L-arginine catabolism in Rhizobium leguminosarum WSM1325

Best path

braC, braD, braE, braF, braG, rocF, rocD, PRO3, put1, putA

Rules

Overview: Arginine utilization in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-arginine degradation I via arginase (link); II via arginine succinyltransferase (link), III via arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase (link), IV via arginine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase (link), V via arginine deiminase (link), VI (arginase 2, link), VII (arginase 3, link), VIII via arginase oxidase (link), IX via arginine:pyruvate transaminase (link), X via arginine monooxygenase (link), XIII via proline (link), and XIV via D-ornithine (link). Common intermediates are L-ornithine or L-proline. GapMind does not include pathways XI (link), which is poorly understood, or XII (link), which is not reported in prokaryotes.

• all:
  • arginine-transport, rocF and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arginine-succinyltransferase, astB, astC, astD and astE
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, speB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, aguA, aguB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arcA, arcB, arcC and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aroD, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aruH, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arg-monooxygenase, gbamidase, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Pathways I, VI, or VII begin with rocF (arginase), which forms ornithine and urea. (The urea might not be utilized, so urease is not described here.) They differ in how the ornithine is catabolized. Pathway II begins with arginine succinyltransferase and ends with succinate and glutamate. The succinate would then be activated to succinyl-CoA to restart the cycle, or the glutamate might be oxidized to succinyl-CoA; these steps are not included here. Pathway III begins with decarboxylation to agmatine by adiA, followed by hydrolysis to putrescine and urea. Pathway IV begins with adiA and agmatine deiminase (aguA), which yields N-carbamoylputrescine; this is hydrolyzed to putrescine and urea. Pathway V begins with arginine deiminase (arcA), forming citrulline, and and a carbamoyltransferase forms carbamoyl-phosphate and ornithine. The carbamoyl-phosphate is consumed by carbamate kinase (in reverse, forming ammonia and CO2 and ATP). Pathway VIII begins with arginine oxidase aroD, which forms 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoarginine); this is converted to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA). Pathway IX is similar to pathway VIII but the transaminase aruH forms the 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate. Pathway X involves arginine 2-monooxygenase (decarboxylating), forming 4-guanidinobutyramide, and an amidase, forming 4-guanidinobutyrate, which is consumed as in pathway VIII or IX.
• ornithine-degradation:
  • aruF, aruG, astC, astD and astE
  • or rocD and rocA
  • or rocD, PRO3 and proline-degradation
  • or ocd and proline-degradation
  • or odc and putrescine-degradation
  • or orr, oraS, oraE, ord, ortA and ortB
  • Comment: Ornithine is a common intermediate. It can be succinylated by aruFG and then catabolized by the later steps of the arginine succinyltransferase pathway, via aminotransferase, dehydrogenase, and desuccinylase reactions (see PMC179677 and PMID:7523119). Or as part of L-arginine degradation I, the aminotransferase rocD converts ornithine to glutamate 5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously converts to 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. A dehydrogenase converts this to glutamate. Or 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate can be reduced to proline by PRO3, as in L-arginine degradation VI. Alternatively, ornithine can be converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase (ocd). Or ornithine can be decarboxylated to putrescine by odc (link). Or ornithine can be catabolized via D-ornithine, as in L-arginine degradation XIV. A racemase converts L-ornithine to D-ornithine; an aminomutase forms (2R,4S) 2,4-diaminopentanoate; a dehydrogenase forms (2R)-2-amino-4-oxopentanoate, and a thiolase cleaves it to D-alanine and acetyl-CoA. D-alanine could be oxidized to pyruvate or perhaps secreted; this is not described here.
• arginine-succinyltransferase:
  • aruF and aruG
  • or astA
• proline-degradation:
  • put1 and putA
  • or prdF, D-proline-reductase and 5-aminovalerate-degradation
  • Comment: In pathway I, proline dehydrogenase (put1) forms (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which spontaneously hydrates to L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, and a dehydrogenase (putA) to glutamate. Glutamate can be transaminated to 2-oxoglutarate, which is an intermediate in central metabolism (not represented). In pathway II, proline racemase (prdF) forms D-proline, and a reductase forms 5-aminovalerate.
• D-proline-reductase: prdA, prdB and prdC
  • Comment: D-proline reductase includes components PrdA and PrdB and electron transfer protein PrdC
• 5-aminovalerate-degradation: davT, davD and glutarate-degradation
  • Comment: 5-aminovalerate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation (link, link). It is transaminated to glutarate semialdehyde and oxidized to glutarate. (A fermentative pathway via 5-hydroxyvalerate has also been reported, but does not seem to be fully linked to sequence; see pathway 5 of PMID:11759672.)
• glutarate-degradation:
  • glaH and lhgD
  • or gcdG and glutaryl-CoA-degradation
  • Comment: Glutarate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation. As part of MetaCyc pathway L-lysine degradation I (link), gluratate is hydroxylated to L-2-hydroxyglutarate (also known as (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate) by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidase. This reaction releases succinate (a TCA cycle intermediate) and CO2. A dehydrogenase then oxidizes to L-2-hydroxyglutarate to regenerate 2-oxoglutarate. Alternatively, as part of pathway IV (link), glutarate can be activated to glutaryl-CoA by a CoA-transferase. Glutaryl-CoA degradation (link) involves glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) to crotonyl-CoA (trans-but-2-enoyl-CoA), hydration to (S)-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidization to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleavage by a C-acetyltransferase to two acetyl-CoA.
• glutaryl-CoA-degradation: gcdH, ech, fadB and atoB
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway glutaryl-CoA degradation (link), glutaryl-CoA is oxidized to (E)-glutaconyl-CoA and oxidatively decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA (both by the same enzyme), hydrated to 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidized to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleaved to two acetyl-CoA.
• GABA-degradation: gabT and gabD
  • Comment: GABA (4-aminobutanoate) is consumed by an aminotransferase (known as gabT or puuE), which forms succinate semialdehyde, and dehydrogenase gabD, which forms succinate.
• putrescine-degradation: putrescine-to-GABA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Gamma-aminobutyrate is a common intermediate.
• putrescine-to-GABA:
  • patA and patD
  • or puuA, puuB, puuC and puuD
  • or puo and patD
  • Comment: In pathway I or pathway V, putrescine aminotransferase (patA or spuC) forms 4-aminobutanal, and dehydrogenase patD forms GABA. In pathway II, putrescine is converted to GABA with glutamylated intermedates: puuA forms gamma-glutamyl-putrescine, an oxidase forms 4-(gamma-glutaminylamino)butanal, a dehydrogenase forms 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanoate, and a hydrolase releases glutamate and GABA. As part of pathway IV, putrescine oxidase (puo) forms 4-aminobutanal, which is probably converted to GABA by dehydrogenase patD.
• arginine-transport:
  • artJ, artM, artP and artQ
  • or bgtB and artP
  • or braC, braD, braE, braF and braG
  • or rocE
  • or AAP3
  • or CAT1
  • or Can1
  • Comment: Transporters were identified using: query: transporter:arginine:L-arginine:arg.

