Found 149 low-confidence and 46 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | HMPREF9444_RS00900 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | HMPREF9444_RS08050 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
acetate | actP: cation/acetate symporter ActP | | |
alanine | alsT: L-alanine symporter AlsT/DagA | HMPREF9444_RS06920 | |
arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
arginine | artP: L-arginine ABC transporter, ATPase component ArtP/HisP/AotP/BgtA | HMPREF9444_RS05610 | HMPREF9444_RS09575 |
arginine | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
arginine | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | HMPREF9444_RS01560 | HMPREF9444_RS05885 |
arginine | rocF: arginase | | |
asparagine | dauA: dicarboxylic acid transporter DauA | HMPREF9444_RS05735 | |
aspartate | dauA: dicarboxylic acid transporter DauA | HMPREF9444_RS05735 | |
cellobiose | bgl: cellobiase | | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | HMPREF9444_RS05610 | HMPREF9444_RS09575 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | HMPREF9444_RS05615 | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | HMPREF9444_RS05615 | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | HMPREF9444_RS06990 | HMPREF9444_RS00360 |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
citrulline | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | HMPREF9444_RS01560 | HMPREF9444_RS05885 |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | HMPREF9444_RS02320 | |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | HMPREF9444_RS09920 | |
deoxyinosine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyinosine | deoD: deoxyinosine phosphorylase | | |
deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
deoxyribonate | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | HMPREF9444_RS08105 | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
deoxyribose | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | HMPREF9444_RS04775 | HMPREF9444_RS09200 |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
fructose | frcA: fructose ABC transporter, ATPase component FrcA | HMPREF9444_RS09995 | HMPREF9444_RS00045 |
fructose | frcB: fructose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component FrcB | HMPREF9444_RS10000 | |
fructose | frcC: fructose ABC transporter, permease component FrcC | HMPREF9444_RS09990 | HMPREF9444_RS00040 |
fructose | scrK: fructokinase | HMPREF9444_RS06235 | HMPREF9444_RS05040 |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | HMPREF9444_RS02415 | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fumarate | dauA: fumarate transporter DauA | HMPREF9444_RS05735 | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | HMPREF9444_RS05175 | HMPREF9444_RS08550 |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | HMPREF9444_RS08505 | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | HMPREF9444_RS00535 | |
glucosamine | SLC2A2: glucosamine transporter SLC2A2 | | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | dctP: D-glucuronate TRAP transporter, solute receptor component | HMPREF9444_RS09330 | HMPREF9444_RS02450 |
glucuronate | dctQ: D-glucuronate TRAP transporter, small permease component | | |
glutamate | gdhA: glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent | HMPREF9444_RS08875 | |
glycerol | dhaD: glycerol dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04070 | HMPREF9444_RS08900 |
glycerol | dhaK': dihydroxyacetone kinase, ATP dependent (monomeric) | | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
histidine | bgtA: L-histidine ABC transporter, ATPase component BgtA | HMPREF9444_RS05610 | HMPREF9444_RS08825 |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | HMPREF9444_RS03550 | |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS01835 | HMPREF9444_RS08900 |
isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
isoleucine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
isoleucine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | HMPREF9444_RS02200 | |
isoleucine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
L-lactate | lctO: L-lactate oxidase or 2-monooxygenase | | |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | | |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
leucine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
leucine | brnQ: L-leucine:Na+ symporter BrnQ/BraB | HMPREF9444_RS03585 | HMPREF9444_RS00380 |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | HMPREF9444_RS06410 | |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | HMPREF9444_RS03550 | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
lysine | hisP: L-lysine ABC transporter, ATPase component HisP | HMPREF9444_RS05610 | HMPREF9444_RS08825 |
lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | HMPREF9444_RS05885 | |
lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | | |
maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | HMPREF9444_RS02175 | |
mannitol | mtlA: mannitol phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
mannitol | mtlD: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase | | |
mannose | HSERO_RS03635: mannose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | HMPREF9444_RS10000 | |
mannose | HSERO_RS03640: mannose ABC transporter, ATPase component | HMPREF9444_RS09995 | HMPREF9444_RS07215 |
mannose | HSERO_RS03645: mannose ABC transporter, permease component | HMPREF9444_RS09990 | HMPREF9444_RS00040 |
mannose | manA: mannose-6-phosphate isomerase | | |
mannose | mannokinase: D-mannose kinase | HMPREF9444_RS06235 | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
myoinositol | iolM: 2-inosose 4-dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS01410 | HMPREF9444_RS07535 |
myoinositol | iolN: 2,4-diketo-inositol hydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolO: 5-dehydro-L-gluconate epimerase | | |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | HMPREF9444_RS05050 | |
myoinositol | uxaE: D-tagaturonate epimerase | | |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | HMPREF9444_RS00535 | |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | HMPREF9444_RS03550 | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | HMPREF9444_RS03550 | |
phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | HMPREF9444_RS07915 | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
phenylalanine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | HMPREF9444_RS03535 | |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
propionate | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
propionate | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | HMPREF9444_RS02200 | |
propionate | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | HMPREF9444_RS07915 | |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | HMPREF9444_RS09045 | |
putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | HMPREF9444_RS01560 | HMPREF9444_RS05885 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | HMPREF9444_RS05885 | HMPREF9444_RS01560 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
pyruvate | SLC5A8: sodium-coupled pyruvate transporter | | |
rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
rhamnose | LRA1: L-rhamnofuranose dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS01835 | HMPREF9444_RS08900 |
rhamnose | LRA2: L-rhamnono-gamma-lactonase | | |
rhamnose | LRA3: L-rhamnonate dehydratase | HMPREF9444_RS08150 | HMPREF9444_RS08545 |
rhamnose | LRA4: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate aldolase | HMPREF9444_RS08050 | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsA: D-ribose ABC transporter, ATPase component RbsA | HMPREF9444_RS09995 | HMPREF9444_RS07215 |
ribose | rbsB: D-ribose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component RbsB | HMPREF9444_RS10000 | |
ribose | rbsC: D-ribose ABC transporter, permease component RbsC | HMPREF9444_RS09990 | HMPREF9444_RS00040 |
ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | HMPREF9444_RS04775 | HMPREF9444_RS09200 |
sorbitol | mtlA: PTS system for polyols, EII-CBA components | | |
sorbitol | srlD: sorbitol 6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS01835 | |
succinate | dauA: succinate:H+ symporter DauA | HMPREF9444_RS05735 | |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | | |
threonine | gloA: glyoxylase I | HMPREF9444_RS04395 | |
threonine | tdh: L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS01410 | HMPREF9444_RS10010 |
threonine | tynA: aminoacetone oxidase | | |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
thymidine | deoA: thymidine phosphorylase DeoA | | |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | HMPREF9444_RS09920 | |
thymidine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | | |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | HMPREF9444_RS03550 | |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | HMPREF9444_RS03550 | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS04280 | |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | HMPREF9444_RS09120 | |
valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
valine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
valine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | HMPREF9444_RS02200 | |
valine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
xylitol | PLT5: xylitol:H+ symporter PLT5 | HMPREF9444_RS05050 | |
xylitol | xylB: xylulokinase | HMPREF9444_RS02410 | HMPREF9444_RS01400 |
xylose | xylB: xylulokinase | HMPREF9444_RS02410 | HMPREF9444_RS01400 |
xylose | xyrA: xylitol reductase | HMPREF9444_RS00145 | HMPREF9444_RS02630 |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know