Found 128 low-confidence and 76 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | Psest_0084: 2-oxoglutarate TRAP transporter, fused 4TM/12TM components | SPIBUDDY_RS08215 | SPIBUDDY_RS09570 |
2-oxoglutarate | Psest_0085: 2-oxoglutarate TRAP transporter, solute receptor component | SPIBUDDY_RS08205 | SPIBUDDY_RS09575 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | SPIBUDDY_RS03625 | SPIBUDDY_RS01715 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
alanine | cycA: L-alanine symporter CycA | | |
arginine | arcA: arginine deiminase | | |
arginine | arcC: carbamate kinase | SPIBUDDY_RS08385 | |
arginine | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | | |
arginine | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | SPIBUDDY_RS08005 | SPIBUDDY_RS00625 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
asparagine | peb1C: aspartate ABC transporter, ATPase component Peb1C | SPIBUDDY_RS03030 | SPIBUDDY_RS06000 |
asparagine | peb1D: aspartate ABC transporter, permease component 2 (Peb1D) | SPIBUDDY_RS03015 | SPIBUDDY_RS04730 |
aspartate | peb1C: aspartate ABC transporter, ATPase component Peb1C | SPIBUDDY_RS03030 | SPIBUDDY_RS06000 |
aspartate | peb1D: aspartate ABC transporter, permease component 2 (Peb1D) | SPIBUDDY_RS03015 | SPIBUDDY_RS04730 |
cellobiose | glk: glucokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS04920 | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | SPIBUDDY_RS13835 | SPIBUDDY_RS04725 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | SPIBUDDY_RS06005 | SPIBUDDY_RS04730 |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | SPIBUDDY_RS06005 | SPIBUDDY_RS03020 |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | SPIBUDDY_RS08385 | |
citrulline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | | |
citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | SPIBUDDY_RS08005 | SPIBUDDY_RS00625 |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | | |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | SPIBUDDY_RS10130 | |
deoxyinosine | H281DRAFT_01112: deoxynucleoside transporter, permease component 2 | SPIBUDDY_RS12235 | SPIBUDDY_RS00345 |
deoxyinosine | H281DRAFT_01113: deoxynucleoside transporter, ATPase component | SPIBUDDY_RS12240 | SPIBUDDY_RS01670 |
deoxyinosine | H281DRAFT_01114: deoxynucleoside transporter, substrate-binding component | SPIBUDDY_RS12245 | |
deoxyinosine | H281DRAFT_01115: deoxynucleoside transporter, permease component 1 | SPIBUDDY_RS12230 | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS04555 | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
fructose | fruE: fructose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component FruE | SPIBUDDY_RS12350 | |
fructose | fruF: fructose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (FruF) | SPIBUDDY_RS12360 | SPIBUDDY_RS01675 |
fructose | fruG: fructose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (FruG) | SPIBUDDY_RS12365 | SPIBUDDY_RS12650 |
fructose | fruK: fructose ABC transporter, ATPase component FruK | SPIBUDDY_RS12355 | SPIBUDDY_RS12645 |
fructose | scrK: fructokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS09745 | SPIBUDDY_RS08730 |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | | |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | SPIBUDDY_RS14935 | |
fucose | HSERO_RS05260: ABC transporter for L-fucose, substrate-binding component | SPIBUDDY_RS12655 | |
fumarate | dauA: fumarate transporter DauA | SPIBUDDY_RS02510 | |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | SPIBUDDY_RS14115 | SPIBUDDY_RS01915 |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | glc-kinase: glucosamine kinase | SPIBUDDY_RS08730 | |
glucosamine | SM_b21216: ABC transporter for D-Glucosamine, ATPase component | SPIBUDDY_RS04280 | SPIBUDDY_RS01600 |
glucose | glk: glucokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS04920 | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | dctP: D-glucuronate TRAP transporter, solute receptor component | SPIBUDDY_RS06180 | SPIBUDDY_RS00970 |
glucuronate | dctQ: D-glucuronate TRAP transporter, small permease component | | |
glutamate | gltL: L-glutamate ABC transporter, ATPase component (GltL/GluA/BztD/GlnQ/AatP/PEB1C) | SPIBUDDY_RS06000 | SPIBUDDY_RS03030 |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | PA5503: L-histidine ABC transporter, ATPase component | SPIBUDDY_RS14530 | SPIBUDDY_RS06000 |
histidine | PA5504: L-histidine ABC transporter, permease component | SPIBUDDY_RS14525 | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | bkdA: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component alpha subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS03310 | |
isoleucine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS03310 | SPIBUDDY_RS11300 |
isoleucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | SPIBUDDY_RS12525 | SPIBUDDY_RS11310 |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
isoleucine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | SPIBUDDY_RS12250 | |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | SPIBUDDY_RS13160 | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS06555 | SPIBUDDY_RS02345 |
isoleucine | livJ: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | SPIBUDDY_RS10695 | SPIBUDDY_RS03065 |
isoleucine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
isoleucine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS02365 | |
isoleucine | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
L-lactate | lctO: L-lactate oxidase or 2-monooxygenase | | |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | SPIBUDDY_RS14115 | SPIBUDDY_RS01915 |
lactose | glk: glucokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS04920 | |
lactose | lacE: lactose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | SPIBUDDY_RS05035 | |
lactose | lacK: lactose ABC transporter, ATPase component | SPIBUDDY_RS04280 | SPIBUDDY_RS08265 |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
leucine | bkdA: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component alpha subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS03310 | |
leucine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS03310 | SPIBUDDY_RS11300 |
leucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | SPIBUDDY_RS12525 | SPIBUDDY_RS11310 |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS02365 | |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | livJ: L-leucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | SPIBUDDY_RS10695 | SPIBUDDY_RS03065 |
lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | | |
lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | SPIBUDDY_RS00625 | SPIBUDDY_RS08005 |
lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | SPIBUDDY_RS10295 | SPIBUDDY_RS00625 |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS02460 | |
maltose | glk: glucokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS04920 | |
mannitol | mtlA: mannitol phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS05145 | |
myoinositol | iolM: 2-inosose 4-dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS02650 | SPIBUDDY_RS11255 |
myoinositol | iolN: 2,4-diketo-inositol hydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolO: 5-dehydro-L-gluconate epimerase | SPIBUDDY_RS15030 | SPIBUDDY_RS15860 |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
myoinositol | uxaE: D-tagaturonate epimerase | SPIBUDDY_RS14090 | |
NAG | nagK: N-acetylglucosamine kinase | SPIBUDDY_RS01210 | |
NAG | SMc02869: N-acetylglucosamine ABC transporter, ATPase component | SPIBUDDY_RS04280 | SPIBUDDY_RS02620 |
NAG | SMc02872: N-acetylglucosamine ABC transporter, permease component 1 | SPIBUDDY_RS01225 | SPIBUDDY_RS02590 |
NAG | SMc02873: N-acetylglucosamine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | SPIBUDDY_RS01230 | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | | |
phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS11090 | SPIBUDDY_RS02345 |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | SPIBUDDY_RS00685 | |
phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | livG: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 (LivG) | SPIBUDDY_RS10680 | SPIBUDDY_RS03080 |
phenylalanine | livH: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH) | SPIBUDDY_RS10690 | SPIBUDDY_RS03070 |
phenylalanine | livJ: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component LivJ/LivK | | |
phenylalanine | livM: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (LivM) | SPIBUDDY_RS10685 | SPIBUDDY_RS03075 |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | | |
propionate | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | SPIBUDDY_RS12250 | |
propionate | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
propionate | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS02365 | |
propionate | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | | |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | SPIBUDDY_RS08805 | |
putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS04860 | SPIBUDDY_RS00900 |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | SPIBUDDY_RS08005 | SPIBUDDY_RS00625 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | SPIBUDDY_RS00625 | SPIBUDDY_RS08005 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS06305 | |
putrescine | potB: putrescine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (PotB/PotH) | SPIBUDDY_RS08790 | SPIBUDDY_RS15310 |
putrescine | potC: putrescine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (PotC/PotI) | SPIBUDDY_RS08795 | |
putrescine | potD: putrescine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (PotD/PotF) | SPIBUDDY_RS03220 | SPIBUDDY_RS08800 |
pyruvate | SLC5A8: sodium-coupled pyruvate transporter | | |
rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | | |
rhamnose | rhaB: L-rhamnulokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS11280 | |
rhamnose | rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase | | |
ribose | rbsA: D-ribose ABC transporter, ATPase component RbsA | SPIBUDDY_RS11335 | SPIBUDDY_RS01670 |
ribose | rbsB: D-ribose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component RbsB | SPIBUDDY_RS01665 | SPIBUDDY_RS11340 |
ribose | rbsC: D-ribose ABC transporter, permease component RbsC | SPIBUDDY_RS01675 | SPIBUDDY_RS00345 |
ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS04555 | |
serine | serP: L-serine permease SerP | | |
sorbitol | mtlA: PTS system for polyols, EII-CBA components | | |
sorbitol | srlD: sorbitol 6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS11290 | SPIBUDDY_RS02345 |
succinate | dauA: succinate:H+ symporter DauA | SPIBUDDY_RS02510 | |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | SPIBUDDY_RS05940 | |
sucrose | fruE: fructose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component FruE | SPIBUDDY_RS12350 | |
sucrose | fruF: fructose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (FruF) | SPIBUDDY_RS12360 | SPIBUDDY_RS01675 |
sucrose | fruG: fructose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (FruG) | SPIBUDDY_RS12365 | SPIBUDDY_RS12650 |
sucrose | fruK: fructose ABC transporter, ATPase component FruK | SPIBUDDY_RS12355 | SPIBUDDY_RS12645 |
sucrose | scrK: fructokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS09745 | SPIBUDDY_RS08730 |
threonine | gcvP: glycine cleavage system, P component (glycine decarboxylase) | SPIBUDDY_RS10635 | SPIBUDDY_RS10640 |
threonine | tdcC: L-threonine:H+ symporter TdcC | | |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | SPIBUDDY_RS10130 | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | glk: glucokinase | SPIBUDDY_RS04920 | |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | SPIBUDDY_RS05940 | |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | SPIBUDDY_RS00685 | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | bkdA: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component alpha subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS03310 | |
valine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS03310 | SPIBUDDY_RS11300 |
valine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | SPIBUDDY_RS12525 | SPIBUDDY_RS11310 |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
valine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | SPIBUDDY_RS12250 | |
valine | livJ: L-valine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | SPIBUDDY_RS10695 | SPIBUDDY_RS03065 |
valine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | SPIBUDDY_RS02570 | SPIBUDDY_RS00900 |
valine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | SPIBUDDY_RS02365 | |
valine | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
xylitol | PLT5: xylitol:H+ symporter PLT5 | | |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know