L-arginine catabolism in Azospirillum thiophilum BV-S

Best path

braC, braD, braE, braF, braG, rocF, ocd, put1, putA

Rules

Overview: Arginine utilization in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-arginine degradation I via arginase (link); II via arginine succinyltransferase (link), III via arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase (link), IV via arginine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase (link), V via arginine deiminase (link), VI (arginase 2, link), VII (arginase 3, link), VIII via arginase oxidase (link), IX via arginine:pyruvate transaminase (link), X via arginine monooxygenase (link), XIII via proline (link), and XIV via D-ornithine (link). Common intermediates are L-ornithine or L-proline. GapMind does not include pathways XI (link), which is poorly understood, or XII (link), which is not reported in prokaryotes.

• all:
  • arginine-transport, rocF and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arginine-succinyltransferase, astB, astC, astD and astE
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, speB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, aguA, aguB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arcA, arcB, arcC and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aroD, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aruH, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arg-monooxygenase, gbamidase, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Pathways I, VI, or VII begin with rocF (arginase), which forms ornithine and urea. (The urea might not be utilized, so urease is not described here.) They differ in how the ornithine is catabolized. Pathway II begins with arginine succinyltransferase and ends with succinate and glutamate. The succinate would then be activated to succinyl-CoA to restart the cycle, or the glutamate might be oxidized to succinyl-CoA; these steps are not included here. Pathway III begins with decarboxylation to agmatine by adiA, followed by hydrolysis to putrescine and urea. Pathway IV begins with adiA and agmatine deiminase (aguA), which yields N-carbamoylputrescine; this is hydrolyzed to putrescine and urea. Pathway V begins with arginine deiminase (arcA), forming citrulline, and and a carbamoyltransferase forms carbamoyl-phosphate and ornithine. The carbamoyl-phosphate is consumed by carbamate kinase (in reverse, forming ammonia and CO2 and ATP). Pathway VIII begins with arginine oxidase aroD, which forms 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoarginine); this is converted to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA). Pathway IX is similar to pathway VIII but the transaminase aruH forms the 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate. Pathway X involves arginine 2-monooxygenase (decarboxylating), forming 4-guanidinobutyramide, and an amidase, forming 4-guanidinobutyrate, which is consumed as in pathway VIII or IX.
• ornithine-degradation:
  • aruF, aruG, astC, astD and astE
  • or rocD and rocA
  • or rocD, PRO3 and proline-degradation
  • or ocd and proline-degradation
  • or odc and putrescine-degradation
  • or orr, oraS, oraE, ord, ortA and ortB
  • Comment: Ornithine is a common intermediate. It can be succinylated by aruFG and then catabolized by the later steps of the arginine succinyltransferase pathway, via aminotransferase, dehydrogenase, and desuccinylase reactions (see PMC179677 and PMID:7523119). Or as part of L-arginine degradation I, the aminotransferase rocD converts ornithine to glutamate 5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously converts to 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. A dehydrogenase converts this to glutamate. Or 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate can be reduced to proline by PRO3, as in L-arginine degradation VI. Alternatively, ornithine can be converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase (ocd). Or ornithine can be decarboxylated to putrescine by odc (link). Or ornithine can be catabolized via D-ornithine, as in L-arginine degradation XIV. A racemase converts L-ornithine to D-ornithine; an aminomutase forms (2R,4S) 2,4-diaminopentanoate; a dehydrogenase forms (2R)-2-amino-4-oxopentanoate, and a thiolase cleaves it to D-alanine and acetyl-CoA. D-alanine could be oxidized to pyruvate or perhaps secreted; this is not described here.
