Definition of D-maltose catabolism
As rules and steps, or see full text
Rules
Overview: Maltose utilization in GapMind is based on the MetaCyc pathway via maltose phosphorylase (link), or a phosphotransferase system followed by 6-phospho-alphaglucosidase, or a phosphotransferase system followed by a phosphatase back to maltose followed by maltose phosphorylase, or hydrolysis by alpha-glucosidase after uptake, or periplasmic hydrolysis by alpha-glucosidase followed by glucose utilization.
- all:
- maltose-transport, malP, pgmB and glk
- or maltose-PTS, malA and glk
- or maltose-PTS, mapP, malP, pgmB and glk
- or maltose-transport, susB and glk
- or susB and glucose-utilization
- Comment: In the phosphorylase pathway, malP forms beta-glucose-1-phosphate and glucose, and beta-phosphoglucomutase forms glucose-6-phosphate, a central metabolite; glucokinase (glk) is also needed to feed the released glucose into central metabolism. Alternatively, PTS systems produce maltose 6'-phosphate, which can be cleaved by 6-phospho-alpha-glucosidase to glucose and glucose-6-phosphate. Alternatively, maltose can be hydrolyzed by alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) in the cytoplasm. Alternatively, maltose can be hydrolyzed by alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) in the periplasm, as in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, followed by glucose utilization.
- glucose-utilization:
- glucose-transport and glk
- or glucose-PTS
- or gdh, gnl, gadh1, gadh2, gadh3, kguT, kguK, kguD, edd and eda
- Comment: Glucose can be taken up and then phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate by the kinase glk. Or, both uptake and phosphorylation are catalyzed by a PTS system. Or, glucose is oxidized to glucono-1,5-lactone in the periplasm (by gdh), hydrolyzed to gluconate (by gnl), oxidized to 2-ketogluconate (by gadh123), taken up by kguT, phosphorylated to 2-dehydro-6-phosphogluconate (by kguK), reduced to gluconate 6-phosphate (by kguD), dehydrated by edd to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-gluconate 6-phosphate, and cleaved by aldolase eda to pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
- glucose-PTS:
- glucose-transport:
- maltose-PTS:
- maltose-transport:
- malE, malF, malG and malK
- or thuE, thuF, thuG and thuK
- or malE1, malF1, malG1 and malK1
- or malX_Sm, malF_Sm, malG_Sm and malK_Sm
- or musE, musF, musG, musK and musI
- or malE_Aa, malF_Aa, malG_Aa and malK_Aa
- or aglE, aglF, aglG and aglK
- or malEF_Bb, malG_Bb and malK_Bb
- or malE_Ss, malF_Ss, malG_Ss and malK_Ss
- or MAL11
- or SUC2
- or SUT1
- or cscB
- or malAP
- or malI
- Comment: Transporters and PTS systems identified using: query: transporter:maltose:ALPHA-MALTOSE:CPD-15717
Steps
malE: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MalE
- Curated sequence P0AEX9: ABC-type maltose transporter (subunit 1/4) (EC 7.5.2.1). maltose-binding periplasmic protein. Maltose/maltodextrin-binding periplasmic protein; MMBP; Maltodextrin-binding protein; Maltose-binding protein; MBP. Maltose-binding periplasmic protein MalE aka B4034, component of Maltooligosaccharide porter. The 3-D structure has been reported by Oldham et al. (2007). An altering access mechanism has been suggested for the maltose transporter resulting from rigid-body rotations (Khare et al., 2009). Bordignon et al. (2010) and Schneider et al. (2012) have reviewed the extensive knowledge available on MalEFGK2, its mode of action and its regulatory interactions. maltose ABC transporter periplasmic binding protein (EC 7.5.2.1). maltose ABC transporter periplasmic binding protein (EC 7.5.2.1)
- Curated sequence BWI76_RS01830: Maltose-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.19)
- Curated sequence GFF849: Maltose-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.19)
- Comment: E. coli has malEFGK. In Salmonella typhimurium, malK only is listed. Related systems are found in Klebsiella michiganensis and Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2.
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
malF: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MalF)
- Curated sequence P02916: ABC-type maltose transporter (subunit 1/3) (EC 7.5.2.1). Maltose/maltodextrin transport system permease protein MalF. MalF aka B4033, component of Maltooligosaccharide porter. The 3-D structure has been reported by Oldham et al. (2007). An altering access mechanism has been suggested for the maltose transporter resulting from rigid-body rotations (Khare et al., 2009). Bordignon et al. (2010) and Schneider et al. (2012) have reviewed the extensive knowledge available on MalEFGK2, its mode of action and its regulatory interactions. maltose ABC transporter membrane subunit MalF (EC 7.5.2.1). maltose ABC transporter membrane subunit MalF (EC 7.5.2.1)
- Curated sequence BWI76_RS01825: Maltose-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.19)
- Curated sequence GFF850: Maltose-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.19)
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
malG: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MalG)
- Curated sequence P68183: ABC-type maltose transporter (subunit 2/3) (EC 7.5.2.1). maltose transport system permease protein malG. Maltose/maltodextrin transport system permease protein MalG. Maltose transport system permease protein MalG aka B4032, component of Maltooligosaccharide porter. The 3-D structure has been reported by Oldham et al. (2007). An altering access mechanism has been suggested for the maltose transporter resulting from rigid-body rotations (Khare et al., 2009). Bordignon et al. (2010) and Schneider et al. (2012) have reviewed the extensive knowledge available on MalEFGK2, its mode of action and its regulatory interactions. maltose ABC transporter membrane subunit MalG (EC 7.5.2.1). maltose ABC transporter membrane subunit MalG (EC 7.5.2.1)
- Curated sequence BWI76_RS01820: Maltose-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.19)
- Curated sequence GFF851: Maltose-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.19)
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
malK: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component MalK
- Curated sequence P68187: ABC-type maltose transporter (subunit 3/3) (EC 7.5.2.1). maltose/maltodextrin import ATP-binding protein malK; EC 3.6.3.19. Maltose/maltodextrin import ATP-binding protein MalK; EC 7.5.2.1. Maltose/maltodextrin import ATP-binding protein MalK aka B4035, component of Maltooligosaccharide porter. The 3-D structure has been reported by Oldham et al. (2007). An altering access mechanism has been suggested for the maltose transporter resulting from rigid-body rotations (Khare et al., 2009). Bordignon et al. (2010) and Schneider et al. (2012) have reviewed the extensive knowledge available on MalEFGK2, its mode of action and its regulatory interactions. maltose ABC transporter ATP binding subunit (EC 7.5.2.1). maltose ABC transporter ATP binding subunit (EC 7.5.2.1)
- Curated sequence P19566: Maltose/maltodextrin import ATP-binding protein MalK; EC 7.5.2.1
- Curated sequence GFF857: Maltose-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.19)
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
thuE: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component ThuE
- Curated sequence Q9R9Q7: ThuE aka RB0311 aka SMB20325, component of Trehalose/maltose/sucrose porter (trehalose inducible). ABC transporter for D-Trehalose, periplasmic substrate-binding component
- Curated sequence O51923: MalE aka PF1739, component of Maltose/trehalose porter
- Curated sequence Q72H68: Trehalose/maltose-binding protein aka TT_C1627, component of The trehalose/maltose/sucrose/palatinose porter (TTC1627-9) plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.24) (Silva et al. 2005; Chevance et al., 2006). The receptor (TTC1627) binds disaccharide alpha-glycosides, namely trehalose (alpha-1,1), sucrose (alpha-1,2), maltose (alpha-1,4), palatinose (alpha-1,6) and glucose
- Curated sequence Q7AKP1: Putative maltose-binding protein, component of MalEFG (K unknown), involved in maltose and maltodextrin uptake
- Curated sequence Q7LYW7: Trehalose/maltose-binding protein MalE; TMBP
- Comment: Sinorhizobium meliloti has thuEFGK; similar systems are found in Thermus thermophilus, Thermococcus literalis, and Streptomyces coelicolor.
