Found 164 low-confidence and 38 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
acetate | actP: cation/acetate symporter ActP | | |
arabinose | araVsh: L-arabinose ABC transporter, ATPase component AraV(Sh) | M72_RS00735 | M72_RS03760 |
arabinose | araWsh: L-arabinose ABC transporter, permease component 1 AraW(Sh) | M72_RS00730 | |
arabinose | araZsh: L-arabinose ABC transporter, permease component 2 AraZ(Sh) | M72_RS00725 | |
arginine | arcA: arginine deiminase | | |
arginine | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | | |
arginine | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | M72_RS12800 | |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | | |
aspartate | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | | |
cellobiose | mglB: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | M72_RS03785 | |
cellobiose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | M72_RS03765 | |
citrate | acn: aconitase | M72_RS07580 | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | M72_RS07610 | M72_RS01610 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | M72_RS01615 | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | | |
citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | M72_RS12800 | |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | M72_RS11705 | |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | M72_RS12545 | |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | | |
deoxyinosine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | | |
deoxyribose | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | | |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucO: L-lactaldehyde reductase | M72_RS11935 | M72_RS00605 |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
fumarate | dctA: fumarate:H+ symporter DctA | | |
galactose | mglB: galactose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MglB | M72_RS03785 | |
galactose | mglC: galactose ABC transporter, permease component MglC | M72_RS03765 | |
galacturonate | eda: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | kdgK: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase | | |
galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
galacturonate | uxaC: D-galacturonate isomerase | | |
gluconate | gnd: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | SLC2A2: glucosamine transporter SLC2A2 | | |
glucose | mglB: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | M72_RS03785 | |
glucose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | M72_RS03765 | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | garL: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase | M72_RS14525 | |
glucuronate | garR: tartronate semialdehyde reductase | | |
glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | permease: L-histidine permease | | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | M72_RS02625 | |
isoleucine | Bap2: L-isoleucine permease Bap2 | | |
isoleucine | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | M72_RS04305 | |
isoleucine | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | M72_RS04305 | |
isoleucine | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | M72_RS11610 | M72_RS02545 |
isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | lacE: lactose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | M72_RS06485 | |
lactose | lacK: lactose ABC transporter, ATPase component | M72_RS12660 | M72_RS03885 |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
leucine | leuT: L-leucine:Na+ symporter LeuT | M72_RS15420 | |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | M72_RS02625 | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | | |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | M72_RS04305 | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | | |
lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | M72_RS12800 | |
lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | M72_RS04030 | M72_RS12800 |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | | |
maltose | malE_Aa: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | M72_RS05545 | |
maltose | malK_Aa: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component | M72_RS12660 | M72_RS07435 |
mannitol | mt2d: mannitol 2-dehydrogenase | M72_RS01595 | M72_RS11610 |
mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | | |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | M72_RS00360 | |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | | |
myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | | |
myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | M72_RS00795 | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | M72_RS02035 | |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | M72_RS04305 | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | M72_RS04305 | |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | M72_RS02635 | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | M72_RS02635 | |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
phenylalanine | iorAB: phenylpyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused IorA/IorB | | |
phenylalanine | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylalanine | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylalanine | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylalanine | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylalanine | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | M72_RS04305 | |
phenylalanine | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | M72_RS04305 | |
phenylalanine | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | M72_RS02635 | |
phenylalanine | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | M72_RS02635 | |
phenylalanine | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylalanine | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | | |
propionate | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
propionate | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | M72_RS04305 | |
propionate | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | | |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | M72_RS11845 | |
putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | M72_RS12800 | M72_RS13930 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | M72_RS12800 | |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | | |
putrescine | potB: putrescine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (PotB/PotH) | M72_RS07430 | |
putrescine | potC: putrescine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (PotC/PotI) | M72_RS07425 | |
putrescine | potD: putrescine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (PotD/PotF) | M72_RS07420 | |
pyruvate | SLC5A8: sodium-coupled pyruvate transporter | | |
rhamnose | fucO: L-lactaldehyde reductase | M72_RS11935 | M72_RS00605 |
rhamnose | rhaA: L-rhamnose isomerase | | |
rhamnose | rhaB: L-rhamnulokinase | | |
rhamnose | rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase | | |
rhamnose | rhaM: L-rhamnose mutarotase | | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | serP: L-serine permease SerP | | |
sorbitol | sdh: sorbitol dehydrogenase | M72_RS01595 | M72_RS01845 |
sorbitol | SOT: sorbitol:H+ co-transporter SOT1 or SOT2 | | |
succinate | sdc: succinate:Na+ symporter Sdc | | |
threonine | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
threonine | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | M72_RS04305 | |
threonine | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
threonine | tdcB: L-threonine dehydratase | M72_RS12545 | |
threonine | tdcC: L-threonine:H+ symporter TdcC | | |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | | |
thymidine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | malK: trehalose ABC transporter, ATPase component MalK | M72_RS12660 | M72_RS07435 |
trehalose | malX: trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MalX | | |
trehalose | PsTP: trehalose phosphorylase | | |
tryptophan | ecfA1: energy-coupling factor transporter, ATPase 1 (A1) component | M72_RS04040 | M72_RS04045 |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tryptophan | trpP: energy-coupling factor transporter, tryptophan-specific (S) component TrpP | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | M72_RS02625 | |
valine | Bap2: L-valine permease Bap2 | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | dddA: 3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | hpcD: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase | M72_RS04305 | |
valine | iolA: malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (CoA-acylating) | | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | M72_RS01845 | M72_RS01595 |
xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | | |
This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know