• arginine-succinyltransferase:
  • aruF and aruG
  • or astA
• proline-degradation:
  • put1 and putA
  • or prdF, D-proline-reductase and 5-aminovalerate-degradation
  • Comment: In pathway I, proline dehydrogenase (put1) forms (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which spontaneously hydrates to L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, and a dehydrogenase (putA) to glutamate. Glutamate can be transaminated to 2-oxoglutarate, which is an intermediate in central metabolism (not represented). In pathway II, proline racemase (prdF) forms D-proline, and a reductase forms 5-aminovalerate.
• D-proline-reductase: prdA, prdB and prdC
  • Comment: D-proline reductase includes components PrdA and PrdB and electron transfer protein PrdC
• 5-aminovalerate-degradation: davT, davD and glutarate-degradation
  • Comment: 5-aminovalerate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation (link, link). It is transaminated to glutarate semialdehyde and oxidized to glutarate. (A fermentative pathway via 5-hydroxyvalerate has also been reported, but does not seem to be fully linked to sequence; see pathway 5 of PMID:11759672.)
• glutarate-degradation:
  • glaH and lhgD
  • or gcdG and glutaryl-CoA-degradation
  • Comment: Glutarate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation. As part of MetaCyc pathway L-lysine degradation I (link), gluratate is hydroxylated to L-2-hydroxyglutarate (also known as (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate) by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidase. This reaction releases succinate (a TCA cycle intermediate) and CO2. A dehydrogenase then oxidizes to L-2-hydroxyglutarate to regenerate 2-oxoglutarate. Alternatively, as part of pathway IV (link), glutarate can be activated to glutaryl-CoA by a CoA-transferase. Glutaryl-CoA degradation (link) involves glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) to crotonyl-CoA (trans-but-2-enoyl-CoA), hydration to (S)-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidization to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleavage by a C-acetyltransferase to two acetyl-CoA.
• glutaryl-CoA-degradation: gcdH, ech, fadB and atoB
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway glutaryl-CoA degradation (link), glutaryl-CoA is oxidized to (E)-glutaconyl-CoA and oxidatively decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA (both by the same enzyme), hydrated to 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidized to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleaved to two acetyl-CoA.
• GABA-degradation: gabT and gabD
  • Comment: GABA (4-aminobutanoate) is consumed by an aminotransferase (known as gabT or puuE), which forms succinate semialdehyde, and dehydrogenase gabD, which forms succinate.
• putrescine-degradation: putrescine-to-GABA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Gamma-aminobutyrate is a common intermediate.
• putrescine-to-GABA:
  • patA and patD
  • or puuA, puuB, puuC and puuD
  • or puo and patD
  • Comment: In pathway I or pathway V, putrescine aminotransferase (patA or spuC) forms 4-aminobutanal, and dehydrogenase patD forms GABA. In pathway II, putrescine is converted to GABA with glutamylated intermedates: puuA forms gamma-glutamyl-putrescine, an oxidase forms 4-(gamma-glutaminylamino)butanal, a dehydrogenase forms 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanoate, and a hydrolase releases glutamate and GABA. As part of pathway IV, putrescine oxidase (puo) forms 4-aminobutanal, which is probably converted to GABA by dehydrogenase patD.
• arginine-transport:
  • artJ, artM, artP and artQ
  • or bgtB and artP
  • or braC, braD, braE, braF and braG
  • or rocE
  • or AAP3
  • or CAT1
  • or Can1
  • Comment: Transporters were identified using: query: transporter:arginine:L-arginine:arg.

71 steps (45 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
braC	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, substrate-binding component BraC	AL072_RS29535	AL072_RS26400
braD	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 1 (BraD)	AL072_RS26405	AL072_RS29560
braE	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 2 (BraE)	AL072_RS29555	AL072_RS26410
braF	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 1 (BraF)	AL072_RS29550	AL072_RS06650
braG	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 2 (BraG)	AL072_RS29545	AL072_RS06655
rocF	arginase	AL072_RS26770	AL072_RS29110
ocd	ornithine cyclodeaminase	AL072_RS26765	AL072_RS05395
put1	proline dehydrogenase	AL072_RS30065	AL072_RS27360
putA	L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase	AL072_RS30065	AL072_RS22360
Alternative steps:
AAP3	L-arginine transporter AAP3
adiA	arginine decarboxylase (AdiA/SpeA)	AL072_RS17470	AL072_RS01275
aguA	agmatine deiminase	AL072_RS15560
aguB	N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase	AL072_RS13110
arcA	arginine deiminase
arcB	ornithine carbamoyltransferase	AL072_RS06090	AL072_RS12500
arcC	carbamate kinase
arg-monooxygenase	arginine 2-monooxygenase
aroD	L-arginine oxidase
artJ	L-arginine ABC transporter, periplasmic substrate-binding component ArtJ/HisJ/ArtI/AotJ/ArgT	AL072_RS27370	AL072_RS05010
artM	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ArtM/HisM/AotM)	AL072_RS05000	AL072_RS27395
artP	L-arginine ABC transporter, ATPase component ArtP/HisP/AotP/BgtA	AL072_RS05015	AL072_RS13310
artQ	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ArtQ/HisQ/AotQ)	AL072_RS05005	AL072_RS17020
aruF	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAI (AruF)
aruG	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAII (AruG)
aruH	L-arginine:pyruvate transaminase	AL072_RS05310	AL072_RS10005
aruI	2-ketoarginine decarboxylase	AL072_RS14445
astA	arginine N-succinyltransferase
astB	N-succinylarginine dihydrolase
astC	succinylornithine transaminase	AL072_RS06095	AL072_RS03735
astD	succinylglutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	AL072_RS15340	AL072_RS30065
astE	succinylglutamate desuccinylase
atoB	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	AL072_RS07385	AL072_RS27145
bgtB	L-arginine ABC transporter, fused substrate-binding and permease components (BgtB/BgtAB)
Can1	L-arginine transporter Can1
CAT1	L-arginine transporter CAT1
davD	glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	AL072_RS15340	AL072_RS17645
davT	5-aminovalerate aminotransferase	AL072_RS15345	AL072_RS06095
ech	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase	AL072_RS03915	AL072_RS16345
fadB	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase	AL072_RS22455	AL072_RS28595
gabD	succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	AL072_RS15340	AL072_RS22460
gabT	gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase	AL072_RS15345	AL072_RS03735
gbamidase	guanidinobutyramidase	AL072_RS13110
gbuA	guanidinobutyrase	AL072_RS29110	AL072_RS21280
gcdG	succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase	AL072_RS15350	AL072_RS16360
gcdH	glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase	AL072_RS24310	AL072_RS28320
glaH	glutarate 2-hydroxylase, succinate-releasing (GlaH or CsiD)
kauB	4-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	AL072_RS26660	AL072_RS23920
lhgD	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase or oxidase (LhgD or LhgO)	AL072_RS07155
odc	L-ornithine decarboxylase	AL072_RS17470	AL072_RS01275
oraE	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, beta (E) subunit
oraS	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, alpha (S) subunit
ord	2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase
orr	ornithine racemase
ortA	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, alpha subunit
ortB	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, beta subunit
patA	putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC)	AL072_RS03735	AL072_RS17640
patD	gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	AL072_RS22360	AL072_RS17755
prdA	D-proline reductase, prdA component
prdB	D-proline reductase, prdB component
prdC	D-proline reductase, electron transfer component PrdC
prdF	proline racemase
PRO3	pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase	AL072_RS11160
puo	putrescine oxidase
puuA	glutamate-putrescine ligase	AL072_RS15510	AL072_RS13900
puuB	gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidase	AL072_RS15505	AL072_RS18510
puuC	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	AL072_RS26660	AL072_RS23920
puuD	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase	AL072_RS06730	AL072_RS11645
rocA	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase	AL072_RS30065	AL072_RS22360
rocD	ornithine aminotransferase	AL072_RS15345	AL072_RS03735
rocE	L-arginine permease
speB	agmatinase	AL072_RS29110

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.