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
thuF: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ThuF)
- Curated sequence Q72H67: Maltose transport system permease protein malF aka TT_C1628, component of The trehalose/maltose/sucrose/palatinose porter (TTC1627-9) plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.24) (Silva et al. 2005; Chevance et al., 2006). The receptor (TTC1627) binds disaccharide alpha-glycosides, namely trehalose (alpha-1,1), sucrose (alpha-1,2), maltose (alpha-1,4), palatinose (alpha-1,6) and glucose
- Curated sequence O51924: Trehalose/maltose transport system permease protein MalF
- Curated sequence O51924: MalF, component of Maltose/trehalose porter
- Curated sequence Q9KZ07: Putative maltose permease, component of MalEFG (K unknown), involved in maltose and maltodextrin uptake
- Curated sequence SM_b20326: ABC transporter for D-Trehalose, permease component 1. ThuF aka RB0312 aka SMB20326, component of Trehalose/maltose/sucrose porter (trehalose inducible)
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
thuG: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ThuG)
- Curated sequence Q7LYX6: Trehalose/maltose transport system permease protein MalG. MalG aka PF1741, component of Maltose/trehalose porter
- Curated sequence Q72H66: Maltose transport system permease protein malG aka TT_C1629, component of The trehalose/maltose/sucrose/palatinose porter (TTC1627-9) plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.24) (Silva et al. 2005; Chevance et al., 2006). The receptor (TTC1627) binds disaccharide alpha-glycosides, namely trehalose (alpha-1,1), sucrose (alpha-1,2), maltose (alpha-1,4), palatinose (alpha-1,6) and glucose
- Curated sequence Q9KZ08: Putative maltose permease, component of MalEFG (K unknown), involved in maltose and maltodextrin uptake
- Curated sequence SM_b20327: ABC transporter for D-Trehalose, permease component 2. ThuG aka RB0313 aka SMB20327, component of Trehalose/maltose/sucrose porter (trehalose inducible)
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
thuK: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component ThuK
- Curated sequence Q9YGA6: Trehalose/maltose import ATP-binding protein MalK; EC 7.5.2.1
- Curated sequence Q9R9Q4: ThuK aka RB0314 aka SMB20328, component of Trehalose/maltose/sucrose porter (trehalose inducible). ABC transporter for D-Trehalose, ATPase component
- Curated sequence SMc03065: ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, ATPase component. AglK aka R00699 aka SMC03065, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible)
- Curated sequence Q72L52: Sugar-binding transport ATP-binding protein aka MalK1 aka TT_C0211, component of The trehalose/maltose/sucrose/palatinose porter (TTC1627-9) plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.24) (Silva et al. 2005; Chevance et al., 2006). The receptor (TTC1627) binds disaccharide alpha-glycosides, namely trehalose (alpha-1,1), sucrose (alpha-1,2), maltose (alpha-1,4), palatinose (alpha-1,6) and glucose
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
malE1: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (MalE1/MalE2)
- Curated sequence Q9S5Y1: MalE2; aka Maltose ABC transporter, periplasmic maltose-binding protein, component of The maltose, maltotriose, mannotetraose (MalE1)/maltose, maltotriose, trehalose (MalE2) porter (Nanavati et al., 2005). For MalG1 (823aas) and MalG2 (833aas), the C-terminal transmembrane domain with 6 putative TMSs is preceded by a single N-terminal TMS and a large (600 residue) hydrophilic region showing sequence similarity to MLP1 and 2 (9.A.14; e-12 & e-7) as well as other proteins
- Curated sequence Q9X0T1: MalE1; aka Maltose ABC transporter, periplasmic maltose-binding protein, component of The maltose, maltotriose, mannotetraose (MalE1)/maltose, maltotriose, trehalose (MalE2) porter (Nanavati et al., 2005). For MalG1 (823aas) and MalG2 (833aas), the C-terminal transmembrane domain with 6 putative TMSs is preceded by a single N-terminal TMS and a large (600 residue) hydrophilic region showing sequence similarity to MLP1 and 2 (9.A.14; e-12 & e-7) as well as other proteins
- Comment: Thermotoga maritima has malE1E2F1F2G1G2K; both SBPs bind maltose, so require only one to be present.
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
malF1: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MalF1)
- Curated sequence Q9X0T0: MalF1; aka Maltose ABC transporter, permease protein, component of The maltose, maltotriose, mannotetraose (MalE1)/maltose, maltotriose, trehalose (MalE2) porter (Nanavati et al., 2005). For MalG1 (823aas) and MalG2 (833aas), the C-terminal transmembrane domain with 6 putative TMSs is preceded by a single N-terminal TMS and a large (600 residue) hydrophilic region showing sequence similarity to MLP1 and 2 (9.A.14; e-12 & e-7) as well as other proteins
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malG1: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MalG1/MalG2)
- Curated sequence Q9X0S9: ABC-type maltose transporter (subunit 2/2) (EC 7.5.2.1). MalG1; aka Maltose ABC transporter, permease protein, component of The maltose, maltotriose, mannotetraose (MalE1)/maltose, maltotriose, trehalose (MalE2) porter (Nanavati et al., 2005). For MalG1 (823aas) and MalG2 (833aas), the C-terminal transmembrane domain with 6 putative TMSs is preceded by a single N-terminal TMS and a large (600 residue) hydrophilic region showing sequence similarity to MLP1 and 2 (9.A.14; e-12 & e-7) as well as other proteins
- Curated sequence Q9X2F5: ABC-type maltose transporter (subunit 1/2) (EC 7.5.2.1). MalG2; aka Maltose ABC transporter, permease protein, component of The maltose, maltotriose, mannotetraose (MalE1)/maltose, maltotriose, trehalose (MalE2) porter (Nanavati et al., 2005). For MalG1 (823aas) and MalG2 (833aas), the C-terminal transmembrane domain with 6 putative TMSs is preceded by a single N-terminal TMS and a large (600 residue) hydrophilic region showing sequence similarity to MLP1 and 2 (9.A.14; e-12 & e-7) as well as other proteins
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
malK1: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component
- Curated sequence Q9X103: MalK; aka Sugar ABC transporter, ATP-binding protein, component of The maltose, maltotriose, mannotetraose (MalE1)/maltose, maltotriose, trehalose (MalE2) porter (Nanavati et al., 2005). For MalG1 (823aas) and MalG2 (833aas), the C-terminal transmembrane domain with 6 putative TMSs is preceded by a single N-terminal TMS and a large (600 residue) hydrophilic region showing sequence similarity to MLP1 and 2 (9.A.14; e-12 & e-7) as well as other proteins
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malX_Sm: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component
- Curated sequence Q8DT28: MalX, component of Maltose/Maltotriose/maltodextrin (up to 7 glucose units) transporters MalXFGK (MsmK (3.A.1.1.28) can probably substitute for MalK; Webb et al., 2008)
- Comment: Streptococcus mutans has malXFGK, distantly related to these other systems
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malF_Sm: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1
- Curated sequence Q8DT27: MalF, component of Maltose/Maltotriose/maltodextrin (up to 7 glucose units) transporters MalXFGK (MsmK (3.A.1.1.28) can probably substitute for MalK; Webb et al., 2008)
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malG_Sm: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2
- Curated sequence Q8DT26: MalG, component of Maltose/Maltotriose/maltodextrin (up to 7 glucose units) transporters MalXFGK (MsmK (3.A.1.1.28) can probably substitute for MalK; Webb et al., 2008)
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malK_Sm: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component
- Curated sequence Q8DT25: MalK, component of Maltose/Maltotriose/maltodextrin (up to 7 glucose units) transporters MalXFGK (MsmK (3.A.1.1.28) can probably substitute for MalK; Webb et al., 2008)
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
musE: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MusE
- Curated sequence Q8NMV3: ABC-type transporter, periplasmic component, component of Maltose transporter, MusEFGKI
- Comment: Corynebacterium glutamicum has musEFGKI (cg2705,cg2704,cg2703,cg2708,cg2701)
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
musF: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MusF)
- Curated sequence Q8NMV4: ABC-type sugar transport system, permease component, component of Maltose transporter, MusEFGKI
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
musG: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MusG)
musK: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component MusK
- Curated sequence Q8NMV1: ABC-type maltose transporter (EC 7.5.2.1). ABC-type sugar transport system, ATPase component, component of Maltose transporter, MusEFGKI
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
musI: maltose ABC transporter, uncharacterized membrane component MusI
malE_Aa: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component
- UniProt sequence Q9RHZ6: RecName: Full=Maltodextrin-binding protein {ECO:0000256|RuleBase:RU365005};
- Comment: Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius: malK only is curated, but PMID:15136159 lists malEFG as well. malE = Aaci_2873 = Q9RHZ6, see PDB 1urg. malFG are presumably the adjacent proteins Aaci_2872 (C8WUR0) and Aaci_2871 (C8WUQ9).
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malF_Aa: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1
- UniProt sequence C8WUR0: SubName: Full=Binding-protein-dependent transport systems inner membrane component {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ACV59876.1};
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malG_Aa: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2
- UniProt sequence C8WUQ9: SubName: Full=Binding-protein-dependent transport systems inner membrane component {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ACV59875.1};
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malK_Aa: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component
aglE: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component AglK
- Curated sequence Q9Z3R5: AglE aka R00695 aka SMC03061, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible). ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, ATPase component
- UniProt sequence A8LLL6: SubName: Full=Putative bacterial solute-binding protein 1 family {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93394.1};
- Comment: Sinorhizobium meliloti has a second system, algEFGK. A similar system from Dinoroseobacter shibae, Dshi_1652:Dshi_1648, is involved in maltose uptake. Dinoroseobacter shibae aglE = Dshi_1652 = A8LLL6.
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
aglF: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (AglF)
- Curated sequence SMc03062: ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, permease component 1. AglF aka R00696 aka SMC03062, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible)
- UniProt sequence A8LLL5: SubName: Full=Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93393.1};
- Comment: Dinoroseobacter shibae aglF = Dshi_1651 = A8LLL5.
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
aglG: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (AglG)
- Curated sequence SMc03063: ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, permease component 2. glucosyl-dolichyl phosphate glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.356). AglG aka R00697 aka SMC03063, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible)
- UniProt sequence A8LLL4: SubName: Full=Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93392.1};
- Comment: Dinoroseobacter shibae aglG = Dshi_1650 = A8LLL4.
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
aglK: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component AglK
- Curated sequence SMc03065: ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, ATPase component. AglK aka R00699 aka SMC03065, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible)
- UniProt sequence A8LLL2: SubName: Full=Maltose/maltodextrin import ATP-binding protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93390.1}; EC=3.6.3.19 {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93390.1};
- Comment: Dinoroseobacter shibae aglK = Dshi_1648 = A8LLL2.
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
malEF_Bb: maltose ABC transporter, fused substrate-binding and permease component 1
- Curated sequence Q6MNM0: ABC-type maltose transporter (EC 7.5.2.1). Maltose - maltoheptose transporter, MalEFGK
- Comment: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus has fused malEF (Bd1227, Q6MNM0) and also malG, malK. malG must be Bd1226 (Q6MNM1) and malK must be Bd1225 (Q6MNM2).
