Found 202 low-confidence and 38 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | CHB58_RS08460 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | CHB58_RS06525 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
alanine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | CHB58_RS07540 | |
alanine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | CHB58_RS07535 | |
alanine | braF: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 1 (BraF/NatA) | CHB58_RS07525 | CHB58_RS01760 |
alanine | braG: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 2 (BraG/NatE) | CHB58_RS07520 | CHB58_RS01755 |
arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
arabinose | araB: ribulokinase | | |
arabinose | araD: L-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase | | |
arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | | |
arginine | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
arginine | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | CHB58_RS05215 | CHB58_RS03770 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
arginine | rocF: arginase | CHB58_RS06985 | |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | | |
asparagine | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | | |
aspartate | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | | |
cellobiose | bgl: cellobiase | | |
cellobiose | ptsG-crr: glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | CHB58_RS01710 | CHB58_RS05770 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
citrulline | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | CHB58_RS05215 | CHB58_RS03770 |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS05370 | CHB58_RS05085 |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | | |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | CHB58_RS08460 | |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | CHB58_RS02370 | CHB58_RS06760 |
deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
deoxyribonate | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS05805 | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | CHB58_RS08365 | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | CHB58_RS08460 | |
deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | CHB58_RS08460 | |
ethanol | etoh-dh-nad: ethanol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)) | CHB58_RS03540 | CHB58_RS05805 |
fructose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | CHB58_RS02520 | |
fructose | fruII-ABC: fructose-specific PTS system (fructose 1-phosphate forming), EII-ABC components | | |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | CHB58_RS07510 | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
fumarate | dctA: fumarate:H+ symporter DctA | | |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | | |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | CHB58_RS08345 | |
galactose | pgmA: alpha-phosphoglucomutase | CHB58_RS06760 | CHB58_RS02370 |
galacturonate | eda: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | CHB58_RS06195 | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | kdgK: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase | | |
galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
galacturonate | uxaC: D-galacturonate isomerase | | |
gluconate | gnd: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | CHB58_RS01050 | |
glucose | ptsG-crr: glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
glucuronate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | CHB58_RS06195 | |
glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
glutamate | gltS: L-glutamate:Na+ symporter GltS | | |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | CHB58_RS02660 | |
glycerol | glpK: glycerol kinase | | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | CHB58_RS06985 | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | permease: L-histidine permease | | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
isoleucine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS05805 | |
isoleucine | livH: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | CHB58_RS07535 | CHB58_RS01770 |
isoleucine | livJ: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | CHB58_RS07540 | |
isoleucine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
isoleucine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | CHB58_RS05305 | CHB58_RS00515 |
isoleucine | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
L-lactate | L-LDH: L-lactate dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS03685 | |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | CHB58_RS08345 | |
lactose | glk: glucokinase | | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | | |
lactose | pgmA: alpha-phosphoglucomutase | CHB58_RS06760 | CHB58_RS02370 |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
leucine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | CHB58_RS05305 | CHB58_RS00515 |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | livH: L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | CHB58_RS07535 | CHB58_RS01770 |
leucine | livJ: L-leucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | CHB58_RS07540 | |
leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | | |
lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | CHB58_RS05215 | CHB58_RS03770 |
lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | CHB58_RS03675 | CHB58_RS07585 |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS05370 | |
maltose | ptsG-crr: glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | | |
maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | | |
mannitol | mtlA: mannitol phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
mannitol | mtlD: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase | | |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | | |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | | |
myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | | |
myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | | |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | | |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | CHB58_RS01050 | |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | | |
phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS05805 | |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
phenylalanine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | CHB58_RS05505 | |
phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | livF: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, ATPase component 1 (LivF) | CHB58_RS07520 | CHB58_RS01755 |
phenylalanine | livH: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH) | CHB58_RS07535 | |
phenylalanine | livJ: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component LivJ/LivK | CHB58_RS07540 | |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
proline | proY: proline:H+ symporter | | |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
propionate | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
propionate | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
propionate | mctC: propionate:H+ symporter | CHB58_RS02245 | |
propionate | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | CHB58_RS05305 | CHB58_RS00515 |
propionate | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | CHB58_RS03975 | |
putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | CHB58_RS05215 | CHB58_RS07585 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | CHB58_RS05215 | CHB58_RS07585 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
pyruvate | mctC: pyruvate symporter MctC | CHB58_RS02245 | |
rhamnose | rhaA: L-rhamnose isomerase | | |
rhamnose | rhaB: L-rhamnulokinase | | |
rhamnose | rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase | | |
rhamnose | rhaM: L-rhamnose mutarotase | | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | CHB58_RS07540 | |
serine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | CHB58_RS07535 | |
serine | braF: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 1 (BraF/NatA) | CHB58_RS07525 | CHB58_RS01760 |
serine | braG: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 2 (BraG/NatE) | CHB58_RS07520 | CHB58_RS01755 |
serine | sdaB: L-serine ammonia-lyase | | |
sorbitol | mtlA: PTS system for polyols, EII-CBA components | | |
sorbitol | srlD: sorbitol 6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS05805 | |
succinate | sdc: succinate:Na+ symporter Sdc | | |
sucrose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | CHB58_RS02520 | |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | | |
sucrose | fruII-ABC: fructose-specific PTS system (fructose 1-phosphate forming), EII-ABC components | | |
threonine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | CHB58_RS07540 | |
threonine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | CHB58_RS07535 | |
threonine | braF: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 1 (BraF/NatA) | CHB58_RS07525 | CHB58_RS01760 |
threonine | braG: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 2 (BraG/NatE) | CHB58_RS07520 | CHB58_RS01755 |
threonine | L-LDH: L-lactate dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS03685 | |
threonine | tdh: L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS03540 | |
threonine | tynA: aminoacetone oxidase | | |
threonine | yvgN: methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent) | | |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | CHB58_RS08460 | |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | CHB58_RS02370 | CHB58_RS06760 |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | ptsG-crr: glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | | |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | | |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | CHB58_RS05505 | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
valine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
valine | livH: L-valine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | CHB58_RS07535 | CHB58_RS01770 |
valine | livJ: L-valine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | CHB58_RS07540 | |
valine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | CHB58_RS08460 | |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
valine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | CHB58_RS05305 | CHB58_RS00515 |
valine | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
xylitol | fruI: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIABC (FruI) | | |
xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | | |
xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
xylose | xylB: xylulokinase | | |
xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | | |
This GapMind analysis is from Apr 09 2024. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know