Found 150 low-confidence and 45 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | AVA_RS17895 | AVA_RS18330 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | AVA_RS20055 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
acetate | actP: cation/acetate symporter ActP | AVA_RS05970 | |
arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
arabinose | araB: ribulokinase | | |
arabinose | araD: L-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase | | |
arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | | |
arginine | artP: L-arginine ABC transporter, ATPase component ArtP/HisP/AotP/BgtA | AVA_RS03725 | AVA_RS07575 |
arginine | rocF: arginase | | |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | AVA_RS04880 | AVA_RS03705 |
cellobiose | SemiSWEET: Sugar transporter SemiSWEET | AVA_RS02975 | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | AVA_RS03725 | AVA_RS07575 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | AVA_RS03730 | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | AVA_RS19700 | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | AVA_RS16300 | |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | AVA_RS13915 | AVA_RS06945 |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | AVA_RS17895 | AVA_RS18330 |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | AVA_RS19095 | |
deoxyinosine | deoD: deoxyinosine phosphorylase | AVA_RS08380 | |
deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | AVA_RS14285 | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | AVA_RS20210 | |
deoxyribonate | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | AVA_RS01555 | AVA_RS21960 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | AVA_RS17895 | AVA_RS18330 |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | AVA_RS17895 | AVA_RS18330 |
fructose | scrK: fructokinase | AVA_RS14780 | AVA_RS01255 |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | AVA_RS07875 | AVA_RS14900 |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
fumarate | dctA: fumarate:H+ symporter DctA | | |
galactose | galE: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | AVA_RS05305 | AVA_RS09875 |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | | |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galactose | pgmA: alpha-phosphoglucomutase | AVA_RS08810 | AVA_RS19095 |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | gci: D-galactarolactone cycloisomerase | | |
galacturonate | gli: D-galactarolactone isomerase | | |
galacturonate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | | |
galacturonate | udh: D-galacturonate dehydrogenase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | AVA_RS23500 | AVA_RS17650 |
glucosamine | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
glucosamine | nagX: transmembrane glucosamine N-acetyltransferase NagX | AVA_RS19040 | |
glucose | SemiSWEET: Sugar transporter SemiSWEET | AVA_RS02975 | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
glucuronate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | | |
glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
glutamate | gtrA: tripartite L-glutamate:Na+ symporter, small membrane component GtrA | AVA_RS04480 | |
glutamate | gtrB: tripartite L-glutamate:Na+ symporter, large membrane component GtrB | AVA_RS04475 | |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | AVA_RS20215 | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | natB: L-histidine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component NatB | AVA_RS24325 | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | AVA_RS00835 | |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | AVA_RS19075 | AVA_RS09415 |
isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
isoleucine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | AVA_RS24140 | |
isoleucine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | AVA_RS13735 | |
isoleucine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
L-lactate | Shew_2732: L-lactate:Na+ symporter, small component | | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | klh: periplasmic 3'-ketolactose hydrolase | | |
lactose | lacA': periplasmic lactose 3-dehydrogenase, LacA subunit | | |
lactose | lacB': periplasmic lactose 3-dehydrogenase, cytochrome c component (LacB) | | |
lactose | lacC': periplasmic lactose 3-dehydrogenase, LacC subunit | | |
lactose | SemiSWEET: Sugar transporter SemiSWEET | AVA_RS02975 | |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | AVA_RS20210 | |
leucine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
leucine | ilvE: L-leucine transaminase | AVA_RS09755 | |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | AVA_RS02615 | |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | AVA_RS00835 | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | AVA_RS07875 | AVA_RS14900 |
lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
lysine | hisP: L-lysine ABC transporter, ATPase component HisP | AVA_RS03725 | AVA_RS14480 |
lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | AVA_RS10755 | AVA_RS01075 |
lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | | |
maltose | SemiSWEET: Sugar transporter SemiSWEET | AVA_RS02975 | |
maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | AVA_RS10190 | |
mannitol | mt2d: mannitol 2-dehydrogenase | AVA_RS11870 | AVA_RS16885 |
mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | | |
mannitol | scrK: fructokinase | AVA_RS14780 | AVA_RS01255 |
mannose | man-isomerase: D-mannose isomerase | | |
mannose | scrK: fructokinase | AVA_RS14780 | AVA_RS01255 |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | | |
myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | AVA_RS13955 | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | AVA_RS12615 | |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | AVA_RS07875 | AVA_RS14900 |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | AVA_RS23500 | AVA_RS17650 |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | AVA_RS00835 | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | AVA_RS00835 | AVA_RS16900 |
phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | AVA_RS19075 | AVA_RS28475 |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | AVA_RS20210 | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | AVA_RS20210 | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
phenylalanine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | AVA_RS01450 | AVA_RS25360 |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | AVA_RS12710 | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | AVA_RS14900 | |
propionate | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | AVA_RS24140 | |
propionate | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | AVA_RS13735 | |
propionate | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | AVA_RS01075 | AVA_RS18905 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | AVA_RS01075 | AVA_RS18905 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | AVA_RS07875 | AVA_RS14900 |
putrescine | potD: putrescine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (PotD/PotF) | AVA_RS11645 | |
rhamnose | LRA1: L-rhamnofuranose dehydrogenase | AVA_RS09415 | AVA_RS19075 |
rhamnose | LRA2: L-rhamnono-gamma-lactonase | | |
rhamnose | LRA3: L-rhamnonate dehydratase | | |
rhamnose | LRA5: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate 4-dehydrogenase | AVA_RS19075 | AVA_RS17510 |
rhamnose | LRA6: 2,4-diketo-3-deoxyrhamnonate hydrolase | AVA_RS10475 | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | sdaB: L-serine ammonia-lyase | AVA_RS03415 | AVA_RS13915 |
sorbitol | scrK: fructokinase | AVA_RS14780 | AVA_RS01255 |
sorbitol | sdh: sorbitol dehydrogenase | AVA_RS00775 | AVA_RS17510 |
sorbitol | SOT: sorbitol:H+ co-transporter SOT1 or SOT2 | | |
succinate | sdc: succinate:Na+ symporter Sdc | | |
sucrose | scrK: fructokinase | AVA_RS14780 | AVA_RS01255 |
threonine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | AVA_RS17895 | AVA_RS18330 |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | AVA_RS17895 | AVA_RS18330 |
thymidine | deoA: thymidine phosphorylase DeoA | | |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | AVA_RS19095 | |
thymidine | nupC: thymidine permease NupC | AVA_RS14285 | |
trehalose | SemiSWEET: Sugar transporter SemiSWEET | AVA_RS02975 | |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | AVA_RS20210 | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | AVA_RS01450 | AVA_RS25360 |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | AVA_RS00835 | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | AVA_RS07875 | AVA_RS14900 |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
valine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | AVA_RS24140 | |
valine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | AVA_RS13735 | |
valine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
xylitol | fruI: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIABC (FruI) | | |
xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | AVA_RS00775 | AVA_RS11870 |
xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
xylose | xylB: xylulokinase | | |
xylose | xylF: ABC transporter for xylose, substrate binding component xylF | | |
xylose | xylH: ABC transporter for xylose, permease component xylH | AVA_RS10985 | |
This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know