71 steps (44 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
braC	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, substrate-binding component BraC	RLEG_RS16390	RLEG_RS15300
braD	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 1 (BraD)	RLEG_RS16415
braE	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 2 (BraE)	RLEG_RS16410
braF	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 1 (BraF)	RLEG_RS16405	RLEG_RS27560
braG	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 2 (BraG)	RLEG_RS16400	RLEG_RS30575
rocF	arginase	RLEG_RS19390	RLEG_RS34820
rocD	ornithine aminotransferase	RLEG_RS19395	RLEG_RS21600
PRO3	pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase	RLEG_RS14900	RLEG_RS23945
put1	proline dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS24125
putA	L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS24125	RLEG_RS15650
Alternative steps:
AAP3	L-arginine transporter AAP3
adiA	arginine decarboxylase (AdiA/SpeA)	RLEG_RS18215
aguA	agmatine deiminase
aguB	N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase	RLEG_RS27155
arcA	arginine deiminase
arcB	ornithine carbamoyltransferase	RLEG_RS00945	RLEG_RS17975
arcC	carbamate kinase
arg-monooxygenase	arginine 2-monooxygenase
aroD	L-arginine oxidase
artJ	L-arginine ABC transporter, periplasmic substrate-binding component ArtJ/HisJ/ArtI/AotJ/ArgT	RLEG_RS11315	RLEG_RS34595
artM	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ArtM/HisM/AotM)	RLEG_RS28485	RLEG_RS11325
artP	L-arginine ABC transporter, ATPase component ArtP/HisP/AotP/BgtA	RLEG_RS34600	RLEG_RS28480
artQ	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ArtQ/HisQ/AotQ)	RLEG_RS34590	RLEG_RS11320
aruF	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAI (AruF)
aruG	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAII (AruG)
aruH	L-arginine:pyruvate transaminase	RLEG_RS34460	RLEG_RS14800
aruI	2-ketoarginine decarboxylase	RLEG_RS26715	RLEG_RS09710
astA	arginine N-succinyltransferase
astB	N-succinylarginine dihydrolase
astC	succinylornithine transaminase	RLEG_RS00940	RLEG_RS19395
astD	succinylglutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS24910	RLEG_RS35305
astE	succinylglutamate desuccinylase
atoB	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	RLEG_RS20540	RLEG_RS35140
bgtB	L-arginine ABC transporter, fused substrate-binding and permease components (BgtB/BgtAB)
Can1	L-arginine transporter Can1
CAT1	L-arginine transporter CAT1
davD	glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS35305	RLEG_RS21595
davT	5-aminovalerate aminotransferase	RLEG_RS21600	RLEG_RS00940
ech	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase	RLEG_RS23030	RLEG_RS26045
fadB	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS01235	RLEG_RS19090
gabD	succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS35305	RLEG_RS21595
gabT	gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase	RLEG_RS21600	RLEG_RS24830
gbamidase	guanidinobutyramidase	RLEG_RS10980
gbuA	guanidinobutyrase	RLEG_RS34820	RLEG_RS19740
gcdG	succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase	RLEG_RS14235
gcdH	glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS27635	RLEG_RS35135
glaH	glutarate 2-hydroxylase, succinate-releasing (GlaH or CsiD)
kauB	4-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS24010	RLEG_RS18780
lhgD	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase or oxidase (LhgD or LhgO)
ocd	ornithine cyclodeaminase	RLEG_RS19760	RLEG_RS21390
odc	L-ornithine decarboxylase	RLEG_RS18215
oraE	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, beta (E) subunit
oraS	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, alpha (S) subunit
ord	2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase
orr	ornithine racemase
ortA	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, alpha subunit
ortB	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, beta subunit
patA	putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC)	RLEG_RS05410	RLEG_RS25920
patD	gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS18405	RLEG_RS04395
prdA	D-proline reductase, prdA component
prdB	D-proline reductase, prdB component
prdC	D-proline reductase, electron transfer component PrdC
prdF	proline racemase	RLEG_RS24040	RLEG_RS00595
puo	putrescine oxidase
puuA	glutamate-putrescine ligase	RLEG_RS02010	RLEG_RS05405
puuB	gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidase	RLEG_RS02005	RLEG_RS24870
puuC	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS24010	RLEG_RS18780
puuD	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase	RLEG_RS18155	RLEG_RS12110
rocA	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase	RLEG_RS24125	RLEG_RS15650
rocE	L-arginine permease
speB	agmatinase	RLEG_RS06485	RLEG_RS19740

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.