Found 116 low-confidence and 83 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | C447_RS11295 | C447_RS11285 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | C447_RS03850 | C447_RS17195 |
alanine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | C447_RS09460 | |
alanine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | C447_RS09440 | |
alanine | braE: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (BraE/NatC) | C447_RS09445 | C447_RS08145 |
arabinose | xacC: L-arabinono-1,4-lactonase | C447_RS09600 | |
arabinose | xacD: L-arabinonate dehydratase | C447_RS02110 | C447_RS13870 |
arabinose | xacE: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase | | |
arginine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | C447_RS12035 | C447_RS02065 |
arginine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | C447_RS12035 | C447_RS02065 |
arginine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | C447_RS12975 | C447_RS14305 |
cellobiose | bgl: cellobiase | C447_RS17345 | C447_RS17350 |
cellobiose | glk: glucokinase | C447_RS07910 | |
cellobiose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | C447_RS08630 | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | C447_RS05920 | C447_RS15655 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
citrulline | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | C447_RS12035 | C447_RS02065 |
citrulline | odc: L-ornithine decarboxylase | | |
citrulline | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | C447_RS12035 | C447_RS02065 |
citrulline | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | C447_RS06525 | C447_RS09330 |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | C447_RS04825 | C447_RS15055 |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | C447_RS10955 | C447_RS04600 |
deoxyinosine | deoD: deoxyinosine phosphorylase | C447_RS14700 | C447_RS15095 |
deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | C447_RS03510 | C447_RS08130 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | C447_RS02885 | C447_RS09975 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | C447_RS05595 | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | C447_RS02450 | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
fumarate | sdcL: fumarate:Na+ symporter SdcL | C447_RS07255 | |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | C447_RS08630 | |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | C447_RS12060 | C447_RS10255 |
glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | C447_RS15235 | |
glucose | glk: glucokinase | C447_RS07910 | |
glucose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | C447_RS08630 | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | uxuA: D-mannonate dehydratase | C447_RS02325 | C447_RS01785 |
glucuronate | uxuB: D-mannonate dehydrogenase | | |
glycerol | dhaD: glycerol dehydrogenase | C447_RS15205 | C447_RS02270 |
glycerol | dhaM: dihydroxyacetone:PEP phosphotransferase, subunit M | C447_RS13130 | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
histidine | permease: L-histidine permease | | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | C447_RS08590 | C447_RS15870 |
isoleucine | bcaP: L-isoleucine uptake transporter BcaP/CitA | C447_RS14635 | |
isoleucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | C447_RS04265 | C447_RS01450 |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | C447_RS08105 | C447_RS11805 |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | C447_RS02885 | C447_RS17005 |
isoleucine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | C447_RS08245 | C447_RS12030 |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | C447_RS07255 | |
lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
lactose | glk: glucokinase | C447_RS07910 | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | C447_RS11165 | C447_RS17345 |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | C447_RS03510 | C447_RS08130 |
leucine | bcaP: L-leucine uptake transporter BcaP | C447_RS14635 | |
leucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | C447_RS04265 | C447_RS01450 |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | C447_RS08590 | C447_RS15870 |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | C447_RS08245 | C447_RS12030 |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | C447_RS08105 | C447_RS15595 |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | C447_RS06685 | C447_RS08260 |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
lysine | davA: 5-aminovaleramidase | C447_RS11190 | |
lysine | davB: L-lysine 2-monooxygenase | | |
lysine | davD: glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | C447_RS12725 | C447_RS14150 |
lysine | davT: 5-aminovalerate aminotransferase | C447_RS12035 | C447_RS11500 |
lysine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | C447_RS08105 | C447_RS15595 |
lysine | gcdG: succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase | C447_RS07395 | C447_RS12490 |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
maltose | glk: glucokinase | C447_RS07910 | |
maltose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | C447_RS08630 | |
maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | C447_RS13145 | |
mannitol | mt2d: mannitol 2-dehydrogenase | C447_RS02885 | C447_RS07170 |
mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | C447_RS08630 | |
mannitol | scrK: fructokinase | C447_RS14185 | C447_RS14190 |
