L-tryptophan catabolism in Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2

GapMind for catabolism of small carbon sources

L-tryptophan catabolism in Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2

Best path

aroP, kynA, kynB, kyn, antA, antB, antC, catA, catB, catC, pcaD, pcaI, pcaJ, pcaF

Rules

Overview: Tryptophan degradation in GapMind is based on MetaCyc degradation pathways I via anthranilate (link), II via pyruvate (link), or IX via 3-hydroxyanthranilate (link). Pathway XII (link) overlaps with pathway I and is also represented. The other MetaCyc pathways do not yield fixed carbon or are not reported in prokaryotes, and are not included. For example, pathway IV yields indole-3-lactate, which could potentially be oxidized to indole-3-acetate, which has a known catabolic pathway, but no prokaryotes are known to consume tryptophan this way. Pathway VIII yields tryptophol (also known as indole-3-ethanol), which could potentially be oxidized to indole-3-acetate and consumed. Pathways X and XIII yield indole-3-propionate, which may spontaneously oxidize to kynurate, but kynurate catabolism is not reported.

all:

tryptophan-transport, kynA, kynB, kyn and anthranilate-degradation
or tryptophan-transport and tnaA
or tryptophan-transport, kynA, kynB, sibC, kyn and 3-hydroxyanthranilate-degradation
Comment: In pathway I, dioxygenase kynA opens the non-aromatic ring, to N-formyl-L-kynureine, a hydrolase yields L-kynurenine (and formate), and a hydrolase yields anthranilate and L-alanine. In pathway II, the tryptophan is hydrolyzed to indole and pyruvate, and the indole may be secreted (as in E. coli). In pathway IX, dioxygenase kynA forms N-formyl-L-kynurenine and a hydrolase forms L-kynurenine, as in pathway I; then, oxygenase sibC forms 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine, which is hydrolyzed to L-alanine and 3-hydroxyanthranilate.

anthranilate-degradation:

anthranilate-dioxygenase and catechol-degradation
or hpaH and 3-hydroxyanthranilate-degradation
Comment: In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation I (link), a dioxygenase cleaves off carbon dioxide and ammonia, leaving catechol. In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation IV (link), anthranilate hydroxylase/monooxygenase (hpaH) yields 3-hydroxyanthranilate. Additional pathways are not included: the fate of 2-amino-5-oxocyclohex-1-enecarboxyl-CoA is not known (link), and anthraniloyl-CoA reductase (the only anaerobic route known, link) has not been linked to sequence.

anthranilate-dioxygenase:

antA, antB and antC
or andAa, andAb, andAc and andAd
Comment: There are two forms of anthranilate dioxygenase, 3-subunit antABC or 4-subunit andAabcd.

3-hydroxyanthranilate-degradation: nbaC, nbaD, nbaE, nbaF, nbaG and 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate-degradation

Comment: 3-hydroxyanthranilate degradation is part of L-tryptophan degradation pathway XII (link). Dioxygenase NbaC cleaves the aromatic ring, yielding 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde, a decarboxylase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate semialdehyde, a dehydrogenase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate, a deaminase forms (3E)-2-oxo-3-hexenedioate (also known as 2-oxalocrotonate), and a decarboxylase forms (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD).

catechol-degradation:

xylE and 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde-degradation
or catA, catB, catC, pcaD and 3-oxoadipate-degradation
Comment: In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation to HPD I (meta-cleavage, link), dioxygenase xylE converts catechol to (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate (also known as 2-hydroxymuconate 6-semialdehyde). (Catechol degradation to HPD II also involves xylE and HPD, link.) In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation III (ortho-cleavage, link), the 1,2-dioxygenase catA forms cis,cis-muconate, a cycloisomerase forms (+)-muconolactone, an isomerase converts this to (4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-yl)-acetate (also known as 3-oxoadipate enol lactone), and a hydrolase cleaves this to 3-oxoadipate.

3-oxoadipate-degradation: 3-oxodipate-CoA-transferase and pcaF

Comment: MetaCyc pathway 3-oxoadipate degradation (link) involves activation by CoA (using succinyl-CoA) and a thiolase (succinyltransferase) reaction that splits it to acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA.

2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde-degradation:

praB, praC, praD and 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate-degradation
or xylF and 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate-degradation
Comment: Dehydrogenase praB forms 2-hydroxymuconate, tautomerase praC forms (3E)-2-oxohex-3-enedioate (2-oxalocrotonate), and decarboxylase praD yields 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). (This series of steps is part of protocatechuate para-cleavage, link, or catechol degradation II, link.) Or, hydrolase xylF forms HPD and formate. (This is part of a MetaCyc pathway for catechol degradation, link.)

2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate-degradation: mhpD, mhpE and acetaldehyde-degradation

Comment: (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD) is a common intermediate in the aerobic degradation of many aromatic compounds. In MetaCyc pathway 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate degradation (link), HPD is hydrated to (S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate and an aldolase cleaves it to pyruvate and acetaldehyde.