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malG_Bb: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2
malK_Bb: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component
malE_Ss: maltose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component
- Curated sequence Q97UG7: MalE, component of Maltose and maltooligosaccharide porter
- Comment: Sulfolobus solfataricus has malEFGK.
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malF_Ss: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 1
malG_Ss: maltose ABC transporter, permease component 2
malK_Ss: maltose ABC transporter, ATPase component
malEIICBA: maltose phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components
- Curated sequence Q48WG5: Maltose/Maltotriose PTS transporter, MalT (Shelburne et al., 2008) 631aas (68% identical to 4.A.1.1.11 from S. mutans
- Curated sequence Q8DS05: The maltose/maltotriose porter, MalT (31% identical to 4.A.1.1.9)
- UniProt sequence Q836Y6: SubName: Full=PTS system, IIABC components {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AAO80765.1};
- Ignore hits to Q63GK8 when looking for 'other' hits (The Maltose group translocator, MalT of 470 aas and 10 TMSs. Takes up extracellular maltose, releasing maltose-phosphate into the cytoplasm)
- Comment: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes have a EII-CBA system malT. A related system in Enterococcus faecalis (EF0958 = Q836Y6) was also shown to be a PTS sytem for maltose (PMID:15752325). The EII-CB portion of these proteins is similar to the EII-CB portion of B. subtilis, so that is marked ignore.
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
malEIICB: maltose phosphotransferase system, EII-CB components curated:SwissProt::P54715
- Curated sequence Q63GK8: The Maltose group translocator, MalT of 470 aas and 10 TMSs. Takes up extracellular maltose, releasing maltose-phosphate into the cytoplasm
- Ignore hits to Q8DS05 when looking for 'other' hits (The maltose/maltotriose porter, MalT (31% identical to 4.A.1.1.9))
- Ignore hits to Q48WG5 when looking for 'other' hits (Maltose/Maltotriose PTS transporter, MalT (Shelburne et al., 2008) 631aas (68% identical to 4.A.1.1.11 from S. mutans)
- Comment: Bacillus subtilis has a EII-CB system malP. PMID:30038046 showed that ptsG (P20166), YpqE (P50829) or GamP (P39816) provide the EII-A component. Bacillus cereus has a EII-CB system, also named malT. The EII-A component is not known but crosstalk as in B. subtilis seems likely, even though the EII-CB proteins are distantly related (27% identity).
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malEIIA: maltose phosphotransferase system, EII-A component (PtsG/YpqE/GamP)
- Curated sequence P20166: PTS system glucose-specific EIICBA component; EC 2.7.1.-; EC 2.7.1.69. The glucose IICBA porter (PtsG) 44% identical to 4.A.1.1.1)
- UniProt sequence P50829: RecName: Full=Putative phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component YpqE; AltName: Full=Putative PTS system EIIA component;
- Curated sequence P39816: Putative PTS system glucosamine-specific EIICBA component; EC 2.7.1.193. The glucosamine IICBA porter (GamP) (40% identical to 4.A.1.1.2) (Plumbridge 2015). The IIA domain in this protein can transfer the phosphoryl moiety to the maltose, N-acetylglucosamine, sucrose and trehalose PTS systems (MalP, NagP, SacP and TreP, respectively)
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
MAL11: maltose permease
- Curated sequence CH_091394: general alpha-glucoside permease. General alpha-glucoside permease; Maltose permease MAL11; Maltose transport protein MAL11. General α-glucoside:H+ symporter, Gtr3, Mal11,Mal1T, Mtp1 or Agt1 . (Substrates include trehalose, maltotriose, maltose, turanose, isomaltose, α-methyl-glucoside, maltotriose, palatinose, and melezitose)
- Curated sequence P0CD99: Alpha-glucosides permease MPH2; Maltose transport protein 2
- Curated sequence P0CE00: Alpha-glucosides permease MPH3; Maltose transport protein 3
- Curated sequence P38156: Maltose permease MAL31; Maltose transport protein MAL31
- Curated sequence P15685: Maltotriose/maltose:H+ symporter, Mal6T or Mal61
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
SUC2: maltose:H+ symporter
- Curated sequence CH_091608: sucrose transport protein SUC1. Sucrose transport protein SUC1; Sucrose permease 1; Sucrose-proton symporter 1. Sucrose:H+ symporter, Suc1 (provides osmotic driving force for anther dehiscence, pollen germination and pollen tube growth; also transports other glucosides such as maltose and phenylglucosides. Km (sucrose)= 0.5 mM. (Stadler et al., 1999)). In wheat (Triticum aesticum), there are at least three isoforms designated Sut2A, Sut2B and Sut2D. sucrose transporter
- Curated sequence Q39231: Sucrose transport protein SUC2; Sucrose permease 2; Sucrose transporter 1; Sucrose-proton symporter 2. sucrose transporter
- Curated sequence MONOMER-18237: sucrose transporter
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
SUT1: maltose:H+ symporter
- Curated sequence CH_091204: general alpha-glucoside permease. General alpha-glucoside permease. Maltose/sucrose H+ : symporter, Sut1 (maltose, Km = 6 %u03BCM; sucrose, Km = 36 %u03BCM)
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
cscB: maltose permease
- Curated sequence P30000: Sucrose permease; Sucrose transport protein. Sucrose:H+ symporter, CscB, also transports maltose (Peng et al. 2009). CscB recognizes not just sucrose but also fructose and lactulose, but glucopyranosides are not transported and do not inhibit sucrose transport
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
malAP: maltose permease
malI: maltose transporter
- Curated sequence Q9A612: The maltose/maltooligosaccharide transporter, MalI (541 aas)
- UniProt sequence A0A1X9ZCC9: SubName: Full=MFS transporter {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ARS42682.1};
- Comment: Caulobacter malI; also CA265_RS24665 (A0A1X9ZCC9) is specifically important for maltose utilization and is related.
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily
- Curated sequence A0A0H2VG78: Glucose transporter GlcP; Glucose/H(+) symporter
- Curated sequence CH_091029: galactose transporter. Galactose, glucose uniporter, Gal2. Also transports xylose
- Curated sequence CH_091305: solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8. The blastocyst/testis glucose transporter, Glut8 (Doege et al., 2000) (insulin stimulated in blastocysts)
- Curated sequence CH_091400: low-affinity glucose transporter HXT4. Low-affinity glucose transporter HXT4; Low-affinity glucose transporter LGT1. Low affinity, constitutive, glucose (hexose; xylose) uniporter, Hxt4 (LGT1; Rag1) (also transports arsenic trioxide [As(OH)3] as do Hxtl, 3, 5, 7 and 9)
- Curated sequence CH_091463: sugar transport protein 13. The glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, STP13 (sugar transport protein 13). Expressed in vascular tissues and induced during programmed cell death
- Curated sequence CH_091493: sugar transport protein 6. Sugar transport protein 6; Hexose transporter 6. High affinity monosaccharide (KM ≈ 20 µM):H+ symporter, Stp6 (takes up glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose, galactose and to a lesser extent, xylose and ribulose.
