Found 182 low-confidence and 29 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
arabinose | araB: ribulokinase | | |
arabinose | araD: L-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase | | |
arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | | |
arginine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | BLP65_RS04710 | BLP65_RS06860 |
arginine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | BLP65_RS06860 | BLP65_RS05880 |
arginine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS04695 | BLP65_RS03760 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
aspartate | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | BLP65_RS12395 | |
cellobiose | cbp: cellobiose phosphorylase | | |
cellobiose | cdt: cellobiose transporter cdt-1/cdt-2 | | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | BLP65_RS08155 | BLP65_RS04495 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | BLP65_RS04710 | BLP65_RS12310 |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | BLP65_RS10115 | |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | BLP65_RS00825 | |
deoxyinosine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyinosine | deoD: deoxyinosine phosphorylase | BLP65_RS09340 | |
deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
deoxyribonate | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS11225 | BLP65_RS01760 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | BLP65_RS12535 | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
fructose | Slc2a5: fructose:H+ symporter | | |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS04695 | BLP65_RS03760 |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | BLP65_RS07205 | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | | |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galacturonate | eda: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | kdgK: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase | | |
galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
galacturonate | uxaC: D-galacturonate isomerase | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | BLP65_RS12985 | |
glucose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS04695 | BLP65_RS03760 |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
glucuronate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | BLP65_RS05080 | |
glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | BLP65_RS10635 | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
glycerol | glpK: glycerol kinase | | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | permease: L-histidine permease | | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | Bap2: L-isoleucine permease Bap2 | | |
isoleucine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | BLP65_RS07270 | BLP65_RS06725 |
isoleucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | BLP65_RS07265 | |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS08625 | |
isoleucine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
isoleucine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | BLP65_RS02570 | |
isoleucine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
L-lactate | lctO: L-lactate oxidase or 2-monooxygenase | | |
L-lactate | Shew_2731: L-lactate:Na+ symporter, large component | BLP65_RS00650 | |
L-lactate | Shew_2732: L-lactate:Na+ symporter, small component | BLP65_RS00645 | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | | |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
leucine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
leucine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | BLP65_RS07270 | BLP65_RS06725 |
leucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | BLP65_RS07265 | |
leucine | leuT: L-leucine:Na+ symporter LeuT | | |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | BLP65_RS08595 | BLP65_RS03235 |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | BLP65_RS04695 | BLP65_RS09020 |
lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | BLP65_RS04710 | BLP65_RS06860 |
lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | BLP65_RS00370 | BLP65_RS04710 |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS12170 | BLP65_RS02135 |
maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | BLP65_RS07505 | |
maltose | thuE: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component ThuE | BLP65_RS09960 | |
maltose | thuF: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ThuF) | BLP65_RS09965 | |
maltose | thuK: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component ThuK | BLP65_RS09975 | BLP65_RS16320 |
mannitol | mt2d: mannitol 2-dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS08625 | |
mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | | |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | | |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | | |
myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | | |
myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | BLP65_RS10855 | BLP65_RS05450 |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS04695 | |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | | |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | BLP65_RS12985 | |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | | |
phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS08625 | |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
phenylalanine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | BLP65_RS06620 | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
propionate | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
propionate | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | BLP65_RS02570 | |
propionate | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | BLP65_RS04710 | BLP65_RS06860 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | BLP65_RS06860 | BLP65_RS05880 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS04695 | BLP65_RS03760 |
putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
pyruvate | yjcH: putative small subunit of pyruvate transporter (yjcH-like) | BLP65_RS00645 | |
rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS04695 | BLP65_RS03760 |
rhamnose | rhaA: L-rhamnose isomerase | | |
rhamnose | rhaB: L-rhamnulokinase | | |
rhamnose | rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase | | |
rhamnose | rhaM: L-rhamnose mutarotase | | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | sdaB: L-serine ammonia-lyase | BLP65_RS10115 | |
serine | snatA: L-serine transporter | BLP65_RS02950 | |
sorbitol | sdh: sorbitol dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS12085 | BLP65_RS08625 |
sorbitol | SOT: sorbitol:H+ co-transporter SOT1 or SOT2 | | |
sucrose | thuK: sucrose ABC transporter, ATPase component ThuK | BLP65_RS09975 | BLP65_RS16320 |
threonine | gcvP: glycine cleavage system, P component (glycine decarboxylase) | BLP65_RS08420 | BLP65_RS08425 |
threonine | ltaE: L-threonine aldolase | BLP65_RS05265 | |
threonine | snatA: L-threonine transporter snatA | BLP65_RS02950 | |
thymidine | deoA: thymidine phosphorylase DeoA | BLP65_RS01745 | |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | BLP65_RS00825 | |
thymidine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | thuE: trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component ThuE | BLP65_RS09960 | |
trehalose | thuF: trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ThuF) | BLP65_RS09965 | |
trehalose | thuK: trehalose ABC transporter, ATPase component ThuK | BLP65_RS09975 | BLP65_RS16320 |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | BLP65_RS11895 | BLP65_RS04565 |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
valine | Bap2: L-valine permease Bap2 | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | BLP65_RS07270 | BLP65_RS06725 |
valine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | BLP65_RS07265 | |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | BLP65_RS04695 | |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
valine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | BLP65_RS02570 | |
valine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
xylitol | fruI: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIABC (FruI) | | |
xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | | |
xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
xylose | xylB: xylulokinase | BLP65_RS00585 | |
xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | | |
This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know