GapMind for catabolism of small carbon sources

 

L-glutamate catabolism in Arcobacter nitrofigilis DSM 7299

Best path

gltP, aspA

Rules

Overview: Glutamate is a single transamination reaction from 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate), which is an intermediate in the TCA cycle. Amino acid transaminases are often non-specific, so glutamate catabolism could be considered trivial. However, many amino acid transaminases are 2-oxoglutarate dependent, so they cannot contribute to glutamate catabolism. And even if the amino group is transfered elsewhere, the ammonium group still needs to be liberated somehow. GapMind represents glutamate degradation using MetaCyc pathways L-glutamate degradation I (glutamate dehydrogenase, link), pathway II via aspartate ammonia-lyase (link), and pathway VI via glutamate mutase (link). Several other MetaCyc pathways are not included in GapMind. Pathway IV (via gamma-aminobutanoate, link) is not thought to occur in prokaryotes. Pathways V (via hydroxyglutarate, link) and XI (reductive Stickland reaction, link) combine glutamate dehydrogenase with reductive pathways; these are omitted because glutamate dehydrogenase alone suffices for catabolism under respiratory conditions. Pathways VII (to butanoate, link) and VIII (to propanoate, link) are similar to pathway VI but also describe the fermentation of the pyruvate. Pathway IX (via 4-aminobutanoate, link) does not yield net consumption of glutamate: the catabolism of 4-aminobutanoate relies on a transamination reaction that converts 2-oxoglutarate to glutamate.

38 steps (25 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step Description Best candidate 2nd candidate
gltP L-glutamate:cation symporter GltP/GltT ARNIT_RS09905
aspA L-aspartate ammonia-lyase ARNIT_RS06005 ARNIT_RS15055
Alternative steps:
aapJ ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), substrate-binding component AapJ ARNIT_RS02910
aapM ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), permease component 2 (AapM) ARNIT_RS02900 ARNIT_RS16500
aapP ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), ATPase component AapP ARNIT_RS02895 ARNIT_RS13590
aapQ ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), permease component 1 (AapQ) ARNIT_RS02905
acaP L-glutamate permease AcaP
braC ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, substrate-binding component BraC
braD ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 1 (BraD) ARNIT_RS06925 ARNIT_RS08960
braE ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 2 (BraE) ARNIT_RS06930 ARNIT_RS08955
braF ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 1 (BraF) ARNIT_RS08950 ARNIT_RS06935
braG ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 2 (BraG) ARNIT_RS08945 ARNIT_RS06940
bztA L-glutamate ABC transporter, substrate-binding component ARNIT_RS02910
bztB L-glutamate ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BztB) ARNIT_RS02905
bztC L-glutamate ABC transporter, permease component 2 (BztC) ARNIT_RS02900
dmeA L-glutamate transporter DmeA
fumD (S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase (mesaconase) ARNIT_RS03370 ARNIT_RS02235
gdhA glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent ARNIT_RS06200
glmE L-glutamate mutase, E component ARNIT_RS09435
glmS L-glutamate mutase, S component ARNIT_RS09430 ARNIT_RS01290
glnP L-glutamate ABC transporter, fused permease and substrate-binding components GlnP
gltI L-glutamate ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GltI/AatJ)
gltJ L-glutamate ABC transporter, permease component 1 (gltJ/aatQ) ARNIT_RS05330 ARNIT_RS05325
gltK L-glutamate ABC transporter, permease component 1 (gltK/aatM) ARNIT_RS02900 ARNIT_RS13580
gltL L-glutamate ABC transporter, ATPase component (GltL/GluA/BztD/GlnQ/AatP/PEB1C) ARNIT_RS02895 ARNIT_RS13590
gltS L-glutamate:Na+ symporter GltS
gltS_Syn L-glutamate:Na+ symporter GltS_Syn
gluB L-glutamate ABC transporter, substrate-binding component GluB
gluC L-glutamate ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GluC) ARNIT_RS05325 ARNIT_RS02900
gluD L-glutamate ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GluD) ARNIT_RS13580
gtrA tripartite L-glutamate:Na+ symporter, small membrane component GtrA ARNIT_RS00610 ARNIT_RS00985
gtrB tripartite L-glutamate:Na+ symporter, large membrane component GtrB ARNIT_RS00990 ARNIT_RS00605
gtrC tripartite L-glutamate:Na+ symporter, substrate-binding component GtrC
mal methylaspartate ammonia-lyase
mcl (S)-citramalyl-CoA pyruvate-lyase
peb1A L-glutamate ABC transporter, substrate-binding component Peb1A
peb1B L-glutamate ABC transporter, permease component Peb1B ARNIT_RS16500 ARNIT_RS14275
yveA L-glutamate:H+ symporter YveA

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.

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About GapMind

Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.

A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:

where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").

Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:

Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."

Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:

GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).

For more information, see:

If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know

by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory