Found 126 low-confidence and 80 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | HALLA_RS17020 | HALLA_RS18275 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | HALLA_RS19675 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
acetate | actP: cation/acetate symporter ActP | HALLA_RS04280 | |
alanine | TRIC: TRIC-type L-alanine transporter | HALLA_RS19710 | |
arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
arabinose | araB: ribulokinase | | |
arabinose | araD: L-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase | | |
arginine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | HALLA_RS19230 | HALLA_RS14205 |
arginine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | HALLA_RS19230 | HALLA_RS14205 |
arginine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS18050 | HALLA_RS14430 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | HALLA_RS17120 | HALLA_RS02145 |
cellobiose | bgl: cellobiase | HALLA_RS07580 | HALLA_RS17945 |
cellobiose | glk: glucokinase | HALLA_RS12035 | |
cellobiose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | HALLA_RS13415 | |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | HALLA_RS09445 | HALLA_RS13735 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
citrulline | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | HALLA_RS19230 | HALLA_RS14205 |
citrulline | odc: L-ornithine decarboxylase | | |
citrulline | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | HALLA_RS19230 | HALLA_RS14205 |
citrulline | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS18050 | HALLA_RS14430 |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS07515 | HALLA_RS07995 |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | HALLA_RS11190 | HALLA_RS14105 |
deoxyinosine | bmpA: deoxyinosine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | HALLA_RS06250 | |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | HALLA_RS09890 | HALLA_RS08790 |
deoxyinosine | deoD: deoxyinosine phosphorylase | HALLA_RS03035 | HALLA_RS02200 |
deoxyinosine | nupA: deoxyinosine ABC transporter, ATPase component | HALLA_RS06245 | |
deoxyinosine | nupB: deoxyinosine ABC transporter, permease component 1 | HALLA_RS06240 | |
deoxyinosine | nupC': deoxyinosine ABC transporter, permease component 2 | HALLA_RS06235 | |
deoxyribonate | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | HALLA_RS14455 | HALLA_RS17725 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS09780 | HALLA_RS01605 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | HALLA_RS16360 | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | HALLA_RS07850 | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
fucose | fdh: L-fucose 1-dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS17485 | HALLA_RS13835 |
fucose | fucD: L-fuconate dehydratase | HALLA_RS16045 | HALLA_RS14680 |
fucose | fucDH: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-fuconate 4-dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS01605 | HALLA_RS00675 |
fucose | fuconolactonase: L-fucono-1,5-lactonase | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
fumarate | dctA: fumarate:H+ symporter DctA | HALLA_RS19395 | |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | HALLA_RS13415 | |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | uxaA: D-altronate dehydratase | HALLA_RS16045 | |
galacturonate | uxaB: tagaturonate reductase | | |
galacturonate | uxaC: D-galacturonate isomerase | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | HALLA_RS17270 | HALLA_RS16225 |
glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | HALLA_RS08695 | HALLA_RS08335 |
glucose | glk: glucokinase | HALLA_RS12035 | |
glucose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | HALLA_RS13415 | |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | uxaC: D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
glucuronate | uxuA: D-mannonate dehydratase | HALLA_RS19090 | HALLA_RS18665 |
glucuronate | uxuB: D-mannonate dehydrogenase | | |
glycerol | dhaD: glycerol dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS06060 | HALLA_RS00675 |
glycerol | dhaM: dihydroxyacetone:PEP phosphotransferase, subunit M | HALLA_RS15725 | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | permease: L-histidine permease | | |
isoleucine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | HALLA_RS12955 | HALLA_RS18190 |
isoleucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | HALLA_RS18415 | HALLA_RS12950 |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | HALLA_RS14450 | HALLA_RS17640 |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | HALLA_RS01550 | HALLA_RS17665 |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS16020 | HALLA_RS07355 |
isoleucine | livH: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | HALLA_RS14500 | HALLA_RS00025 |
isoleucine | livJ: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | | |
isoleucine | livM: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (LivM/BraE) | HALLA_RS00015 | |
isoleucine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | HALLA_RS05450 | HALLA_RS19235 |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
lactose | glk: glucokinase | HALLA_RS12035 | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
leucine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | HALLA_RS14455 | HALLA_RS17725 |
leucine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | HALLA_RS12955 | HALLA_RS18190 |
leucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | HALLA_RS18415 | HALLA_RS12950 |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS03870 | HALLA_RS05220 |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | HALLA_RS05450 | HALLA_RS19235 |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | HALLA_RS09800 | HALLA_RS14450 |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | HALLA_RS03905 | HALLA_RS05460 |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | livH: L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | HALLA_RS14500 | HALLA_RS00025 |
leucine | livJ: L-leucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | | |
leucine | livM: L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (LivM/BraE) | HALLA_RS00015 | |
lysine | davA: 5-aminovaleramidase | HALLA_RS05235 | |
lysine | davB: L-lysine 2-monooxygenase | | |
lysine | davD: glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS14430 | HALLA_RS18080 |