- Curated sequence CH_091695: sugar transport protein 1. Sugar transport protein 1; Glucose transporter; Hexose transporter 1. The major hexose transporter, Htr1 (mediates the active uptake of hexoses by sugar:H+ symport. Can transport glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, fructose, xylose, mannose, galactose, fucose, 2-deoxyglucose and arabinose. Confers sensitivity to galactose in seedlings. Km=20 uM for glucose)
- Curated sequence CH_122958: high affinity glucose transporter
- Curated sequence CH_124310: high-affinity glucose transporter ght2
- Curated sequence A0A1D8PCL1: High-affinity glucose transporter 1
- Curated sequence F1R0H0: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 10; Glucose transporter type 10; GLUT-10
- Curated sequence O44616: Facilitated glucose transporter homolog
- Curated sequence O44827: Facilitated glucose transporter protein 1
- Curated sequence P0AEP1: Galactose-proton symporter; Galactose transporter. Galactose:H+ symporter, GalP. Also transports glucose, xylose, fucose (6-deoxygalactose), 2-deoxygalactose and 2-deoxyglucose) (Henderson and Giddens 1977. ; galactose:H+ symporter. galactose:H+ symporter. galactose:H+ symporter (galP)
- Curated sequence P11166: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1; Glucose transporter type 1, erythrocyte/brain; GLUT-1; HepG2 glucose transporter. The erythrocyte/brain hexose facilitator, glucose transporter-1, Gtr1 or Glut1. Transports D-glucose, dehydroascorbate, arsenite and the flavonone, quercetin, via one pathway and water via a distinct channel. Sugar transport has been suggested to function via a sliding mechanism involving several sugar binding sites (Cunningham et al., 2006). Glut1 is the receptor for human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)) (Manel et al., 2003). It is regulated by stomatin (TC# 8.A.21) to take up dehydroascorbate (Montel-Hagen et al., 2008). Mutations cause Glut1 deficiency syndrome, a human encephalopathy that results from decreased glucose flux through the blood brain barrier
- Curated sequence P11167: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1; Glucose transporter type 1, erythrocyte/brain; GLUT-1
- Curated sequence P11168: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2; Glucose transporter type 2, liver; GLUT-2. Glucosamine/glucose uniporter, Glut-2; it may also transport dehydroascorbate (Mardones et al., 2011;
- Curated sequence P11169: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3; Glucose transporter type 3, brain; GLUT-3. Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3 (Glucose transporter type 3, brain) (GLUT-3 or GLUT3). It mediates the facilitative uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fucose, and probably dehydroascorbate, but not fructose
- Curated sequence P12336: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2; Glucose transporter type 2, liver; GLUT-2
- Curated sequence P14142: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; GT2; Glucose transporter type 4, insulin-responsive; GLUT-4
- Curated sequence P14246: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2; Glucose transporter type 2, liver; GLUT-2
- Curated sequence P14672: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; Glucose transporter type 4, insulin-responsive; GLUT-4. Insulin-responsive facilitative glucose transporter in skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose, and other tissues, Glut4 (GTR4; SLC2A4; 509aas). Defects in Glut4 cause noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- Curated sequence P17809: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1; Glucose transporter type 1, erythrocyte/brain; GLUT-1; GT1
- Curated sequence P19357: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; Glucose transporter type 4, insulin-responsive; GLUT-4
- Curated sequence P27674: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1; Glucose transporter type 1, erythrocyte/brain; GLUT-1
- Curated sequence P32037: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3; Glucose transporter type 3, brain; GLUT-3
- Curated sequence P47843: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3; Glucose transporter type 3, brain; GLUT-3
- Curated sequence P58353: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5; Fructose transporter; Glucose transporter type 5, small intestine; GLUT-5
- Curated sequence P58354: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8; Glucose transporter type 8; GLUT-8; Glucose transporter type X1
- Curated sequence Q07647: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3; Glucose transporter type 3, brain; GLUT-3. Glucose uniporter, Glut3 (also transports dehydro-ascorbate; Maulén et al., 2003). Down-regulated in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients (Liu et al., 2008b)
- Curated sequence Q56ZZ7: Plastidic glucose transporter 4; AtpGlcT. Plastidic glucose transporter 4 (AtpGlcT). glucose transporter
- Curated sequence Q9JIF3: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8; Glucose transporter type 8; GLUT-8; Glucose transporter type X1
- Curated sequence Q9JJZ1: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8; Glucose transporter type 8; GLUT-8; Glucose transporter type X1
- Curated sequence Q9NY64: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8; Glucose transporter type 8; GLUT-8; Glucose transporter type X1. Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8 (Glucose transporter type 8) (GLUT-8) (Glucose transporter type X1)
- Curated sequence Q9WV38: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5; Fructose transporter; Glucose transporter type 5, small intestine; GLUT-5
- Curated sequence Q9XSC2: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3; Glucose transporter type 3, brain; GLUT-3
- Curated sequence A0QZX3: Glucose permease GlcP (Pimentel-Schmitt et al., 2008) (most similar to 2.A.1.1.32)
- Curated sequence A0ZXK6: The monosaccharide (MST) (glucose > mannose > galactose > fructose):H+ symporter, MST1
- Curated sequence A1Z264: Sugar & polyol transporter 1 (SPT1): broad specificity; takes up glucose (Schilling and Oesterhelt, 2007). Loss of the first 3 TMSs of the 12 TMSs does not prevent sugar uptake or sugar recognition but lowers substrate affinity & transport rate, and abolished H+ symport
- Curated sequence G4N740: Glucose transporter Rco-3 or MoST1. MoST1 plays a specific role in conidiation and mycelial melanization which is not shared by other hexose transporter family members in M. oryzae
- Curated sequence H9BPB6: The sea bream facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)
- Curated sequence P15729: Glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, GlcP
- Curated sequence P23585: High-affinity glucose transporter HXT2
- Curated sequence P49374: The high affinity glucose transporter, Hgt1
- Curated sequence Q0SE66: The glucose uptake porter, GluP
- Curated sequence Q2MDH1: Glucose/xylose facilitator-1, GXF1 (functions by sugar uniport; low affinity
- Curated sequence Q2MEV7: Glucose/xylose: H+ symporter, Gsx1
- Curated sequence Q63ZP5: Glucose transporter 1, GLUT1 or Slc2A1 of 491 aas and 12 TMSs
- Curated sequence Q7BEC4: The major glucose (or 2-deoxyglucose) uptake transporter, GlcP
- Curated sequence Q8G3X1: The D-glucose:H+ symporter, GlcP (glucose uptake is inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose, mannose and galactose)
- Curated sequence Q8J0U9: Low affinity glucose:H+ symporter, MstC
- Curated sequence Q8NTX0: Myo-Inositol uptake porter, IolT1 (Km=0.2mM)
- Curated sequence Q9LT15: The high affinity sugar:H+ symporter (sugar uptake) porter of 514 aas and 12 TMSs, STP10. It transports glucose, galactose and mannose, and is therefore a hexose transporter (Rottmann et al. 2016). The 2.4
- Curated sequence O07563: Glucose/mannose transporter GlcP; Glucose/mannose:H(+) symporter. Glucose/Mannose/Xylose: H+ symporter (Paulsen et al., 1998; G.Gosset, personal communication)
- Curated sequence Q8TDB8: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 14; Glucose transporter type 14; GLUT-14. Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 14 (Glucose transporter type 14) (GLUT-14)
- Curated sequence CH_091552: glucose transporter 9b. The embryonic liver, kidney, and other tissue uric acid (urate) transporter, Glut9 (SLC2A9) (Wright et al. 2010). Mutations in this transporter cause severe renal hyperuricemia
- Curated sequence CH_121984: low affinity glucose transporter MstE. The low affinity, glucose-inducible glucose transporter, MstE
- Curated sequence P22732: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5; Fructose transporter; Glucose transporter type 5, small intestine; GLUT-5. Fructose uniporter, GLUT5
- Curated sequence P43427: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5; Fructose transporter; Glucose transporter type 5, small intestine; GLUT-5
- Curated sequence P46408: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5; Fructose transporter; Glucose transporter type 5, small intestine; GLUT-5
- Curated sequence Q3T9X0: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 9; Glucose transporter type 9; GLUT-9; Urate transporter
- Curated sequence Q6PXP3: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 7; Glucose transporter type 7; GLUT-7; hGLUT7. The glucose/fructose facilitator, Glut7 (SLC2A7) (a single mutation, I314V, results in loss of fructose transport but retention of glucose transport
- Curated sequence Q9BYW1: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 11; Glucose transporter type 11; GLUT-11. The hexose (glucose and fructose but not galactose) transporter (Glut11; SLC2A11)
- Curated sequence Q9NRM0: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 9; Glucose transporter type 9; GLUT-9; Urate transporter
- Curated sequence Q26579: The glucose transport protein, GTP1
- Curated sequence A3M0N3: The Glucose Transporter/Sensor Rgt2
- Curated sequence CH_091058: high-affinity glucose transporter ght2. Hexose:H+ symporter, Ght2 (Glucose > Fructose)
- Curated sequence CH_123257: potential high affinity glucose transporter
- Curated sequence B8MYS7: MFS glucose transporter mfs1; Asparasone A synthesis protein mfs1
- Curated sequence P32465: Low-affinity glucose transporter HXT1. Low-affinity glucose transporter HXT1
- Curated sequence P32466: Low-affinity glucose transporter HXT3
- Curated sequence Q9P3U6: High-affinity glucose transporter Ght1 (Hexose transporter 1)
- Curated sequence O95528: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 10; Glucose transporter type 10; GLUT-10. The glucose transporter, GLUT10, was originally believed to be responsible for Type 2 diabetes. It is now believed to be responsible for arterial tortuosity, a rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disease (Callewaert et al., 2007). GLUT10 transports glucose and 2-deoxy glucose (Km=0.3 mM), and is inhibited by galactose and phloretin
- Curated sequence Q5J316: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12; Glucose transporter type 12; GLUT-12
- Curated sequence Q6NWF1: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12; Glucose transporter type 12; GLUT-12
- Curated sequence Q8BFW9: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12; Glucose transporter type 12; GLUT-12
- Curated sequence Q8TD20: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 12; Glucose transporter type 12; GLUT-12. solute carrier family 2, member 12, Glut12 of 617 aas and 12 TMSs
