L-arginine catabolism in Pseudomonas litoralis 2SM5

Best path

artJ, artM, artP, artQ, adiA, aguA, aguB, patA, patD, gabT, gabD

Rules

Overview: Arginine utilization in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-arginine degradation I via arginase (link); II via arginine succinyltransferase (link), III via arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase (link), IV via arginine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase (link), V via arginine deiminase (link), VI (arginase 2, link), VII (arginase 3, link), VIII via arginase oxidase (link), IX via arginine:pyruvate transaminase (link), X via arginine monooxygenase (link), XIII via proline (link), and XIV via D-ornithine (link). Common intermediates are L-ornithine or L-proline. GapMind does not include pathways XI (link), which is poorly understood, or XII (link), which is not reported in prokaryotes.

• all:
  • arginine-transport, rocF and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arginine-succinyltransferase, astB, astC, astD and astE
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, speB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, aguA, aguB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arcA, arcB, arcC and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aroD, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aruH, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arg-monooxygenase, gbamidase, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Pathways I, VI, or VII begin with rocF (arginase), which forms ornithine and urea. (The urea might not be utilized, so urease is not described here.) They differ in how the ornithine is catabolized. Pathway II begins with arginine succinyltransferase and ends with succinate and glutamate. The succinate would then be activated to succinyl-CoA to restart the cycle, or the glutamate might be oxidized to succinyl-CoA; these steps are not included here. Pathway III begins with decarboxylation to agmatine by adiA, followed by hydrolysis to putrescine and urea. Pathway IV begins with adiA and agmatine deiminase (aguA), which yields N-carbamoylputrescine; this is hydrolyzed to putrescine and urea. Pathway V begins with arginine deiminase (arcA), forming citrulline, and and a carbamoyltransferase forms carbamoyl-phosphate and ornithine. The carbamoyl-phosphate is consumed by carbamate kinase (in reverse, forming ammonia and CO2 and ATP). Pathway VIII begins with arginine oxidase aroD, which forms 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoarginine); this is converted to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA). Pathway IX is similar to pathway VIII but the transaminase aruH forms the 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate. Pathway X involves arginine 2-monooxygenase (decarboxylating), forming 4-guanidinobutyramide, and an amidase, forming 4-guanidinobutyrate, which is consumed as in pathway VIII or IX.
• ornithine-degradation:
  • aruF, aruG, astC, astD and astE
  • or rocD and rocA
  • or rocD, PRO3 and proline-degradation
  • or ocd and proline-degradation
  • or odc and putrescine-degradation
  • or orr, oraS, oraE, ord, ortA and ortB
  • Comment: Ornithine is a common intermediate. It can be succinylated by aruFG and then catabolized by the later steps of the arginine succinyltransferase pathway, via aminotransferase, dehydrogenase, and desuccinylase reactions (see PMC179677 and PMID:7523119). Or as part of L-arginine degradation I, the aminotransferase rocD converts ornithine to glutamate 5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously converts to 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. A dehydrogenase converts this to glutamate. Or 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate can be reduced to proline by PRO3, as in L-arginine degradation VI. Alternatively, ornithine can be converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase (ocd). Or ornithine can be decarboxylated to putrescine by odc (link). Or ornithine can be catabolized via D-ornithine, as in L-arginine degradation XIV. A racemase converts L-ornithine to D-ornithine; an aminomutase forms (2R,4S) 2,4-diaminopentanoate; a dehydrogenase forms (2R)-2-amino-4-oxopentanoate, and a thiolase cleaves it to D-alanine and acetyl-CoA. D-alanine could be oxidized to pyruvate or perhaps secreted; this is not described here.
• arginine-succinyltransferase:
  • aruF and aruG
  • or astA
• proline-degradation:
  • put1 and putA
  • or prdF, D-proline-reductase and 5-aminovalerate-degradation
  • Comment: In pathway I, proline dehydrogenase (put1) forms (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which spontaneously hydrates to L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, and a dehydrogenase (putA) to glutamate. Glutamate can be transaminated to 2-oxoglutarate, which is an intermediate in central metabolism (not represented). In pathway II, proline racemase (prdF) forms D-proline, and a reductase forms 5-aminovalerate.
• D-proline-reductase: prdA, prdB and prdC
  • Comment: D-proline reductase includes components PrdA and PrdB and electron transfer protein PrdC
• 5-aminovalerate-degradation: davT, davD and glutarate-degradation
  • Comment: 5-aminovalerate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation (link, link). It is transaminated to glutarate semialdehyde and oxidized to glutarate. (A fermentative pathway via 5-hydroxyvalerate has also been reported, but does not seem to be fully linked to sequence; see pathway 5 of PMID:11759672.)
• glutarate-degradation:
  • glaH and lhgD
  • or gcdG and glutaryl-CoA-degradation
  • Comment: Glutarate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation. As part of MetaCyc pathway L-lysine degradation I (link), gluratate is hydroxylated to L-2-hydroxyglutarate (also known as (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate) by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidase. This reaction releases succinate (a TCA cycle intermediate) and CO2. A dehydrogenase then oxidizes to L-2-hydroxyglutarate to regenerate 2-oxoglutarate. Alternatively, as part of pathway IV (link), glutarate can be activated to glutaryl-CoA by a CoA-transferase. Glutaryl-CoA degradation (link) involves glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) to crotonyl-CoA (trans-but-2-enoyl-CoA), hydration to (S)-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidization to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleavage by a C-acetyltransferase to two acetyl-CoA.
• glutaryl-CoA-degradation: gcdH, ech, fadB and atoB
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway glutaryl-CoA degradation (link), glutaryl-CoA is oxidized to (E)-glutaconyl-CoA and oxidatively decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA (both by the same enzyme), hydrated to 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidized to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleaved to two acetyl-CoA.
• GABA-degradation: gabT and gabD
  • Comment: GABA (4-aminobutanoate) is consumed by an aminotransferase (known as gabT or puuE), which forms succinate semialdehyde, and dehydrogenase gabD, which forms succinate.
• putrescine-degradation: putrescine-to-GABA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Gamma-aminobutyrate is a common intermediate.
• putrescine-to-GABA:
  • patA and patD
  • or puuA, puuB, puuC and puuD
  • or puo and patD
  • Comment: In pathway I or pathway V, putrescine aminotransferase (patA or spuC) forms 4-aminobutanal, and dehydrogenase patD forms GABA. In pathway II, putrescine is converted to GABA with glutamylated intermedates: puuA forms gamma-glutamyl-putrescine, an oxidase forms 4-(gamma-glutaminylamino)butanal, a dehydrogenase forms 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanoate, and a hydrolase releases glutamate and GABA. As part of pathway IV, putrescine oxidase (puo) forms 4-aminobutanal, which is probably converted to GABA by dehydrogenase patD.
• arginine-transport:
  • artJ, artM, artP and artQ
  • or bgtB and artP
  • or braC, braD, braE, braF and braG
  • or rocE
  • or AAP3
  • or CAT1
  • or Can1
  • Comment: Transporters were identified using: query: transporter:arginine:L-arginine:arg.

71 steps (44 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
artJ	L-arginine ABC transporter, periplasmic substrate-binding component ArtJ/HisJ/ArtI/AotJ/ArgT	BLU11_RS14495
artM	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ArtM/HisM/AotM)	BLU11_RS14485	BLU11_RS14490
artP	L-arginine ABC transporter, ATPase component ArtP/HisP/AotP/BgtA	BLU11_RS14500	BLU11_RS18455
artQ	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ArtQ/HisQ/AotQ)	BLU11_RS14490	BLU11_RS14485
adiA	arginine decarboxylase (AdiA/SpeA)	BLU11_RS03940	BLU11_RS04715
aguA	agmatine deiminase	BLU11_RS14765
aguB	N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase	BLU11_RS14770
patA	putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC)	BLU11_RS14805	BLU11_RS18580
patD	gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS01865	BLU11_RS08335
gabT	gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase	BLU11_RS14805	BLU11_RS09740
gabD	succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS07285	BLU11_RS14925
Alternative steps:
AAP3	L-arginine transporter AAP3
arcA	arginine deiminase
arcB	ornithine carbamoyltransferase	BLU11_RS10290	BLU11_RS17815
arcC	carbamate kinase
arg-monooxygenase	arginine 2-monooxygenase
aroD	L-arginine oxidase
aruF	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAI (AruF)	BLU11_RS10760	BLU11_RS10755
aruG	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAII (AruG)	BLU11_RS10755	BLU11_RS10760
aruH	L-arginine:pyruvate transaminase	BLU11_RS00375
aruI	2-ketoarginine decarboxylase	BLU11_RS00445
astA	arginine N-succinyltransferase	BLU11_RS10755	BLU11_RS10760
astB	N-succinylarginine dihydrolase
astC	succinylornithine transaminase	BLU11_RS10765	BLU11_RS00885
astD	succinylglutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS14925	BLU11_RS07260
astE	succinylglutamate desuccinylase
atoB	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	BLU11_RS15740	BLU11_RS15515
bgtB	L-arginine ABC transporter, fused substrate-binding and permease components (BgtB/BgtAB)
braC	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, substrate-binding component BraC	BLU11_RS03770
braD	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 1 (BraD)	BLU11_RS03765
braE	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 2 (BraE)	BLU11_RS03760
braF	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 1 (BraF)	BLU11_RS03755	BLU11_RS03750
braG	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 2 (BraG)	BLU11_RS03750	BLU11_RS03755
Can1	L-arginine transporter Can1
CAT1	L-arginine transporter CAT1
davD	glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS14925	BLU11_RS07285
davT	5-aminovalerate aminotransferase	BLU11_RS00885	BLU11_RS10765
ech	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase	BLU11_RS12290	BLU11_RS02050
fadB	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS06160	BLU11_RS15910
gbamidase	guanidinobutyramidase
gbuA	guanidinobutyrase
gcdG	succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase	BLU11_RS06185	BLU11_RS15305
gcdH	glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS13665	BLU11_RS12305
glaH	glutarate 2-hydroxylase, succinate-releasing (GlaH or CsiD)
kauB	4-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS01865	BLU11_RS07285
lhgD	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase or oxidase (LhgD or LhgO)	BLU11_RS14525
ocd	ornithine cyclodeaminase
odc	L-ornithine decarboxylase	BLU11_RS12970	BLU11_RS04715
oraE	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, beta (E) subunit
oraS	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, alpha (S) subunit
ord	2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase
orr	ornithine racemase
ortA	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, alpha subunit
ortB	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, beta subunit
prdA	D-proline reductase, prdA component
prdB	D-proline reductase, prdB component
prdC	D-proline reductase, electron transfer component PrdC
prdF	proline racemase	BLU11_RS07275
PRO3	pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase	BLU11_RS17770
puo	putrescine oxidase
put1	proline dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS15565
putA	L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS15565	BLU11_RS07260
puuA	glutamate-putrescine ligase	BLU11_RS14800	BLU11_RS14795
puuB	gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidase	BLU11_RS04655	BLU11_RS16965
puuC	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS01865	BLU11_RS07285
puuD	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase	BLU11_RS18905
rocA	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase	BLU11_RS15565	BLU11_RS07260
rocD	ornithine aminotransferase	BLU11_RS00885	BLU11_RS14805
rocE	L-arginine permease
rocF	arginase
speB	agmatinase

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.