lysine | davT: 5-aminovalerate aminotransferase | HALLA_RS19230 | HALLA_RS14145 |
lysine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | HALLA_RS14450 | HALLA_RS09800 |
lysine | gcdG: succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase | HALLA_RS19310 | HALLA_RS14165 |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
maltose | glk: glucokinase | HALLA_RS12035 | |
maltose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | HALLA_RS13415 | |
maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | HALLA_RS12545 | HALLA_RS15110 |
mannitol | mtlA: mannitol phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
mannitol | mtlD: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase | | |
mannose | manA: mannose-6-phosphate isomerase | HALLA_RS00130 | HALLA_RS08790 |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | HALLA_RS08425 | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
myoinositol | iolM: 2-inosose 4-dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS17075 | HALLA_RS18025 |
myoinositol | iolN: 2,4-diketo-inositol hydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolO: 5-dehydro-L-gluconate epimerase | | |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | HALLA_RS13415 | |
myoinositol | uxaE: D-tagaturonate epimerase | | |
myoinositol | uxuA: D-mannonate dehydratase | HALLA_RS19090 | HALLA_RS18665 |
myoinositol | uxuB: D-mannonate dehydrogenase | | |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | | |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | HALLA_RS08695 | HALLA_RS08335 |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | HALLA_RS14450 | HALLA_RS17640 |
phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | HALLA_RS01550 | HALLA_RS17665 |
phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | HALLA_RS01550 | HALLA_RS17665 |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | HALLA_RS17725 | HALLA_RS18130 |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | HALLA_RS14480 | HALLA_RS11740 |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
phenylalanine | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylalanine | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylalanine | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylalanine | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylalanine | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | HALLA_RS14450 | HALLA_RS17640 |
phenylalanine | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | HALLA_RS01550 | HALLA_RS17665 |
phenylalanine | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | HALLA_RS01550 | HALLA_RS17665 |
phenylalanine | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | HALLA_RS17725 | HALLA_RS18130 |
phenylalanine | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | HALLA_RS14480 | HALLA_RS11740 |
phenylalanine | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | PPDCalpha: phenylpyruvate decarboxylase, alpha subunit | HALLA_RS12960 | HALLA_RS18515 |
phenylalanine | PPDCbeta: phenylpyruvate decarboxylase, beta subunit | HALLA_RS12955 | HALLA_RS18190 |
proline | ectP: proline transporter EctP | HALLA_RS19430 | HALLA_RS14125 |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS02400 | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS16180 | HALLA_RS14710 |
propionate | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | HALLA_RS05450 | HALLA_RS19235 |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | HALLA_RS19230 | HALLA_RS14205 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | HALLA_RS19230 | HALLA_RS14205 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS18050 | HALLA_RS14430 |
putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
pyruvate | SLC5A8: sodium-coupled pyruvate transporter | | |
rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS14710 | HALLA_RS14430 |
rhamnose | LRA1: L-rhamnofuranose dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS00675 | HALLA_RS07805 |
rhamnose | LRA2: L-rhamnono-gamma-lactonase | | |
rhamnose | LRA3: L-rhamnonate dehydratase | HALLA_RS16045 | HALLA_RS18665 |
rhamnose | LRA4: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate aldolase | HALLA_RS18275 | HALLA_RS17020 |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | HALLA_RS07850 | |
ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
serine | serP: L-serine permease SerP | | |
sorbitol | scrK: fructokinase | HALLA_RS15950 | |
sorbitol | sdh: sorbitol dehydrogenase | HALLA_RS07805 | HALLA_RS01605 |
sorbitol | SOT: sorbitol:H+ co-transporter SOT1 or SOT2 | HALLA_RS13415 | |
succinate | sdc: succinate:Na+ symporter Sdc | | |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | HALLA_RS15745 | |
threonine | gcvP: glycine cleavage system, P component (glycine decarboxylase) | HALLA_RS10160 | HALLA_RS10165 |
threonine | ltaE: L-threonine aldolase | HALLA_RS05870 | |
threonine | tdcC: L-threonine:H+ symporter TdcC | | |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | HALLA_RS09890 | HALLA_RS08790 |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | glk: glucokinase | HALLA_RS12035 | |
trehalose | MFS-glucose: glucose transporter, MFS superfamily | HALLA_RS13415 | |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | | |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tyrosine | aacS: acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase | HALLA_RS14455 | HALLA_RS17725 |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | HALLA_RS14925 | HALLA_RS08240 |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | Bap2: L-valine permease Bap2 | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | bkdB: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit | HALLA_RS12955 | HALLA_RS18190 |
valine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | HALLA_RS18415 | HALLA_RS12950 |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | HALLA_RS14450 | HALLA_RS09800 |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | HALLA_RS05450 | HALLA_RS19235 |
xylitol | fruI: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIABC (FruI) | HALLA_RS08425 | |
xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | HALLA_RS14685 | HALLA_RS16990 |
xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | HALLA_RS13415 | |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know