- Curated sequence B1PLM1: Hexose (glucose) transporter, GT4 (D2) (almost identical to 2.A.1.1.16)
- Curated sequence O61059: The D-glucose/D-ribose transporter, LmGT2 (Most similar to 1.A.1.1.18)
- Curated sequence O61060: The glucose transporter, LmGT3 (homologous to LmGT2 (1.A.1.1.75)). Two threonine residues located in the hydrophilic loops connecting TMSs 3 & 4 and 7 & 8 of GT3 prevent transport of D-ribose. Changing these two residues to alanine (as in GT2) allows transport of ribose. Thus, loops 3-4 and 7-8 partially determine substrate specificity
- Curated sequence O76486: Glucose transporter, GT1. GT1, 2, and 3 are homologues. GT2 and GT3 transport ribose as well as glucose at different rates. GT3 transports ribose with 6-fold lower efficiency due to two threonines in GT3 that are alanines in GT2. They are in two loops between TMSs 3, 4, and 7, 8 (Naula et al., 2010). GT1 is expressed in the flagellar membrane and may be both a glucose transporter and sensor, allowing the parasites to enter the stationary phase when they deplete glucose although in the absence of the sensor, they lose viability
- Curated sequence Q06222: Glucose/mannose/fructose transporter and high affinity sensor, Snf3p (regulates glucose transport via other systems)
- Curated sequence A5Y0C3: Facilitative (Na+-independent) glucose-specific transporter (Km = 3 mM) of 486 aas and 12 TMSs, HT1; inhibited by cytochalasin B and localized to the midgut
- Curated sequence Q3UDF0: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 6; Glucose transporter type 6; GLUT-6
- Curated sequence Q9UGQ3: Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 6; Glucose transporter type 6; GLUT-6. solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 6
- Curated sequence O25788: The Na+-dependent sugar transporter, HP1174 (transports glucose, galactose, mannose and 2-deoxyglucose (Psakis et al. 2009)). (most similar to 2.A.1.7.2; 49% identity)
- Curated sequence P0C105: Glucose/galactose porter
- Curated sequence Q04DP6: The glucose transporter, OEOE_1574; does not transport fructose
- Curated sequence Q04FN1: Glucose transporter, OEOE_0819. Does not transport fructose
- Curated sequence CH_091224: D-xylose-proton symporter-like 1. Vacuolar (tonoplast) glucose transporter1, Vgt1 (important for seed germination and flowering)
- Curated sequence CH_091141: sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1; rNaGLT1; Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 4B. Rat kidney Na+-dependent glucose (methyl α-glucoside) transporter, NaGLT1 (glucose:Na+:Na+=1:1)
- Curated sequence P21906: Glucose facilitated diffusion protein. Glucose uniporter
- Curated sequence Q8IRI6: Glucose transporter type 1
- Curated sequence C5DX43: The fructose/glucose uniporter, Ffz2 (64% identical to 2.A.1.2.23)
- Curated sequence P39004: High-affinity hexose transporter HXT7. High affinity, glucose-repressible, glucose (hexose) uniporter (Hxt6/Hxt7). Asn331 and hydrophobic residue side chains in TMS5 determine substrate affinity
- Curated sequence CH_091031: high-affinity hexose transporter HXT6
- Ignore hits to CH_091031 when looking for 'other' hits (high-affinity hexose transporter HXT6)
- Curated sequence P43581: hexose transporter HXT10. Hexose uniporter
- Ignore hits to CH_122303 when looking for 'other' hits (high-affinity hexose transporter)
- Ignore hits to P40886 when looking for 'other' hits (Hexose transporter HXT8)
- Ignore hits to P54862 when looking for 'other' hits (Hexose transporter HXT11 (Low-affinity glucose transporter LGT3))
- Ignore hits to Q9P3U7 when looking for 'other' hits (Probable high-affinity hexose transporter ght8, mitochondrial; Hexose transporter 8)
- Ignore hits to C5E4Z7 when looking for 'other' hits (The fructose-specific uniporter, Ffz1 (69% identical to Ffz2)
- Ignore hits to CH_123252 when looking for 'other' hits (potential hexose transporter)
- Ignore hits to CH_123250 when looking for 'other' hits (potential hexose transporter)
- Ignore hits to CH_122864 when looking for 'other' hits (potential sugar sensor or transporter)
- Ignore hits to P39924 when looking for 'other' hits (Hexose transporter HXT13)
- Ignore hits to CH_124796 when looking for 'other' hits (hexose transporter Ght4)
- Ignore hits to P54854 when looking for 'other' hits (Hexose transporter HXT15)
- UniProt sequence A0KXM0: SubName: Full=Glucose/galactose transporter {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABK48539.1};
- Comment: MFS superfamily glucose transporters include: glcP, O07563 (glcP from B. subtilis), SLCA14/Q8TDB8, ght/rgt, SLC2A10, GT4, GTR6, gluP, and singletons Q04DP6 Q04FN1 CH_091224 CH_091141 P21906 Q8IRI6 C5DX43. Also add the hexose transporters HXT7_YEAST / P39004, CharProtDB::CH_091031 (nearly identical). Ignore CharProtDB::CH_091031 which is nearly identical to G4N740. Add P43581, yet another yeast glucose transporter. Ignore CH_122303, yet another hexose transporter. Ignore yet more yeast hexose transporters P40886, P54862, GHT8_SCHPO / Q9P3U7, C5E4Z7, CH_123252, CH_123250, CH_122864, P39924, CH_124796, P54854. Shewana3_2310 = glcP(Mal) = A0KXM0 was shown to be a glucose transporter (PMID:20836887).
- Total: 97 characterized proteins
SSS-glucose: Sodium/glucose cotransporter
- Curated sequence A0PJK1: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 5; Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 5; Solute carrier family 5 member 10. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 5 (Na+/glucose cotransporter 5) (Solute carrier family 5 member 10)
- Curated sequence CH_091086: sodium/glucose cotransporter 1. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1; Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 1; High affinity sodium-glucose cotransporter; Solute carrier family 5 member 1. Glucose or galactose:Na+ symporter, SGLT1 (galactose > glucose > fucose). Cotransports water against an osmotic gradient (Naftalin, 2008). TMS IV of the high-affinity sodium-glucose cotransporter participates in sugar binding
- Curated sequence P11170: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1; Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 1; High affinity sodium-glucose cotransporter; Solute carrier family 5 member 1
- Curated sequence P31636: Solute carrier family 5 member 4; Low affinity sodium-glucose cotransporter. Glucose:Na+ symporter 3 (low affinity)
- Curated sequence P31639: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2; Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 2; Low affinity sodium-glucose cotransporter; Solute carrier family 5 member 2. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (Na+/glucose cotransporter 2) (Low affinity sodium-glucose cotransporter) (Solute carrier family 5 member 2) of 672 aas and 14 TMSs
- Curated sequence P96169: Sodium/glucose cotransporter; Na(+)/glucose symporter. Glucose or galactose:Na+ symporter, SglS or SglT of 543 aas and 14 TMSs (Turk et al. 2006). The 3.0 Å structure is known (Faham et al., 2008). Sodium exit causes a reorientation of transmembrane helix 1 that opens an inner gate required for substrate exit (Watanabe et al., 2010). The involvement of aromatic residue pi interactions, especially with Na+ binding, has been examined
- Curated sequence Q28610: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 5; Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 5; RK-D; Solute carrier family 5 member 10
- Curated sequence Q28728: Sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Na(+)/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter; Sodium/glucose cotransporter KST1; rKST1; Sodium/myo-inositol transporter 2; SMIT2; Solute carrier family 5 member 11
- Curated sequence Q2M3M2: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 4; Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 4; hSGLT4; Solute carrier family 5 member 9. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 4 (Na+/glucose cotransporter 4) (hSGLT4) (Solute carrier family 5 member 9)
- Curated sequence Q6R4Q5: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 5; Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 5; Solute carrier family 5 member 10
- Curated sequence Q8K0E3: Sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Na(+)/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter; Sodium/glucose cotransporter KST1; Sodium/myo-inositol transporter 2; SMIT2; Solute carrier family 5 member 11
- Curated sequence Q8WWX8: Sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Na(+)/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter; Sodium/glucose cotransporter KST1; Sodium/myo-inositol transporter 2; SMIT2; Solute carrier family 5 member 11. Myoinositol:Na+ symporter, SMIT2 (also transports D-chiro-inositol, D-glucose and D-xylose)
- Curated sequence Q9NY91: Solute carrier family 5 member 4. Low affinity sodium-glucose cotransporter (Sodium/glucose cotransporter 3) (Na+/glucose cotransporter 3) (Solute carrier family 5 member 4)
- Curated sequence Q9Z1F2: Sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Na(+)/myo-inositol cotransporter 2; Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter; Sodium/glucose cotransporter KST1; rkST1; Sodium/myo-inositol transporter 2; SMIT2; Solute carrier family 5 member 11
- Curated sequence P26430: Nucleoside or glucose(?):Na+ symporter
- Curated sequence Q2A687: Renal Na+:D-glucose symporter type 1 (Sglt1; Slc5a1) of 662 aas and 14 TMSs
- Comment: solute_symporter (SSS) family transpoters
- Total: 16 characterized proteins
glcU': Glucose uptake protein GlcU
- Curated sequence O07881: Glucose uptake protein GlcU. Glucose uptake permease, GlcU
- Curated sequence P40420: Glucose uptake protein GlcU. Glucose permease, GlcU (also called YcxE). (Fiegler et al., 1999) (similar to 2.A.7.5.1)
- Curated sequence L8DP77: The glucose uptake porter of 285 aas, GlcU
- Curated sequence Q9CDF7: Glucose:H+ symporter, GlcU (YxfA) (high specificity, low affinity)
- Comment: Named glcU' in GapMind to distinguish from an ABC transporter component named glcU
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
PAST-A: proton-associated sugar transporter A
- Curated sequence Q8K4S3: Proton-associated sugar transporter A; PAST-A; Solute carrier family 45 member 1. The brain proton:associated sugar (glucose) transporter, PAST-A
- Curated sequence Q9Y2W3: Proton:glucose symporter A; proton-associated sugar transporter A
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
SemiSWEET: Sugar transporter SemiSWEET
- Curated sequence B0SR19: Sugar transporter SemiSWEET. SemiSWEET half glucose transporter of 93 aas and 3 TMSs with an N-terminal amphipathic α-helix
- Ignore hits to Q8F4F7 when looking for 'other' hits (3 TMS bacterial MtN3 homologue (96aas))
- Ignore hits to P0DMV3 when looking for 'other' hits (Sugar transporter SemiSWEET)
- Ignore hits to A2BS89 when looking for 'other' hits (3 TMS MtN3 homologue (85aas))
- Ignore hits to Q57574 when looking for 'other' hits (3 TMS Sweet homologue, MJ_0110 (93aas))
- Comment: Ignore some uncharacterized homologs: SwissProt::B0SR19, TCDB::Q8F4F7, SwissProt::P0DMV3 (structure is known; transports sucrose poorly; physiological substrate unclear), TCDB::A2BS89, TCDB::Q57574 ("LbSemiSWEET"; has glucose transport activity, but not clear if it is the physiological substrate).
