Overview: Maltose utilization in GapMind is based on the MetaCyc pathway via maltose phosphorylase (link), or a phosphotransferase system followed by 6-phospho-alphaglucosidase, or a phosphotransferase system followed by a phosphatase back to maltose followed by maltose phosphorylase, or hydrolysis by alpha-glucosidase after uptake, or periplasmic hydrolysis by alpha-glucosidase followed by glucose utilization.
Or see definitions of steps
| Step | Description | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
|---|---|---|---|
| MAL11 | maltose permease | ||
| susB | alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | I601_RS03405 | I601_RS09205 |
| glk | glucokinase | I601_RS13245 | I601_RS13250 |
| Alternative steps: | |||
| aglE | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component AglK | ||
| aglE' | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (AglE) | ||
| aglF | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (AglF) | ||
| aglF' | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (AglF) | ||
| aglG | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (AglG) | I601_RS10135 | |
| aglG' | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (AglG) | I601_RS10135 | |
| aglK | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component AglK | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS12740 |
| aglK' | glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (AglK) | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS08935 |
| bglF | glucose PTS, enzyme II (BCA components, BglF) | ||
| crr | glucose PTS, enzyme IIA | ||
| cscB | maltose permease | ||
| eda | 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | ||
| edd | phosphogluconate dehydratase | I601_RS12050 | |
| gadh1 | gluconate 2-dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit | ||
| gadh2 | gluconate 2-dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit | ||
| gadh3 | gluconate 2-dehydrogenase subunit 3 | ||
| gdh | quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase | I601_RS12010 | I601_RS06040 |
| glcS | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GlcS) | ||
| glcT | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GlcT) | ||
| glcU | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GlcU) | ||
| glcU' | Glucose uptake protein GlcU | ||
| glcV | glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GclV) | I601_RS08935 | I601_RS10130 |
| gnl | gluconolactonase | ||
| gtsA | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GtsA) | ||
| gtsB | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GtsB) | ||
| gtsC | glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GtsC) | I601_RS10135 | |
| gtsD | glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GtsD) | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS08935 |
| kguD | 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase | I601_RS08965 | I601_RS02455 |
| kguK | 2-ketogluconokinase | ||
| kguT | 2-ketogluconate transporter | ||
| malA | 6-phospho-alphaglucosidase | ||
| malAP | maltose permease | ||
| malE | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MalE | ||
| malE1 | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (MalE1/MalE2) | ||
| malE_Aa | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | ||
| malE_Ss | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | ||
| malEF_Bb | maltose ABC transporter, fused substrate-binding and permease component 1 | ||
| malEIIA | maltose phosphotransferase system, EII-A component (PtsG/YpqE/GamP) | ||
| malEIICB | maltose phosphotransferase system, EII-CB components curated:SwissProt::P54715 | ||
| malEIICBA | maltose phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | ||
| malF | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MalF) | ||
| malF1 | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MalF1) | ||
| malF_Aa | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 | ||
| malF_Sm | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 | ||
| malF_Ss | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 | ||
| malG | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MalG) | I601_RS10135 | |
| malG1 | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MalG1/MalG2) | ||
| malG_Aa | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 | ||
| malG_Bb | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 | I601_RS10135 | |
| malG_Sm | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 | ||
| malG_Ss | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 | ||
| malI | maltose transporter | ||
| malK | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component MalK | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS12740 |
| malK1 | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS12740 |
| malK_Aa | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS08935 |
| malK_Bb | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS08935 |
| malK_Sm | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS12740 |
| malK_Ss | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component | I601_RS05850 | I601_RS16460 |
| malP | maltose phosphorylase | I601_RS12040 | |
| malX_Sm | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | ||
| manX | glucose PTS, enzyme EIIAB | ||
| manY | glucose PTS, enzyme EIIC | ||
| manZ | glucose PTS, enzyme EIID | ||
| mapP | maltose 6'-phosphate phosphatase | ||
| MFS-glucose | glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | ||
| mglA | glucose ABC transporter, ATP-binding component (MglA) | I601_RS01185 | I601_RS01500 |
| mglB | glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | ||
| mglC | glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | ||
| musE | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MusE | ||
| musF | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MusF) | ||
| musG | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MusG) | ||
| musI | maltose ABC transporter, uncharacterized membrane component MusI | ||
| musK | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component MusK | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS08935 |
| PAST-A | proton-associated sugar transporter A | ||
| pgmB | beta-phosphoglucomutase | I601_RS12045 | I601_RS16495 |
| ptsG | glucose PTS, enzyme IICB | ||
| ptsG-crr | glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | ||
| SemiSWEET | Sugar transporter SemiSWEET | ||
| SSS-glucose | Sodium/glucose cotransporter | ||
| SUC2 | maltose:H+ symporter | ||
| SUT1 | maltose:H+ symporter | ||
| SWEET1 | bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET1 | ||
| thuE | maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component ThuE | ||
| thuF | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ThuF) | I601_RS10140 | |
| thuG | maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ThuG) | I601_RS10135 | I601_RS04520 |
| thuK | maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component ThuK | I601_RS10130 | I601_RS12740 |
Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:
Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:
Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
For more information, see:
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know
by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory