L-arginine catabolism in Rhodobacter johrii JA192

Best path

bgtB, artP, rocF, odc, puuA, puuB, puuC, puuD, gabT, gabD

Rules

Overview: Arginine utilization in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-arginine degradation I via arginase (link); II via arginine succinyltransferase (link), III via arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase (link), IV via arginine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase (link), V via arginine deiminase (link), VI (arginase 2, link), VII (arginase 3, link), VIII via arginase oxidase (link), IX via arginine:pyruvate transaminase (link), X via arginine monooxygenase (link), XIII via proline (link), and XIV via D-ornithine (link). Common intermediates are L-ornithine or L-proline. GapMind does not include pathways XI (link), which is poorly understood, or XII (link), which is not reported in prokaryotes.

• all:
  • arginine-transport, rocF and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arginine-succinyltransferase, astB, astC, astD and astE
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, speB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, aguA, aguB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arcA, arcB, arcC and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aroD, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aruH, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arg-monooxygenase, gbamidase, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Pathways I, VI, or VII begin with rocF (arginase), which forms ornithine and urea. (The urea might not be utilized, so urease is not described here.) They differ in how the ornithine is catabolized. Pathway II begins with arginine succinyltransferase and ends with succinate and glutamate. The succinate would then be activated to succinyl-CoA to restart the cycle, or the glutamate might be oxidized to succinyl-CoA; these steps are not included here. Pathway III begins with decarboxylation to agmatine by adiA, followed by hydrolysis to putrescine and urea. Pathway IV begins with adiA and agmatine deiminase (aguA), which yields N-carbamoylputrescine; this is hydrolyzed to putrescine and urea. Pathway V begins with arginine deiminase (arcA), forming citrulline, and and a carbamoyltransferase forms carbamoyl-phosphate and ornithine. The carbamoyl-phosphate is consumed by carbamate kinase (in reverse, forming ammonia and CO2 and ATP). Pathway VIII begins with arginine oxidase aroD, which forms 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoarginine); this is converted to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA). Pathway IX is similar to pathway VIII but the transaminase aruH forms the 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate. Pathway X involves arginine 2-monooxygenase (decarboxylating), forming 4-guanidinobutyramide, and an amidase, forming 4-guanidinobutyrate, which is consumed as in pathway VIII or IX.
• ornithine-degradation:
  • aruF, aruG, astC, astD and astE
  • or rocD and rocA
  • or rocD, PRO3 and proline-degradation
  • or ocd and proline-degradation
  • or odc and putrescine-degradation
  • or orr, oraS, oraE, ord, ortA and ortB
  • Comment: Ornithine is a common intermediate. It can be succinylated by aruFG and then catabolized by the later steps of the arginine succinyltransferase pathway, via aminotransferase, dehydrogenase, and desuccinylase reactions (see PMC179677 and PMID:7523119). Or as part of L-arginine degradation I, the aminotransferase rocD converts ornithine to glutamate 5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously converts to 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. A dehydrogenase converts this to glutamate. Or 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate can be reduced to proline by PRO3, as in L-arginine degradation VI. Alternatively, ornithine can be converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase (ocd). Or ornithine can be decarboxylated to putrescine by odc (link). Or ornithine can be catabolized via D-ornithine, as in L-arginine degradation XIV. A racemase converts L-ornithine to D-ornithine; an aminomutase forms (2R,4S) 2,4-diaminopentanoate; a dehydrogenase forms (2R)-2-amino-4-oxopentanoate, and a thiolase cleaves it to D-alanine and acetyl-CoA. D-alanine could be oxidized to pyruvate or perhaps secreted; this is not described here.
• arginine-succinyltransferase:
  • aruF and aruG
  • or astA
• proline-degradation:
  • put1 and putA
  • or prdF, D-proline-reductase and 5-aminovalerate-degradation
  • Comment: In pathway I, proline dehydrogenase (put1) forms (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which spontaneously hydrates to L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, and a dehydrogenase (putA) to glutamate. Glutamate can be transaminated to 2-oxoglutarate, which is an intermediate in central metabolism (not represented). In pathway II, proline racemase (prdF) forms D-proline, and a reductase forms 5-aminovalerate.
• D-proline-reductase: prdA, prdB and prdC
  • Comment: D-proline reductase includes components PrdA and PrdB and electron transfer protein PrdC
• 5-aminovalerate-degradation: davT, davD and glutarate-degradation
  • Comment: 5-aminovalerate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation (link, link). It is transaminated to glutarate semialdehyde and oxidized to glutarate. (A fermentative pathway via 5-hydroxyvalerate has also been reported, but does not seem to be fully linked to sequence; see pathway 5 of PMID:11759672.)
• glutarate-degradation:
  • glaH and lhgD
  • or gcdG and glutaryl-CoA-degradation
  • Comment: Glutarate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation. As part of MetaCyc pathway L-lysine degradation I (link), gluratate is hydroxylated to L-2-hydroxyglutarate (also known as (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate) by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidase. This reaction releases succinate (a TCA cycle intermediate) and CO2. A dehydrogenase then oxidizes to L-2-hydroxyglutarate to regenerate 2-oxoglutarate. Alternatively, as part of pathway IV (link), glutarate can be activated to glutaryl-CoA by a CoA-transferase. Glutaryl-CoA degradation (link) involves glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) to crotonyl-CoA (trans-but-2-enoyl-CoA), hydration to (S)-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidization to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleavage by a C-acetyltransferase to two acetyl-CoA.
• glutaryl-CoA-degradation: gcdH, ech, fadB and atoB
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway glutaryl-CoA degradation (link), glutaryl-CoA is oxidized to (E)-glutaconyl-CoA and oxidatively decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA (both by the same enzyme), hydrated to 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidized to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleaved to two acetyl-CoA.
• GABA-degradation: gabT and gabD
  • Comment: GABA (4-aminobutanoate) is consumed by an aminotransferase (known as gabT or puuE), which forms succinate semialdehyde, and dehydrogenase gabD, which forms succinate.
• putrescine-degradation: putrescine-to-GABA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Gamma-aminobutyrate is a common intermediate.
• putrescine-to-GABA:
  • patA and patD
  • or puuA, puuB, puuC and puuD
  • or puo and patD
  • Comment: In pathway I or pathway V, putrescine aminotransferase (patA or spuC) forms 4-aminobutanal, and dehydrogenase patD forms GABA. In pathway II, putrescine is converted to GABA with glutamylated intermedates: puuA forms gamma-glutamyl-putrescine, an oxidase forms 4-(gamma-glutaminylamino)butanal, a dehydrogenase forms 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanoate, and a hydrolase releases glutamate and GABA. As part of pathway IV, putrescine oxidase (puo) forms 4-aminobutanal, which is probably converted to GABA by dehydrogenase patD.
• arginine-transport:
  • artJ, artM, artP and artQ
  • or bgtB and artP
  • or braC, braD, braE, braF and braG
  • or rocE
  • or AAP3
  • or CAT1
  • or Can1
  • Comment: Transporters were identified using: query: transporter:arginine:L-arginine:arg.