mannose | manA: mannose-6-phosphate isomerase | C447_RS04600 | C447_RS02840 |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | C447_RS02455 | |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | C447_RS14190 | |
myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | | |
myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | | |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | C447_RS08630 | |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | | |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | C447_RS15235 | |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | C447_RS08105 | C447_RS11805 |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | C447_RS08125 | C447_RS15595 |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | C447_RS02785 | |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | C447_RS02785 | |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | C447_RS08130 | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | C447_RS08125 | C447_RS02665 |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
phenylalanine | iorAB: phenylpyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused IorA/IorB | | |
phenylalanine | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylalanine | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylalanine | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylalanine | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylalanine | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | C447_RS08105 | C447_RS11805 |
phenylalanine | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | C447_RS08125 | C447_RS15595 |
phenylalanine | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | C447_RS02785 | |
phenylalanine | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | C447_RS02785 | |
phenylalanine | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | C447_RS08125 | C447_RS02665 |
phenylalanine | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | C447_RS01765 | C447_RS14150 |
propionate | lctP: propionate permease | C447_RS01800 | |
propionate | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | C447_RS08245 | C447_RS12030 |
propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | C447_RS05490 | C447_RS05510 |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | C447_RS12035 | C447_RS02065 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | C447_RS12035 | C447_RS02065 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
pyruvate | actP: large subunit of pyruvate transporter (actP-like) | C447_RS05475 | |
rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
rhamnose | LRA1: L-rhamnofuranose dehydrogenase | C447_RS05270 | C447_RS01770 |
rhamnose | LRA2: L-rhamnono-gamma-lactonase | | |
rhamnose | LRA3: L-rhamnonate dehydratase | C447_RS02110 | C447_RS01785 |
rhamnose | LRA4: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate aldolase | C447_RS11360 | C447_RS02120 |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | C447_RS02450 | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | C447_RS09460 | |
serine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | C447_RS09440 | |
serine | braE: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (BraE/NatC) | C447_RS09445 | C447_RS08145 |
sorbitol | scrK: fructokinase | C447_RS14185 | C447_RS14190 |
sorbitol | SOT: sorbitol:H+ co-transporter SOT1 or SOT2 | C447_RS08630 | |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | | |
threonine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
threonine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | C447_RS09460 | |
threonine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | C447_RS09440 | |
threonine | braE: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (BraE/NatC) | C447_RS09445 | C447_RS08145 |
threonine | gcvP: glycine cleavage system, P component (glycine decarboxylase) | C447_RS06595 | C447_RS06600 |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | C447_RS14150 | C447_RS12725 |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | C447_RS10955 | C447_RS04600 |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | glk: glucokinase | C447_RS07910 | |
trehalose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | C447_RS08630 | |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | C447_RS10270 | C447_RS05535 |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | C447_RS03510 | C447_RS08130 |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | C447_RS02350 | C447_RS12770 |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | C447_RS08590 | C447_RS15870 |
valine | bcaP: L-valine uptake transporter BcaP/CitA | C447_RS14635 | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | C447_RS11805 | C447_RS08105 |
valine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | C447_RS04265 | C447_RS01450 |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | C447_RS08105 | C447_RS15595 |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | C447_RS11635 | |
valine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | C447_RS08245 | C447_RS12030 |
xylitol | PLT5: xylitol:H+ symporter PLT5 | C447_RS08630 | |
xylitol | xdhA: xylitol dehydrogenase | C447_RS10170 | C447_RS05270 |
xylitol | xylB: xylulokinase | C447_RS11625 | |
xylose | xad: D-xylonate dehydratase | C447_RS02110 | C447_RS13870 |
xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | C447_RS08630 | |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know