Overview: MetaCyc does not list any pathways for cellobiose utilization, but the major catabolic enzymes are believed to be intracellular cellobiase, periplasmic cellobiase, cellobiose-6-phosphate hydrolase, or cellobiose phosphorylase (PMID:28535986). These pathways all lead to glucose-6-phosphate, which is a central metabolic intermediate. There also may be a 3-ketoglucoside pathway in some Bacteroidetes, but this is not characterized.
Or see definitions of steps
| Step | Description | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
|---|---|---|---|
| bgl | cellobiase | HALLA_RS07580 | HALLA_RS17945 |
| MFS-glucose | glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | HALLA_RS13415 | |
| glk | glucokinase | HALLA_RS12035 | |
| Alternative steps: | |||
| aglE' | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (AglE) | ||
| aglF' | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (AglF) | HALLA_RS18675 | |
| aglG' | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (AglG) | HALLA_RS16310 | HALLA_RS17035 |
| aglK' | glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (AglK) | HALLA_RS18685 | HALLA_RS15990 |
| ascB | 6-phosphocellobiose hydrolase | HALLA_RS16335 | |
| bglF | glucose PTS, enzyme II (BCA components, BglF) | ||
| bglG | cellobiose PTS system, EII-BC or EII-BCA components | ||
| bglT | cellobiose transporter BglT | ||
| cbp | cellobiose phosphorylase | ||
| cbpB | cellobiose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component CpbB | ||
| cbpC | cellobiose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component CbpC | ||
| cbtA | cellobiose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component CbtA | ||
| cbtB | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (CbtB) | HALLA_RS17925 | HALLA_RS16105 |
| cbtC | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (CbtC) | HALLA_RS17920 | HALLA_RS16100 |
| cbtD | cellobiose ABC transporter, ATPase component 1 (CbtD) | HALLA_RS16095 | HALLA_RS18145 |
| cbtF | cellobiose ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 (CbtF) | HALLA_RS17915 | HALLA_RS18150 |
| cdt | cellobiose transporter cdt-1/cdt-2 | ||
| cebE | cellobiose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component CebE | ||
| cebF | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (CebF) | HALLA_RS16305 | HALLA_RS18675 |
| cebG | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (CebG) | HALLA_RS16310 | |
| celEIIA | cellobiose PTS system, EII-A component | ||
| celEIIB | cellobiose PTS system, EII-B component | ||
| celEIIC | cellobiose PTS system, EII-C component | ||
| crr | glucose PTS, enzyme IIA | ||
| eda | 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | HALLA_RS15965 | HALLA_RS09995 |
| edd | phosphogluconate dehydratase | HALLA_RS08840 | |
| gadh1 | gluconate 2-dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit | HALLA_RS02620 | |
| gadh2 | gluconate 2-dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit | ||
| gadh3 | gluconate 2-dehydrogenase subunit 3 | ||
| gdh | quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS07830 | |
| glcS | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GlcS) | ||
| glcT | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GlcT) | ||
| glcU | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GlcU) | ||
| glcU' | Glucose uptake protein GlcU | ||
| glcV | glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GclV) | HALLA_RS18685 | HALLA_RS16295 |
| gnl | gluconolactonase | HALLA_RS19080 | |
| gtsA | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GtsA) | ||
| gtsB | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GtsB) | HALLA_RS18675 | HALLA_RS16280 |
| gtsC | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GtsC) | HALLA_RS18680 | HALLA_RS16285 |
| gtsD | glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GtsD) | HALLA_RS01765 | HALLA_RS07165 |
| kguD | 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase | HALLA_RS00175 | HALLA_RS18250 |
| kguK | 2-ketogluconokinase | HALLA_RS15950 | HALLA_RS11120 |
| kguT | 2-ketogluconate transporter | ||
| manX | glucose PTS, enzyme EIIAB | ||
| manY | glucose PTS, enzyme EIIC | ||
| manZ | glucose PTS, enzyme EIID | ||
| mglA | glucose ABC transporter, ATP-binding component (MglA) | HALLA_RS06245 | HALLA_RS17515 |
| mglB | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | ||
| mglC | glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | HALLA_RS17510 | |
| msdB1 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MsdB1) | ||
| msdB2 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MsdB2) | HALLA_RS17035 | HALLA_RS15060 |
| msdC1 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MsdC1) | ||
| msdC2 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MsdC2) | ||
| msiK | cellobiose ABC transporter, ATPase component | HALLA_RS18685 | HALLA_RS15990 |
| PAST-A | proton-associated sugar transporter A | ||
| pgmA | alpha-phosphoglucomutase | HALLA_RS00130 | HALLA_RS08790 |
| ptsG | glucose PTS, enzyme IICB | ||
| ptsG-crr | glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | ||
| SemiSWEET | Sugar transporter SemiSWEET | ||
| SMc04256 | cellobiose ABC transporter, ATPase component | HALLA_RS18685 | HALLA_RS15990 |
| SMc04257 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 1 | HALLA_RS18680 | HALLA_RS16285 |
| SMc04258 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 2 | HALLA_RS18675 | |
| SMc04259 | cellobiose ABC transporter, substrate-binding protein | ||
| SSS-glucose | Sodium/glucose cotransporter | ||
| SWEET1 | bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET1 | ||
| TM0027 | cellobiose ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 | HALLA_RS00190 | HALLA_RS18150 |
| TM0028 | cellobiose ABC transporter, ATPase component 1 | HALLA_RS00190 | HALLA_RS17915 |
| TM0029 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 2 | HALLA_RS16100 | HALLA_RS07605 |
| TM0030 | cellobiose ABC transporter, permease component 1 | HALLA_RS16105 | HALLA_RS18155 |
| TM0031 | cellobiose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | ||
Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:
Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:
Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
For more information, see:
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know
by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory