Found 142 low-confidence and 50 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | PN53_RS14860 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
acetate | dctA: organic acid/proton symporter DctA | PN53_RS15075 | PN53_RS12855 |
arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | PN53_RS08915 | PN53_RS09365 |
arginine | davD: glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
arginine | gcdG: succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase | | |
arginine | gcdH: glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS07375 | PN53_RS12270 |
arginine | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | PN53_RS11750 | PN53_RS10390 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | PN53_RS14530 | PN53_RS11460 |
arginine | rocF: arginase | | |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | PN53_RS07165 | |
cellobiose | bgl: cellobiase | | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | PN53_RS11775 | PN53_RS12180 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | PN53_RS12175 | PN53_RS11785 |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | PN53_RS09725 | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | PN53_RS15160 | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
citrulline | davD: glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
citrulline | gcdG: succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase | | |
citrulline | gcdH: glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS07375 | PN53_RS12270 |
citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | PN53_RS11750 | PN53_RS10390 |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | PN53_RS11085 | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | PN53_RS07185 | |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | PN53_RS14860 | |
deoxyinosine | bmpA: deoxyinosine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | | |
deoxyinosine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyinosine | nupB: deoxyinosine ABC transporter, permease component 1 | PN53_RS09480 | |
deoxyinosine | nupC': deoxyinosine ABC transporter, permease component 2 | PN53_RS09485 | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | PN53_RS14470 | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | PN53_RS02590 | PN53_RS01450 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | PN53_RS12035 | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | PN53_RS14860 | |
deoxyribose | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | PN53_RS14860 | |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | | |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | PN53_RS04230 | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
fumarate | dctA: fumarate:H+ symporter DctA | PN53_RS15075 | PN53_RS12855 |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | PN53_RS09365 | PN53_RS08915 |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galacturonate | eda: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | kdgK: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase | | |
galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
galacturonate | uxaC: D-galacturonate isomerase | | |
gluconate | gnd: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | PN53_RS12045 | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | PN53_RS01965 | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | PN53_RS08955 | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | garL: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase | PN53_RS03535 | |
glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
glycerol | glpO: glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase | PN53_RS01400 | PN53_RS02695 |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | PA5503: L-histidine ABC transporter, ATPase component | PN53_RS07200 | PN53_RS01545 |
histidine | PA5504: L-histidine ABC transporter, permease component | PN53_RS07205 | PN53_RS01540 |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS02950 | PN53_RS02775 |
isoleucine | Bap2: L-isoleucine permease Bap2 | PN53_RS14530 | PN53_RS02235 |
isoleucine | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | PN53_RS14840 | PN53_RS02770 |
isoleucine | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
isoleucine | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS09975 | |
isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | PN53_RS11085 | |
L-malate | dctA: L-malate:H+ symporter DctA | PN53_RS15075 | PN53_RS12855 |
lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | | |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | PN53_RS14470 | |
leucine | leuT: L-leucine:Na+ symporter LeuT | | |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS02775 | PN53_RS02950 |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | PN53_RS02725 | PN53_RS09955 |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | PN53_RS14840 | PN53_RS02770 |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
lysine | davA: 5-aminovaleramidase | | |
lysine | davB: L-lysine 2-monooxygenase | | |
lysine | davD: glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
lysine | gcdG: succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase | | |
lysine | gcdH: glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS07375 | PN53_RS12270 |
maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | PN53_RS09895 | |
mannitol | mtlD: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase | PN53_RS08975 | |
mannose | manA: mannose-6-phosphate isomerase | PN53_RS02025 | PN53_RS12940 |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | PN53_RS13930 | |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | PN53_RS07985 | PN53_RS09000 |
myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | | |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | PN53_RS08955 | |
NAG | nagPcb: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CB component NagP | PN53_RS12165 | |
phenylacetate | H281DRAFT_04042: phenylacetate:H+ symporter | PN53_RS02235 | PN53_RS11460 |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | PN53_RS07740 | PN53_RS14215 |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | PN53_RS07740 | PN53_RS14215 |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | PN53_RS02235 | PN53_RS11460 |
phenylalanine | iorAB: phenylpyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused IorA/IorB | | |
phenylalanine | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylalanine | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylalanine | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylalanine | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylalanine | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
phenylalanine | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
phenylalanine | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | PN53_RS07740 | PN53_RS14215 |
phenylalanine | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | PN53_RS07740 | PN53_RS14215 |
phenylalanine | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylalanine | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
proline | davD: glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
proline | gcdG: succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase | | |
proline | gcdH: glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS07375 | PN53_RS12270 |
proline | opuBA: proline ABC transporter, ATPase component OpuBA/BusAA | PN53_RS07140 | PN53_RS07005 |
propionate | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
propionate | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
propionate | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | | |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | | |
putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | PN53_RS13140 | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | PN53_RS10390 | PN53_RS11750 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | PN53_RS06660 | PN53_RS02345 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | | |
putrescine | potD: putrescine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (PotD/PotF) | PN53_RS11130 | PN53_RS03190 |
pyruvate | ybdD: small subunit of pyruvate transporter (YbdD) | | |
rhamnose | LRA1: L-rhamnofuranose dehydrogenase | PN53_RS09975 | PN53_RS01450 |
rhamnose | LRA2: L-rhamnono-gamma-lactonase | | |
rhamnose | LRA3: L-rhamnonate dehydratase | | |
rhamnose | LRA5: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate 4-dehydrogenase | PN53_RS14895 | PN53_RS09975 |
rhamnose | LRA6: 2,4-diketo-3-deoxyrhamnonate hydrolase | PN53_RS06785 | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | serP: L-serine permease SerP | PN53_RS02235 | PN53_RS11460 |
sorbitol | mtlA: PTS system for polyols, EII-CBA components | PN53_RS08960 | |
sorbitol | srlD: sorbitol 6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase | PN53_RS05335 | PN53_RS09975 |
succinate | dctA: succinate:H+ symporter DctA | PN53_RS15075 | PN53_RS12855 |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | | |
threonine | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
threonine | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
threonine | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
threonine | RR42_RS28305: L-threonine:H+ symporter | PN53_RS02235 | PN53_RS11460 |
threonine | tdcB: L-threonine dehydratase | PN53_RS07185 | |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | PN53_RS14860 | |
thymidine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | PN53_RS14470 | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | PN53_RS02235 | PN53_RS11460 |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | PN53_RS06785 | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | PN53_RS02950 | PN53_RS07375 |
valine | Bap2: L-valine permease Bap2 | PN53_RS14530 | PN53_RS02235 |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | PN53_RS02770 | PN53_RS14840 |
valine | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | PN53_RS13140 | |
valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
xylitol | EIIA-Axl: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIA (EIIA-Axl) | PN53_RS11975 | |
xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | PN53_RS14895 | |
xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know