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
SWEET1: bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET1
- Curated sequence Q8L9J7: Bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET1; AtSWEET1; Protein SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTERS 1. Sweet1: bidirectional low affinity
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
mglA: glucose ABC transporter, ATP-binding component (MglA)
- Ignore hits to D4GPW3 when looking for 'other' hits (Glucose import ATP-binding protein TsgD13; EC 7.5.2.-)
- Curated sequence G4FGN3: Monosaccharide-transporting ATPase, component of Glucose porter. Also bind xylose (Boucher and Noll 2011). Induced by glucose (Frock et al. 2012). Directly regulated by glucose-responsive regulator GluR
- Curated sequence O05176: GguA aka ATU2347 aka AGR_C_4264, component of Multiple sugar (arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose, fucose) putative porter
- Curated sequence P0AAG8: Galactose/methyl galactoside import ATP-binding protein MglA aka B2149, component of Galactose/glucose (methyl galactoside) porter. D-galactose/methyl-galactoside ABC transporter ATP binding subunit. D-galactose/methyl-galactoside ABC transporter ATP binding subunit
- Curated sequence GFF3641: glucose transporter, ATPase component
- Ignore hits to P23924 when looking for 'other' hits (Galactose/methyl galactoside import ATP-binding protein MglA; EC 7.5.2.11)
- Comment: mglABC-like ABC transporters, from E. coli, Haloferax, Thermotoga, Agrobacterium, and Phaeobacter. But in Haloferax, only two components are known; there is a SBP nearby but also a second permease. So mark TSGDD_HALVD / D4GPW3 and D4GPW2 as ignore. Also, there is one paper about the Salmonella ortholog of mglABC; not clear if that transports glucose or not, so ignore that as well (P23924).
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
mglB: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component
- Curated sequence P0AEE5: D-galactose-binding periplasmic protein DGAL aka MglB aka B2150, component of Galactose/glucose (methyl galactoside) porter. D-galactose/methyl-galactoside ABC transporter periplasmic binding protein. D-galactose/methyl-galactoside ABC transporter periplasmic binding protein
- Curated sequence P25548: CVE1 aka ChvE aka ATU2348 aka AGR_C_4267, component of Multiple sugar (arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose, fucose) putative porter
- Curated sequence GFF3639: glucose transporter, periplasmic substrate-binding component
- Curated sequence G4FGN5: LacI family transcriptional regulator, component of Glucose porter. Also bind xylose (Boucher and Noll 2011). Induced by glucose (Frock et al. 2012). Directly regulated by glucose-responsive regulator GluR
- Ignore hits to P54083 when looking for 'other' hits (Multiple sugar-binding periplasmic protein SbpA; Sugar-binding protein A)
- Comment: mglB (b2150) from E. coli (P0AEE5; 332 a.a.), chvE, or TC 3.A.1.2.20 / G4FGN5 in Thermotoga (343 a.a.) [absent from Haloferax]. Ignore SBPA_AZOBR / P54083 from Azospirillum, whose substrate specificity is uncertain.
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC)
- Curated sequence G4FGN4: Putative beta-xyloside ABC transporter, permease component, component of Glucose porter. Also bind xylose (Boucher and Noll 2011). Induced by glucose (Frock et al. 2012). Directly regulated by glucose-responsive regulator GluR
- Curated sequence P23200: MglC aka B2148, component of Galactose/glucose (methyl galactoside) porter. D-galactose/methyl-galactoside ABC transporter membrane subunit. D-galactose/methyl-galactoside ABC transporter membrane subunit
- Curated sequence O05177: GguB aka ATU2346 aka AGR_C_4262, component of Multiple sugar (arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose, fucose) putative porter
- Curated sequence GFF3640: glucose transporter, permease component
- Ignore hits to D4GPW2 when looking for 'other' hits (Glucose ABC transporter permease protein TsgB13)
- Comment: mglC (b2148) and related proteins, and a protein from Haloferax (TSGBD_HALVD / D4GPW2; TSGDD_HALVD / D4GPW3)
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
gtsA: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GtsA)
- Curated sequence Q88P38: GtsA (GLcE), component of Glucose porter, GtsABCD
- Curated sequence Q72KX2: Glucose-binding protein aka TT_C0328, component of The glucose/mannose porter TTC0326-8 plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.25)
- Curated sequence PfGW456L13_1894: ABC transporter for D-Galactose and D-Glucose, periplasmic substrate-binding component
- Curated sequence GFF4324: ABC transporter for D-Glucose-6-Phosphate, periplasmic substrate-binding component
- UniProt sequence A0A165KPY4: SubName: Full=Sugar ABC transporter substrate-binding protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:KZT15782.1};
- Comment: gtsABCD-like ABC transporters, from Thermus, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas fluorescens GW456-L13. (Some components cluster with glcSTUV from Saccharolobus, which is described separately; those are marked ignore here.) The system in P. fluorescens is very similar (~90% a.a. identity) to PS417_22145:PS417_22130 (GFF4324:GFF4321), which is involved in glucose-6-phosphate utilization, probably as a glucose transporter. Fitness data also identified a gtsABCD-like glucose transporter in Acidovorax sp. GW101-3H11 (Ac3H11_2062:Ac3H11_2064:Ac3H11_2065:Ac3H11_2066; A0A165KPY4, A0A165KPZ4, A0A165KQ00, A0A165KQ08).
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
gtsB: glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GtsB)
- Curated sequence Q88P37: GtsB (GLcF), component of Glucose porter, GtsABCD
- Curated sequence PfGW456L13_1895: ABC transporter for D-Galactose and D-Glucose, permease component 1
- Curated sequence Q72KX3: Glucose transport system permease protein aka TT_C0327, component of The glucose/mannose porter TTC0326-8 plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.25)
- Curated sequence GFF4323: ABC transporter for D-Glucose-6-Phosphate, permease component 2
- UniProt sequence A0A165KPZ4: SubName: Full=ABC transporter permease {ECO:0000313|EMBL:KZT15783.1};
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
gtsC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GtsC)
- Curated sequence Q72KX4: Sugar transport system permease protein aka TT_C0326, component of The glucose/mannose porter TTC0326-8 plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.25)
- Curated sequence Q88P36: GtsC (GLcG), component of Glucose porter, GtsABCD
- Curated sequence PfGW456L13_1896: ABC transporter for D-Galactose and D-Glucose, permease component 2
- Curated sequence GFF4322: ABC transporter for D-Glucose-6-Phosphate, permease component 1
- UniProt sequence A0A165KQ00: SubName: Full=Sugar ABC transporter permease {ECO:0000313|EMBL:KZT15784.1};
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
gtsD: glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GtsD)
- Curated sequence Q72L52: Sugar-binding transport ATP-binding protein aka MalK1 aka TT_C0211, component of The trehalose/maltose/sucrose/palatinose porter (TTC1627-9) plus MalK1 (ABC protein, shared with 3.A.1.1.24) (Silva et al. 2005; Chevance et al., 2006). The receptor (TTC1627) binds disaccharide alpha-glycosides, namely trehalose (alpha-1,1), sucrose (alpha-1,2), maltose (alpha-1,4), palatinose (alpha-1,6) and glucose
- Ignore hits to Q97UY8 when looking for 'other' hits (monosaccharide-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.17). Glucose import ATP-binding protein GlcV; EC 7.5.2.-. GlcV, component of Glucose, mannose, galactose porter)
- Curated sequence Q88P35: GtsD (GLcK), component of Glucose porter, GtsABCD
- Curated sequence PfGW456L13_1897: ABC transporter for D-Galactose and D-Glucose, ATPase component
- Curated sequence GFF4321: ABC transporter for D-Glucose-6-Phosphate, ATPase component
- UniProt sequence A0A165KQ08: SubName: Full=Sugar ABC transporter ATP-binding protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:KZT15785.1};
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
glcS: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GlcS)
- Curated sequence Q97UZ1: Glucose-binding protein GlcS; GBP. GlcS, component of Glucose, mannose, galactose porter
- Comment: ABC transporter glcSTUV from Saccharolobus/Sulfolobus
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
glcT: glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GlcT)
glcU: glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GlcU)
glcV: glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GclV)
- Curated sequence Q97UY8: monosaccharide-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.17). Glucose import ATP-binding protein GlcV; EC 7.5.2.-. GlcV, component of Glucose, mannose, galactose porter
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
aglE': glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (AglE)
- UniProt sequence A8LLL6: SubName: Full=Putative bacterial solute-binding protein 1 family {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93394.1};
- Ignore hits to SMc03061 when looking for 'other' hits (AglE aka R00695 aka SMC03061, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible). ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, ATPase component)
- Comment: ABC transporter aglEFGK (Dshi_1652:Dshi_1648) from Dinoroseobacter shibae. The gene names are from the related system aglEFGK of Sinorhizobium meliloti, which are involved in uptake of sucrose and some other disaccharides (PMID:10400573). In fitness data, S. meliloti aglEFGK are important for maltose & trehalose utilization (see SMc03061 = aglE); they are not important on glucose but S. meliloti also has SM_b20894, which is similar to gguA/mglA O05176. It is uncertain whether aglEFGK from S. meliloti can transport glucose or not, so it is ignored. Dshi_1652 = A8LLL6.
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
aglF': glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (AglF)
- UniProt sequence A8LLL5: SubName: Full=Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93393.1};
- Ignore hits to SMc03062 when looking for 'other' hits (ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, permease component 1. AglF aka R00696 aka SMC03062, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible))
- Comment: Dshi_1651 = A8LLL5.
