | |
| mannitol | manA: mannose-6-phosphate isomerase | MCA_RS09945 | MCA_RS15430 |
| mannitol | mt1d: mannitol 1-dehydrogenase | MCA_RS07740 | |
| mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | | |
| mannose | manA: mannose-6-phosphate isomerase | MCA_RS09945 | MCA_RS15430 |
| mannose | STP6: mannose:H+ symporter | | |
| myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
| myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | | |
| myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | | |
| myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | | |
| myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
| myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | MCA_RS14945 | |
| myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
| myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | | |
| NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | MCA_RS00075 | |
| NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
| phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
| phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
| phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
| phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
| phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | MCA_RS09790 | |
| phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | MCA_RS07725 | |
| phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
| phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
| phenylalanine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | MCA_RS07725 | |
| phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
| phenylalanine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
| phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
| phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
| phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
| phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | MCA_RS04910 | MCA_RS00370 |
| phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
| phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | MCA_RS14635 | |
| proline | proP: proline:H+ symporter ProP | MCA_RS07490 | |
| proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | | |
| proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| propionate | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
| propionate | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | MCA_RS04175 | |
| propionate | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
| propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | | |
| putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | MCA_RS10180 | MCA_RS00085 |
| putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | MCA_RS10180 | MCA_RS04000 |
| putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| pyruvate | btsT: pyruvate symporter BtsT | MCA_RS12765 | |
| rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| rhamnose | rhaA: L-rhamnose isomerase | | |
| rhamnose | rhaB: L-rhamnulokinase | | |
| rhamnose | rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase | | |
| rhamnose | rhaM: L-rhamnose mutarotase | | |
| rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
| ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | MCA_RS04760 | |
| ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
| serine | sdaB: L-serine ammonia-lyase | MCA_RS01745 | |
| serine | snatA: L-serine transporter | MCA_RS08480 | |
| sorbitol | sdh: sorbitol dehydrogenase | MCA_RS09790 | MCA_RS04555 |
| sorbitol | SOT: sorbitol:H+ co-transporter SOT1 or SOT2 | | |
| sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | MCA_RS04630 | |
| sucrose | sut: sucrose:proton symporter SUT/SUC | | |
| threonine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCA_RS08650 | |
| threonine | gcvP: glycine cleavage system, P component (glycine decarboxylase) | MCA_RS01715 | MCA_RS01720 |
| threonine | ltaE: L-threonine aldolase | MCA_RS08160 | |
| threonine | snatA: L-threonine transporter snatA | MCA_RS08480 | |
| thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCA_RS08650 | |
| thymidine | deoA: thymidine phosphorylase DeoA | MCA_RS08450 | MCA_RS05950 |
| thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | MCA_RS15430 | |
| thymidine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
| thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
| trehalose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | | |
| trehalose | treF: trehalase | MCA_RS04630 | |
| tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
| tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
| tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | MCA_RS07725 | |
| tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
| tyrosine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
| tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
| tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
| tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
| tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | MCA_RS04910 | MCA_RS00370 |
| valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
| valine | Bap2: L-valine permease Bap2 | | |
| valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
| valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
| valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | MCA_RS08650 | |
| valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | MCA_RS10025 | |
| valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
| valine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
| valine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | MCA_RS04175 | |
| valine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
| xylitol | fruI: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIABC (FruI) | | |
| xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | | |
| xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
| xylose | xylB: xylulokinase | | |
| xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | | |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know