71 steps (41 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
bgtB	L-arginine ABC transporter, fused substrate-binding and permease components (BgtB/BgtAB)
artP	L-arginine ABC transporter, ATPase component ArtP/HisP/AotP/BgtA	C8J29_RS08565	C8J29_RS17495
rocF	arginase	C8J29_RS04820	C8J29_RS17485
odc	L-ornithine decarboxylase	C8J29_RS01770
puuA	glutamate-putrescine ligase	C8J29_RS08595	C8J29_RS21560
puuB	gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidase	C8J29_RS08600	C8J29_RS09920
puuC	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS15140	C8J29_RS18895
puuD	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase	C8J29_RS07905	C8J29_RS01825
gabT	gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase	C8J29_RS14045	C8J29_RS08610
gabD	succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS11935	C8J29_RS18180
Alternative steps:
AAP3	L-arginine transporter AAP3
adiA	arginine decarboxylase (AdiA/SpeA)
aguA	agmatine deiminase
aguB	N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase
arcA	arginine deiminase
arcB	ornithine carbamoyltransferase	C8J29_RS01860	C8J29_RS11885
arcC	carbamate kinase
arg-monooxygenase	arginine 2-monooxygenase
aroD	L-arginine oxidase
artJ	L-arginine ABC transporter, periplasmic substrate-binding component ArtJ/HisJ/ArtI/AotJ/ArgT	C8J29_RS08570
artM	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ArtM/HisM/AotM)	C8J29_RS08580	C8J29_RS17490
artQ	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ArtQ/HisQ/AotQ)	C8J29_RS17490	C8J29_RS08575
aruF	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAI (AruF)
aruG	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAII (AruG)
aruH	L-arginine:pyruvate transaminase	C8J29_RS10635	C8J29_RS14850
aruI	2-ketoarginine decarboxylase	C8J29_RS17890	C8J29_RS04845
astA	arginine N-succinyltransferase
astB	N-succinylarginine dihydrolase
astC	succinylornithine transaminase	C8J29_RS01855	C8J29_RS17815
astD	succinylglutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS18670	C8J29_RS15140
astE	succinylglutamate desuccinylase
atoB	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	C8J29_RS10515	C8J29_RS13675
braC	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, substrate-binding component BraC
braD	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 1 (BraD)	C8J29_RS18430	C8J29_RS16350
braE	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 2 (BraE)	C8J29_RS03030	C8J29_RS16355
braF	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 1 (BraF)	C8J29_RS03045	C8J29_RS18420
braG	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 2 (BraG)	C8J29_RS03020	C8J29_RS18415
Can1	L-arginine transporter Can1
CAT1	L-arginine transporter CAT1
davD	glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS11935	C8J29_RS18670
davT	5-aminovalerate aminotransferase	C8J29_RS17815	C8J29_RS01855
ech	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase	C8J29_RS16095	C8J29_RS18410
fadB	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS15150	C8J29_RS02600
gbamidase	guanidinobutyramidase	C8J29_RS20260	C8J29_RS14685
gbuA	guanidinobutyrase	C8J29_RS16950	C8J29_RS17485
gcdG	succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase	C8J29_RS19410	C8J29_RS15305
gcdH	glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS16320	C8J29_RS04200
glaH	glutarate 2-hydroxylase, succinate-releasing (GlaH or CsiD)
kauB	4-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS15140	C8J29_RS18895
lhgD	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase or oxidase (LhgD or LhgO)	C8J29_RS09065
ocd	ornithine cyclodeaminase
oraE	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, beta (E) subunit
oraS	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, alpha (S) subunit
ord	2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase
orr	ornithine racemase
ortA	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, alpha subunit
ortB	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, beta subunit
patA	putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC)	C8J29_RS14045	C8J29_RS15145
patD	gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS02515	C8J29_RS15140
prdA	D-proline reductase, prdA component
prdB	D-proline reductase, prdB component
prdC	D-proline reductase, electron transfer component PrdC
prdF	proline racemase	C8J29_RS15075
PRO3	pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase	C8J29_RS14535	C8J29_RS19030
puo	putrescine oxidase
put1	proline dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS02430
putA	L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS02430	C8J29_RS15140
rocA	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase	C8J29_RS02430	C8J29_RS15140
rocD	ornithine aminotransferase	C8J29_RS14045	C8J29_RS11575
rocE	L-arginine permease
speB	agmatinase	C8J29_RS06180	C8J29_RS16950

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.