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
aglG': glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (AglG)
- UniProt sequence A8LLL4: SubName: Full=Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93392.1};
- Ignore hits to SMc03063 when looking for 'other' hits (ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, permease component 2. glucosyl-dolichyl phosphate glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.356). AglG aka R00697 aka SMC03063, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible))
- Comment: Dshi_1650 = A8LLL4.
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
aglK': glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (AglK)
- UniProt sequence A8LLL2: SubName: Full=Maltose/maltodextrin import ATP-binding protein {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93390.1}; EC=3.6.3.19 {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93390.1};
- Ignore hits to SMc03065 when looking for 'other' hits (ABC transporter for D-Maltose and D-Trehalose, ATPase component. AglK aka R00699 aka SMC03065, component of Sucrose/maltose/trehalose porter (sucrose-inducible))
- Comment: Dshi_1648 = A8LLL2.
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
ptsG-crr: glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG)
- Curated sequence CH_001857: PTS system glucose-specific EIICBA component; EC 2.7.1.-; EC 2.7.1.69. The glucose IICBA porter (PtsG) 44% identical to 4.A.1.1.1)
- Curated sequence Q53922: PTS system glucoside-specific EIICBA component; EIICBA-Glc 2; EC 2.7.1.-. Glucose porter GlcB (IICBA). Glucose uptake is inhibited by methyl-α-D-glucoside, methyl-β-D-glucoside, p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucoside, o-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside and salicin, but not by 2-deoxyglucose. Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine are not transported
- Curated sequence Q57071: PTS system glucose-specific EIICBA component; EIICBA-Glc; EII-Glc; EIICBA-Glc 1; EC 2.7.1.199. Glucose porter, GlcA (IICBA). Glucose uptake is inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose and methyl-β-D-glucoside
- Comment: Fused (one-component) PTS system, EIICBA (ptsG in B. subtilis; two systems from Staphylococcus)
- Total: 3 characterized proteins
bglF: glucose PTS, enzyme II (BCA components, BglF)
- Curated sequence P08722: β-Glucoside (salicin, arbutin, cellobiose, etc) group translocator, BglF. β-glucoside specific PTS enzyme II / BglG kinase / BglG phosphatase (EC 2.7.1.199). β-glucoside specific PTS enzyme II / BglG kinase / BglG phosphatase (EC 2.7.1.199)
- Comment: Another one-component PTS system, bglF from E. coli
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
ptsG: glucose PTS, enzyme IICB
- Ignore hits to Q9AGA7 when looking for 'other' hits (PTS system alpha-glucoside-specific EIICB component; EC 2.7.1.-. The α-glucoside-specific IICB, AglB (transports glucose, methyl-α-glucoside, maltitol, isomaltose, trehalulose α(1→1), turanose α(1→3), maltulose α(1→4), leucrose α(1→5), and palatinose α(1→6), but not sucrose (most resembles 4.A.1.1.4 and 4.A.1.1.8))
- Curated sequence P69786: protein-Npi-phosphohistidine-D-glucose phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.199). PTS system glucose-specific EIICB component; EC 2.7.1.69. PTS system glucose-specific EIICB component; EIICB-Glc; EII-Glc; EC 2.7.1.199. PTS system glucose-specific EIICB component PTGB aka PTSG aka GLCA aka UMG aka B1101, component of Glucose porter (PtsG; GlcA; Umg) (transports D-glucose and α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside). glucose-specific PTS enzyme IIBC component (EC 2.7.1.199). glucose-specific PTS enzyme IIBC component (EC 2.7.1.199)
- Curated sequence P37439: PTS system glucose-specific EIICB component; EIICB-Glc; EII-Glc; EC 2.7.1.199
- Ignore hits to O51590 when looking for 'other' hits (Glucose-specific Enzyme IIBC of the PTS, PtsG)
- Ignore hits to P19642 when looking for 'other' hits (PTS system maltose- and glucose-specific EIICB component; EC 2.7.1.69. PTS system maltose-specific EIICB component; EC 2.7.1.208. Maltose porter (MalX). PTS enzyme IIBC component MalX. PTS enzyme IIBC component MalX)
- Comment: EII-CB proteins. Ignore O51590 (4.A.1.1.18) from Borrelia burgdorferi, which is not characterized and the EIIA component is uncertain. Ignore E. coli malX (P19642), which facilitates diffusion of glucose (no phosphorylation); its physiological function is unclear so it is not listed as a sole glucose transporter. Ignore PTUCB_KLEPN / Q9AGA7 from Klebsiella, as the EII-A component was not described
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
crr: glucose PTS, enzyme IIA
- Curated sequence CH_088352: glucose-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component; EC 2.7.1.-. PTS system glucose-specific EIIA component; EIIA-Glc; EIII-Glc; Glucose-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component. Glucose-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component PTGA aka CRR aka GSR aka IEX aka TGS aka TRED aka B2417, component of Glucose porter (PtsG; GlcA; Umg) (transports D-glucose and α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside). Enzyme IIAGlc (EC 2.7.1.199; EC 2.7.1.201; EC 2.7.1.192). Enzyme IIAGlc (EC 2.7.1.199)
- Curated sequence P0A283: PTS system glucose-specific EIIA component; EIIA-Glc; EIII-Glc; Glucose-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component
- Ignore hits to Q8L3C4 when looking for 'other' hits (IIA aka Crr, component of The N,N' -diacetylchitobiose Enzyme II (Toratani et al., 2008) (>80% identical to the E. coli enzyme (4.A.3.2.1)))
- Comment: Ignore a close homlog in Serratia (TC 4.A.3.2.5 / Q8L3C4) which is reported to be the II-A component for N,N' -diacetylchitobiose (probably shared with other sugars).
- Total: 2 characterized proteins
manX: glucose PTS, enzyme EIIAB
- Curated sequence CH_088329: PTS system mannose-specific EIIAB component; EC 2.7.1.-; EC 2.7.1.69. PTS system mannose-specific EIIAB component; EIIAB-Man; EIII-Man; EC 2.7.1.191. PTNA aka MANX aka PTSL aka GPTB aka B1817, component of The mannose (glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine, mannosamine and fructose) PTS porter/group translocator, ManXYZ (Rephaeli and Saier 1980; Plumbridge 2015). Catalyzes xylose facilitated diffusion in lactobacilli. The order of D-sugar substrate affinities is: glucose > mannose > 2-deoxyglucose > N-acetylglucosamine > glucosamine > N-acetylmannosamine > mannosamine > fructose. mannose-specific PTS enzyme IIAB component (EC 2.7.1.191; EC 2.7.1.199; EC 2.7.1.193). mannose-specific PTS enzyme IIAB component
- Curated sequence E1UCI0: PTS system, mannose-specific, IIAB component, component of The primary glucose /mannose uptake transporter, ManLMN
- Curated sequence Q04GK1: Phosphotransferase system, mannose/fructose-specific component IIA, component of The hexose (glucose and fructose demonstrated) PTS uptake system
- Curated sequence Q2QKM4: ManL aka EIIAB, component of Glucose porter, ManLMN
- Curated sequence Q5M5W6: ManL, component of The glucose/mannose/2-deoxyglucose/fructose phosphotransferase systems (phosphorylates without transport), ManLMN
- Ignore hits to Q9S4L5 when looking for 'other' hits (protein-Npi-phosphohistidine-D-mannose phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.191))
- Ignore hits to D2BKY7 when looking for 'other' hits (Mannose-specificPTS system, IIAB component, component of Mannose enzyme II complex, IIAB, IIC, IID. IIC/IID serve allows entry of some bacteriocins including pediocin (class IIa) and lactococcin A (class IIc) (Kjos et al., 2011). Transports and phosphorylates Glucose, Mannose and Glucosamine)
- Comment: PTS system manXYZ (manX is EIIAB; manY is EIIC; manZ is EIID) from E. coli, Listeria, Oenococcus, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus. Systems related to manXYZ in Streptococcus salivarius and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis are reported to act on glucose, but are listed with other preferred substrates; ignore these.
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
manY: glucose PTS, enzyme EIIC
- Curated sequence CH_088330: mannose permease IIC component. PTS system mannose-specific EIIC component; EII-P-Man; EIIC-Man; Mannose permease IIC component. PTNC aka MANY aka PTSP aka PEL aka B1818, component of The mannose (glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine, mannosamine and fructose) PTS porter/group translocator, ManXYZ (Rephaeli and Saier 1980; Plumbridge 2015). Catalyzes xylose facilitated diffusion in lactobacilli. The order of D-sugar substrate affinities is: glucose > mannose > 2-deoxyglucose > N-acetylglucosamine > glucosamine > N-acetylmannosamine > mannosamine > fructose. mannose-specific PTS enzyme IIC component (EC 2.7.1.191; EC 2.7.1.199; EC 2.7.1.193). mannose-specific PTS enzyme IIC component (EC 2.7.1.191; EC 2.7.1.199; EC 2.7.1.193)
- Curated sequence E1UCI1: PTS system, mannose/fructose/sorbose family, IIC component, component of The primary glucose /mannose uptake transporter, ManLMN
- Curated sequence Q04GK0: Mannose-specific PTS system component IIC, component of The hexose (glucose and fructose demonstrated) PTS uptake system
- Curated sequence Q2QKM3: ManM aka EIIC, component of Glucose porter, ManLMN
- Curated sequence Q5M5W7: ManM, component of The glucose/mannose/2-deoxyglucose/fructose phosphotransferase systems (phosphorylates without transport), ManLMN
- Comment: Also similar is Lmo0782 (TC 4.A.6.1.16 / Q8Y8W0) from MpoABCD, a PTS-like glucose sensor; this is not ignored but possibly should be.
