Found 154 low-confidence and 52 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | A1QA_RS0103835 | A1QA_RS13180 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0105610 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
acetate | actP: cation/acetate symporter ActP | | |
arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | A1QA_RS0100940 | A1QA_RS0101825 |
arginine | arcA: arginine deiminase | A1QA_RS0111070 | |
arginine | put1: proline dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0108110 | |
arginine | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0108110 | |
arginine | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | A1QA_RS0100050 | A1QA_RS0104200 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | A1QA_RS0108530 | A1QA_RS0103780 |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | A1QA_RS0103785 | |
aspartate | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | A1QA_RS0109835 | A1QA_RS0100120 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | A1QA_RS0109830 | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0108110 | |
citrulline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0108110 | |
citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | A1QA_RS0100050 | A1QA_RS0104200 |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0106295 | |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | A1QA_RS0102775 | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | A1QA_RS0110680 | |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0105610 |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | A1QA_RS0101465 | |
deoxyinosine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | A1QA_RS0105745 | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
deoxyribonate | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0109325 | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0105610 |
deoxyribose | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0105610 |
fructose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | A1QA_RS0103345 | |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0108110 |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | A1QA_RS0100680 | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | A1QA_RS0101080 | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
fumarate | dctA: fumarate:H+ symporter DctA | | |
galactose | galE: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | A1QA_RS0111350 | A1QA_RS0106535 |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | A1QA_RS0100940 | A1QA_RS0101950 |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galacturonate | eda: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | kdgK: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase | A1QA_RS0102635 | A1QA_RS0105755 |
galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
galacturonate | uxaC: D-galacturonate isomerase | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | A1QA_RS0101615 | |
glucosamine | nagX: transmembrane glucosamine N-acetyltransferase NagX | | |
glucose | gtsA: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GtsA) | A1QA_RS0101255 | |
glucose | gtsB: glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GtsB) | A1QA_RS0101250 | A1QA_RS0107465 |
glucose | gtsD: glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GtsD) | A1QA_RS0106175 | A1QA_RS0104755 |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | A1QA_RS0108025 | |
glucuronate | eda: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase | | |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | kdgK: 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate kinase | A1QA_RS0102635 | A1QA_RS0105755 |
glucuronate | uxaC: D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
glucuronate | uxuA: D-mannonate dehydratase | | |
glucuronate | uxuB: D-mannonate dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0102810 | |
glutamate | glnP: L-glutamate ABC transporter, fused permease and substrate-binding components GlnP | | |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | A1QA_RS0102750 | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | PA5503: L-histidine ABC transporter, ATPase component | A1QA_RS0105780 | A1QA_RS0100120 |
histidine | PA5505: L-histidine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | A1QA_RS0105790 | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0109970 | |
isoleucine | brnQ: L-isoleucine:cation symporter BrnQ/BraZ/BraB | A1QA_RS0107505 | |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | A1QA_RS0109335 | A1QA_RS0111065 |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0109325 | |
isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
isoleucine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
isoleucine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | A1QA_RS14515 | |
isoleucine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | A1QA_RS0102775 | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | galE: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase | A1QA_RS0111350 | A1QA_RS0106535 |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | A1QA_RS0105715 | A1QA_RS0108845 |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
leucine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
leucine | brnQ: L-leucine:Na+ symporter BrnQ/BraB | A1QA_RS0107505 | |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | A1QA_RS0109210 | |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | A1QA_RS0109205 | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | A1QA_RS0108110 | |
lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | A1QA_RS0100050 | |
lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | A1QA_RS0102560 | A1QA_RS0105170 |
lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | | |
maltose | gtsA: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GtsA) | A1QA_RS0101255 | |
maltose | gtsB: glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GtsB) | A1QA_RS0101250 | A1QA_RS0107465 |
maltose | gtsD: glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GtsD) | A1QA_RS0106175 | A1QA_RS0104755 |
mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | A1QA_RS0100940 | |
mannitol | scrK: fructokinase | A1QA_RS0110735 | A1QA_RS0101865 |
mannose | manX: mannose PTS system, EII-AB component ManX/ManL | A1QA_RS0106055 | |
mannose | manY: mannose PTS system, EII-C component ManY/ManM | A1QA_RS0106060 | |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | A1QA_RS0101855 | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | A1QA_RS0101865 | |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | A1QA_RS0101615 | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | | |
phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0109325 | |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | A1QA_RS12870 | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | A1QA_RS0105330 | A1QA_RS0108530 |
phenylalanine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | A1QA_RS0107335 | |
phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0108110 | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0108110 | |
propionate | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
propionate | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | A1QA_RS14515 | |
propionate | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | A1QA_RS12870 | |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | A1QA_RS0109195 | |
putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0108110 |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | A1QA_RS0100050 | A1QA_RS0104200 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | A1QA_RS0100050 | A1QA_RS0104200 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0101845 | |
putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0108110 |
rhamnose | rhaA: L-rhamnose isomerase | | |
rhamnose | rhaB: L-rhamnulokinase | A1QA_RS0101080 | |
rhamnose | rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase | | |
rhamnose | rhaM: L-rhamnose mutarotase | | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | serP: L-serine permease SerP | A1QA_RS0105330 | A1QA_RS0103780 |
sorbitol | scrK: fructokinase | A1QA_RS0110735 | A1QA_RS0101865 |
sorbitol | sdh: sorbitol dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0102810 | A1QA_RS0100675 |
sorbitol | SOT: sorbitol:H+ co-transporter SOT1 or SOT2 | A1QA_RS0100940 | |
succinate | sdc: succinate:Na+ symporter Sdc | | |
sucrose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | A1QA_RS0103345 | |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | A1QA_RS0105555 | A1QA_RS0112315 |
threonine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
threonine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | A1QA_RS14515 | |
threonine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
threonine | serP1: L-threonine uptake transporter SerP1 | A1QA_RS0105330 | A1QA_RS0103780 |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | A1QA_RS0101845 | A1QA_RS0105610 |
thymidine | deoA: thymidine phosphorylase DeoA | A1QA_RS0107830 | |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | A1QA_RS0101465 | |
thymidine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | treB: trehalose PTS system, EII-BC components TreB | A1QA_RS14145 | |
trehalose | treC: trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase | A1QA_RS0112315 | A1QA_RS0105645 |
trehalose | treEIIA: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-A component (Crr/PtsG/YpqE/GamP) | A1QA_RS14145 | A1QA_RS0108255 |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | A1QA_RS0105330 | A1QA_RS0103780 |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | A1QA_RS0105330 | A1QA_RS0103780 |
tyrosine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | A1QA_RS0107335 | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0109970 | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | brnQ: L-valine:cation symporter BrnQ/BraZ/BraB | A1QA_RS0107505 | |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | A1QA_RS0111065 | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0101845 | |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | A1QA_RS0100440 | |
valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
valine | prpB: 2-methylisocitrate lyase | | |
valine | prpC: 2-methylcitrate synthase | A1QA_RS14515 | |
valine | prpD: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase | | |
xylitol | fruI: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIABC (FruI) | A1QA_RS0103340 | |
xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | | |
xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
xylose | xylB: xylulokinase | A1QA_RS0102615 | A1QA_RS0100665 |
xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | A1QA_RS0100940 | A1QA_RS0101825 |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know