3-oxodipate-CoA-transferase:

pcaI and pcaJ
or catI and catJ
Comment: Two different types of 3-oxoadipate CoA-transferases (EC 2.8.3.6) are known. They are both heteromeric with each subunit containing a CoA-transferase domain

acetaldehyde-degradation:

ald-dh-CoA
or adh and acs
or adh, ackA and pta
Comment: Acetaldehyde can be oxidized to acetyl-CoA, or oxidized to acetate and activated to acetyl-CoA by either acetyl-CoA synthetase (acs) or by acetate kinase (ackA) and phosphate acetyltransferase (pta).

tryptophan-transport:

trpP, ecfA1, ecfA2 and ecfT
or aroP
or tnaB
or TAT
or tnaT
Comment: Transporters were identified using query: transporter:tryptophan:L-tryptophan:trp

47 steps (34 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
aroP	tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP
kynA	tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase	PNAP_RS15105
kynB	kynurenine formamidase	PNAP_RS15095
kyn	kynureninase	PNAP_RS15100
antA	anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating), large subunit AntA	PNAP_RS10600	PNAP_RS25675
antB	anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating), small subunit AntB	PNAP_RS10595
antC	anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating), electron transfer component AntC	PNAP_RS10590	PNAP_RS20840
catA	catechol 1,2-dioxygenase	PNAP_RS10615
catB	muconate cycloisomerase	PNAP_RS10630
catC	muconolactone isomerase	PNAP_RS10625
pcaD	3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase	PNAP_RS10640	PNAP_RS15820
pcaI	3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase subunit A (PcaI)	PNAP_RS04300	PNAP_RS13280
pcaJ	3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase subunit B (PcaJ)	PNAP_RS04305	PNAP_RS13275
pcaF	succinyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-succinyltransferase	PNAP_RS04310	PNAP_RS10715
Alternative steps:
ackA	acetate kinase	PNAP_RS22490	PNAP_RS17810
acs	acetyl-CoA synthetase, AMP-forming	PNAP_RS14380	PNAP_RS16370
adh	acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating)	PNAP_RS19250	PNAP_RS15070
ald-dh-CoA	acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, acylating	PNAP_RS20640
andAa	anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating), ferredoxin--NAD(+) reductase component AndAa	PNAP_RS20665
andAb	anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating), ferredoxin subunit AndAb	PNAP_RS12310	PNAP_RS12415
andAc	anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating), large subunit AndAc	PNAP_RS12425
andAd	athranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating), small subunit AndAd	PNAP_RS12420
catI	3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase subunit A (CatI)
catJ	3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase subunit B (CatJ)
ecfA1	energy-coupling factor transporter, ATPase 1 (A1) component	PNAP_RS14290	PNAP_RS11040
ecfA2	energy-coupling factor transporter, ATPase 2 (A2) component	PNAP_RS20250	PNAP_RS07720
ecfT	energy-coupling factor transporter, transmembrane (T) component
hpaH	anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (hydroxylase), FADH2-dependent
mhpD	2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase	PNAP_RS20645
mhpE	4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase	PNAP_RS20635	PNAP_RS07985
nbaC	3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase
nbaD	2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase
nbaE	2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase	PNAP_RS15070	PNAP_RS13165
nbaF	2-aminomuconate deaminase	PNAP_RS08795	PNAP_RS00835
nbaG	2-oxo-3-hexenedioate decarboxylase	PNAP_RS20645
praB	2-hydroxymuconate 6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase	PNAP_RS15070	PNAP_RS13165
praC	2-hydroxymuconate tautomerase	PNAP_RS18665
praD	2-oxohex-3-enedioate decarboxylase	PNAP_RS20645
pta	phosphate acetyltransferase	PNAP_RS22490	PNAP_RS17805
sibC	L-kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
TAT	tryptophan permease
tnaA	tryptophanase
tnaB	tryptophan:H+ symporter TnaB
tnaT	tryptophan:Na+ symporter TnaT
trpP	energy-coupling factor transporter, tryptophan-specific (S) component TrpP
xylE	catechol 2,3-dioxygenase	PNAP_RS20655	PNAP_RS12390
xylF	2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase	PNAP_RS20630

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.

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Candidates (tab-delimited)
Steps (tab-delimited)
Rules (tab-delimited)
Protein sequences (fasta format)
Organisms (tab-delimited)
SQLite3 databases

Related tools

About GapMind

Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.

A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit to a characterized protein at above 40% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits+10.
- (Hits to curated proteins without experimental data as to their function are never considered high confidence.)
HMMer finds a hit with 80% coverage of the model, and either other identity < 40 or other coverage < 0.75.

where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").

Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit at above 40% identity and 70% coverage (ignoring otherBits).
ublast finds a hit at above 30% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits.
HMMer finds a hit (regardless of coverage or other bits).

Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."

Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:

our ignorance of proteins' functions,
omissions in the gene models,
frame-shift errors in the genome sequence, or
the organism lacks the pathway.

GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).

For more information, see:

the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis
the 2024 update on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis
the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources
the source code
instructions for running GapMind on your computer

If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know

by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

GapMind for catabolism of small carbon sources