L-glutamine biosynthesis in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942

GapMind for Amino acid biosynthesis

L-glutamine biosynthesis in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942

Best path

Also see fitness data for the top candidates

Rules

Overview: Glutamine biosynthesis in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-glutamine biosynthesis I from glutamine (link) or glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) biosynthesis via transamidation (link). Both of these pathways require glutamate. The biosynthesis of glutamate is not represented in GapMind, as glutamate can be formed by transamination of alpha-ketoglutarate, an interemdiate in the TCA cycle.

all:

to_glutamine
or to_gln_tRNA

to_gln_tRNA: gltX, glnA and transamidation

Comment: In the transamidation pathway, glutamate is ligated to tRNA, but free glutamine is still required, because amidotransferase uses a glutaminase subunit to obtain ammonia.

to_glutamine: glnA
transamidation:

gatA, gatB and gatC
or gatD and gatE
Comment: Two types of glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferases are known, GatABC or GatDE. GatABC are generally thought to act on both glutamyl-tRNA and aspartyl-tRNA, while GatDE is thought to act only on glutamyl-tRNA.

7 steps (5 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
glnA	glutamine synthetase	Synpcc7942_2156	Synpcc7942_0169
Alternative steps:
gatA	aspartyl/glutamyl-tRNA(Asn/Gln) amidotransferase subunit A	Synpcc7942_2117
gatB	aspartyl/glutamyl-tRNA(Asn/Gln) amidotransferase subunit B	Synpcc7942_0118
gatC	aspartyl/glutamyl-tRNA(Asn/Gln) amidotransferase subunit C	Synpcc7942_2322
gatD	glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit D
gatE	glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit E
gltX	glutamyl-tRNA(Glx) synthetase	Synpcc7942_2393	Synpcc7942_0922

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
? – known gap: despite the lack of a good candidate for this step, this organism (or a related organism) performs the pathway

This GapMind analysis is from Aug 03 2021. The underlying query database was built on Aug 03 2021.

Downloads

Candidates (tab-delimited)
Steps (tab-delimited)
Rules (tab-delimited)
Protein sequences (fasta format)
Organisms (tab-delimited)
SQLite3 databases

Related tools

About GapMind

Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.

A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit to a characterized protein at above 40% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits+10.
- (Hits to curated proteins without experimental data as to their function are never considered high confidence.)
HMMer finds a hit with 80% coverage of the model, and either other identity < 40 or other coverage < 0.75.

where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").

Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit at above 40% identity and 70% coverage (ignoring otherBits).
ublast finds a hit at above 30% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits.
HMMer finds a hit (regardless of coverage or other bits).

Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."

Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:

our ignorance of proteins' functions,
omissions in the gene models,
frame-shift errors in the genome sequence, or
the organism lacks the pathway.

GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).

For more information, see the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis, the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources, or view the source code, or see changes to Amino acid biosynthesis since the publication.

If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know

by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

GapMind for Amino acid biosynthesis