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
manZ: glucose PTS, enzyme EIID
- Curated sequence P69805: PTS system mannose-specific EIID component; EII-M-Man; EIID-Man; Mannose permease IID component. mannose-specific PTS enzyme IID component (EC 2.7.1.191; EC 2.7.1.199; EC 2.7.1.193). mannose-specific PTS enzyme IID component (EC 2.7.1.191; EC 2.7.1.199; EC 2.7.1.193)
- Curated sequence E1UCI2: PTS system, mannose/fructose/sorbose family, IID component, component of The primary glucose /mannose uptake transporter, ManLMN
- Curated sequence P69805: PTND aka MANZ aka PTSM aka GPTB aka B1819, component of The mannose (glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine, mannosamine and fructose) PTS porter/group translocator, ManXYZ (Rephaeli and Saier 1980; Plumbridge 2015). Catalyzes xylose facilitated diffusion in lactobacilli. The order of D-sugar substrate affinities is: glucose > mannose > 2-deoxyglucose > N-acetylglucosamine > glucosamine > N-acetylmannosamine > mannosamine > fructose
- Curated sequence Q04GJ9: PTS system IID component, Man family, component of The hexose (glucose and fructose demonstrated) PTS uptake system
- Curated sequence Q2QKM2: ManN aka EIID, component of Glucose porter, ManLMN
- Curated sequence Q5M5W8: ManN, component of The glucose/mannose/2-deoxyglucose/fructose phosphotransferase systems (phosphorylates without transport), ManLMN
- Ignore hits to Q5IRC0 when looking for 'other' hits (protein-Npi-phosphohistidine-D-mannose phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.191))
- Ignore hits to D2BKY9 when looking for 'other' hits (Mannose-specific PTS system, IID component, component of Mannose enzyme II complex, IIAB, IIC, IID. IIC/IID serve allows entry of some bacteriocins including pediocin (class IIa) and lactococcin A (class IIc) (Kjos et al., 2011). Transports and phosphorylates Glucose, Mannose and Glucosamine)
- Comment: (The E. coli entry, P69805, is listed twice, because the sequence in TCDB has 3 extra N-terminal residues.) Also similar is Lmo0781 (TC 4.A.6.1.16 / Q8Y8W1) from MpoABCD; should perhaps be ignored.
- Total: 6 characterized proteins
gdh: quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
gnl: gluconolactonase
gadh1: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit
- Curated sequence O34214: Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase flavoprotein; GA 2-DH dehydrogenase subunit; GADH dehydrogenase subunit; EC 1.1.99.3. gluconate 2-dehydrogenase dehydrogenase subunit (EC 1.1.99.3)
- Curated sequence MONOMER-12745: D-gluconate dehydrogenase dehydrogenase subunit (EC 1.1.99.3)
- Curated sequence A4PIB0: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.215)
- UniProt sequence G5EBD9: SubName: Full=Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase alpha chain {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AAW60992.1}; EC=1.1.99.3 {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AAW60992.1};
- Curated sequence C0LE03: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.215)
- Comment: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase has three subunits; known in Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pantoea/Pectobacterium cypripedii. There's also papers about two different enzymes in Gluconobacter. PMID:17720837 describes A4PIA9 = gndS = gadh3; A4PIB0 = gndL = gadh1; A4PIB1 = gndC = gadh2; BRENDA includes only A4PIB0. PMID:27392695 shows that overexpressing GOX1232 to GOX1230 (Q5FRK3 G5EBD9 Q5FRK5), paralogs of gndSLC, leads to increased production of 2-ketogluconate; BRENDA includes only Q5FRK5. Finally, C0LE03 is listed by BRENDA as a gluconate 2-dehydrogenase and is nearly identical to Q4KKM7 = link, so include that as well. Some papers also mention GOX0147 = 5FTU6 but that is the cytoplasmic 2-ketogluconate reductase.
- Total: 5 characterized proteins
gadh2: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit
- Curated sequence O34215: Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit; GA 2-DH cytochrome c subunit; GADH cytochrome c subunit; EC 1.1.99.3. gluconate 2-dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit (EC 1.1.99.3)
- Curated sequence MONOMER-12746: D-gluconate dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit (EC 1.1.99.3)
- UniProt sequence A4PIB1: SubName: Full=Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase cytochrome c {ECO:0000313|EMBL:BAF52628.1};
- Curated sequence Q5FRK5: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.215)
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
gadh3: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase subunit 3
- Curated sequence O34213: Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase subunit 3; GA 2-DH subunit 3; GADH subunit 3; EC 1.1.99.3. gluconate 2-dehydrogenase subunit 3 (EC 1.1.99.3)
- Curated sequence MONOMER-12747: D-gluconate dehydrogenase 21.7 kD subunit (EC 1.1.99.3)
- UniProt sequence A4PIA9: SubName: Full=Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase small subunit {ECO:0000313|EMBL:BAF52626.1};
- UniProt sequence Q5FRK3: SubName: Full=Gluconate 2-dehydrogenase gamma chain {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AAW60993.1}; EC=1.1.99.3 {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AAW60993.1};
- Total: 4 characterized proteins
kguT: 2-ketogluconate transporter
kguK: 2-ketogluconokinase
kguD: 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase
edd: phosphogluconate dehydratase
eda: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase
glk: glucokinase
- Curated proteins or TIGRFams with EC 2.7.1.1
- Curated proteins or TIGRFams with EC 2.7.1.2
- UniProt sequence A8LLL9: SubName: Full=Glucokinase {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93397.1}; EC=2.7.1.2 {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93397.1};
- UniProt sequence Q5GAN8: SubName: Full=General specificity hexokinase {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AAT74901.1};
- Curated sequence MONOMER-19002: N-acetylglucosamine kinase (EC 2.7.1.59)
- Ignore hits to CH_123431 when looking for 'other' hits (N-acetylglucosamine kinase)
- Ignore hits to Q9ADE8 when looking for 'other' hits (polyphosphate-glucose phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.63))
- UniProt sequence I7DXX1: SubName: Full=Glucokinase Glk {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AFO90274.1}; EC=2.7.1.2 {ECO:0000313|EMBL:AFO90274.1};
- Comment: Dshi_1655 (A8LLL9) was identified using fitness data, is very important for growth on glucose and several glucose-containing disaccharides; and functional residues seem to be conserved. The related protein PGA1_c05420 (I7DXX1) also seems to be glk. Q5GAN8 = hexA from B. fragilis is a broad-specificity hexokinase (PMID:15659667). Q5GBH5 = rokA = MONOMER-19002 from B. fragilis is a glucose/mannose/NAG kinase (PMID:15659667). (MetaCyc lists it as NAG kinase only but it is just as active on glucose.) CH_123431 is nearly identical to a characterized broad-specificity hexose kinase, so ignore. SCO5059 (Q9ADE8) is reported to have ATP-glucokinase activity (PMID:24200789), so ignore.
- Total: 1 HMMs and 98 characterized proteins
malP: maltose phosphorylase
pgmB: beta-phosphoglucomutase
malA: 6-phospho-alphaglucosidase
mapP: maltose 6'-phosphate phosphatase
- Curated proteins or TIGRFams with EC 3.1.3.90
- Comment: Alternatively, maltose 6'-phosphate can be converted back to maltose by a phosphatase, followed by the phosphorylase pathway.
- Total: 1 characterized proteins
susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase)
- Curated proteins or TIGRFams with EC 3.2.1.20
- Curated sequence AAC44671.1: α-glucosidase / glucoamylase (SusB;BtGH97a;BT3703;BT_3703) (EC 3.2.1.3). Glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase SusB; Alpha-glucosidase SusB; Glucoamylase SusB; Starch-utilization system protein B; EC 3.2.1.3
- UniProt sequence A8LLL3: SubName: Full=Alpha-glucosidase {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93391.1}; EC=3.2.1.- {ECO:0000313|EMBL:ABV93391.1};
- Ignore hits to items matching maltase when looking for 'other' hits
- Comment: Close homologs are sometimes annotated as maltases (which should be included) or isomaltase (which should not; that refers to hydrolyzing an alpha-1,6 linkage, whereas maltose has an alpha-1,4 linkage). BRENDA::Q2PCE2 seems surprising but is supported by the underlying paper. susB from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (G8JZS4, CAZy::AAC44671.1) is a periplasmic maltase (PMID:18981178) (it also active on longer substrates) and is important for maltose utilization. Dshi_1649 from Dinoroseobacter shibae (A8LLL3) is important for maltose utilization and is 60% identical to the alpha-glucosidase HaG from Halomonas (PMC3298133).
- Total: 139 characterized proteins
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Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:
- ublast finds a hit to a characterized protein at above 40% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits+10.
- (Hits to curated proteins without experimental data as to their function are never considered high confidence.)
- HMMer finds a hit with 80% coverage of the model, and either other identity < 40 or other coverage < 0.75.
where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").
Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:
- ublast finds a hit at above 40% identity and 70% coverage (ignoring otherBits).
- ublast finds a hit at above 30% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits.
- HMMer finds a hit (regardless of coverage or other bits).
Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
- our ignorance of proteins' functions,
- omissions in the gene models,
- frame-shift errors in the genome sequence, or
- the organism lacks the pathway.
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
For more information, see the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis, the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources, or view the source code.
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know
by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory