Overview: After uptake, acetate can be converted to acetyl-CoA by acs or by ackA and pta, see MetaCyc's superpathway of acetate utilization and formation (link). Acetyl-CoA is a central metabolic intermediate, so further reactions are not represented in GapMind. Acetyl-CoA may be catabolized by the TCA cycle or, in strict anaerobes, by the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. If the TCA cycle is used, then intermediates need to be replenished by anaplaerotic reactions such as the glyoxylate cycle or the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway.
Or see definitions of steps
| Step | Description | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
|---|---|---|---|
| deh | acetate/haloacid transporter | AZC_RS04490 | AZC_RS10100 |
| acs | acetyl-CoA synthetase, AMP-forming | AZC_RS01530 | AZC_RS07605 |
| Alternative steps: | |||
| ackA | acetate kinase | AZC_RS12530 | AZC_RS00955 |
| actP | cation/acetate symporter ActP | ||
| ady2 | acetate permease Ady2 | ||
| dctA | organic acid/proton symporter DctA | AZC_RS15565 | AZC_RS17260 |
| patA | Acetate transporter PatA | ||
| pta | phosphate acetyltransferase | AZC_RS12525 | AZC_RS00950 |
| satP | acetate/proton symporter satP | ||
| SLC5A8 | actetate:Na+ symporter SLC5A8 | ||
| ybhL | acetate uptake transporter YbhL | AZC_RS04915 | |
Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.
This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:
Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:
Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
For more information, see:
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know
by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory