Found 92 low-confidence and 86 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | N798_RS09860 | N798_RS04170 |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | N798_RS08300 | |
alanine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | | |
alanine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | N798_RS14385 | N798_RS04795 |
alanine | braF: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 1 (BraF/NatA) | N798_RS14375 | N798_RS04780 |
alanine | braG: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 2 (BraG/NatE) | N798_RS14370 | N798_RS04785 |
arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
arabinose | araB: ribulokinase | | |
arabinose | araD: L-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase | | |
arabinose | gguA: L-arabinose ABC transporter, ATPase component GguA | N798_RS01380 | N798_RS02050 |
arabinose | gguB: L-arabinose ABC transporter, permease component GguB | N798_RS01375 | |
arginine | arcA: arginine deiminase | | |
arginine | arcC: carbamate kinase | N798_RS05150 | |
arginine | put1: proline dehydrogenase | N798_RS13430 | N798_RS16010 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
asparagine | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | N798_RS03995 | |
aspartate | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | N798_RS03995 | |
cellobiose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | N798_RS01375 | N798_RS02395 |
citrate | tctB: citrate/Na+ symporter, small transmembrane component TctB | | |
citrate | tctC: citrate/Na+ symporter, substrate-binding component TctC | N798_RS16750 | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | N798_RS06050 | N798_RS02785 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | N798_RS06055 | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | N798_RS02800 | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | N798_RS06060 | |
citrulline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | N798_RS13430 | N798_RS16010 |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | N798_RS10165 | N798_RS16845 |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | N798_RS09475 | N798_RS08920 |
deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | N798_RS09860 | N798_RS04170 |
deoxyinosine | bmpA: deoxyinosine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | N798_RS06900 | |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | N798_RS09775 | |
deoxyinosine | nupB: deoxyinosine ABC transporter, permease component 1 | N798_RS06895 | |
deoxyinosine | nupC': deoxyinosine ABC transporter, permease component 2 | N798_RS06890 | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | N798_RS01845 | N798_RS14640 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | N798_RS08100 | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | N798_RS00500 | |
deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | N798_RS09860 | N798_RS04170 |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | N798_RS09860 | N798_RS04170 |
fructose | scrK: fructokinase | N798_RS06095 | |
fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | N798_RS09790 | N798_RS09860 |
fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | | |
fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galactose | gguA: galactose ABC transporter, ATPase component GguA | N798_RS01380 | N798_RS02050 |
galactose | gguB: galactose ABC transporter, permease component GguB | N798_RS01375 | |
galacturonate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | N798_RS04170 | N798_RS09860 |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | gci: D-galactarolactone cycloisomerase | | |
galacturonate | gli: D-galactarolactone isomerase | | |
galacturonate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | N798_RS15405 | |
galacturonate | udh: D-galacturonate dehydrogenase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | N798_RS09425 | |
glucose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | N798_RS01375 | N798_RS02395 |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | N798_RS04170 | N798_RS09860 |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
glucuronate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | N798_RS15405 | |
glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | N798_RS11290 | |
glycerol | glpF: glycerol facilitator glpF | N798_RS04980 | |
histidine | Ga0059261_1577: L-histidine transporter | N798_RS02150 | N798_RS15860 |
histidine | hutG': N-formylglutamate amidohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | N798_RS01590 | |
isoleucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | N798_RS14890 | N798_RS08170 |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | N798_RS02330 | N798_RS04830 |
isoleucine | livH: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | N798_RS14385 | N798_RS04795 |
isoleucine | livJ: L-isoleucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | N798_RS14390 | |
isoleucine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | N798_RS09750 | N798_RS16330 |
L-lactate | lutC: L-lactate dehydrogenase, LutC subunit | N798_RS07070 | |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | N798_RS06065 | |
leucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | N798_RS14890 | N798_RS08170 |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | N798_RS09750 | N798_RS16330 |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | N798_RS09655 | N798_RS09605 |
leucine | livH: L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | N798_RS14385 | N798_RS04795 |
leucine | livJ: L-leucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | N798_RS14390 | |
lysine | bcd: butanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NAD+, ferredoxin), dehydrogenase subunit | N798_RS09545 | N798_RS09660 |
lysine | ctfA: butanoyl-CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase, alpha subunit | N798_RS10985 | |
lysine | ctfB: butanoyl-CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase, beta subunit | N798_RS10990 | |
lysine | etfA: butanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NAD+, ferredoxin), etfA subunit | N798_RS16595 | |
lysine | etfB: butanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NAD+, ferredoxin), etfB subunit | N798_RS16590 | |
lysine | kamA: L-lysine 2,3-aminomutase | N798_RS12280 | |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
maltose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | N798_RS01375 | N798_RS02395 |
mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | | |
mannitol | scrK: fructokinase | N798_RS06095 | |
mannose | mannokinase: D-mannose kinase | N798_RS07950 | N798_RS16475 |
myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | N798_RS06775 | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | N798_RS06780 | N798_RS14905 |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | N798_RS03035 | |
NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | N798_RS09425 | |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | N798_RS15390 | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | N798_RS16580 | N798_RS14785 |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | N798_RS00930 | N798_RS00620 |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | N798_RS16630 | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | N798_RS14785 | N798_RS02330 |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylacetate | ppa: phenylacetate permease ppa | N798_RS12935 | |
phenylalanine | livF: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, ATPase component 1 (LivF) | N798_RS14370 | N798_RS04785 |
phenylalanine | livH: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH) | N798_RS14385 | |
phenylalanine | livJ: L-phenylalanine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component LivJ/LivK | N798_RS14390 | |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | N798_RS12925 | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | N798_RS06205 | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
proline | HSERO_RS00870: proline ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | N798_RS14390 | |
proline | HSERO_RS00890: proline ABC transporter, permease component 2 | N798_RS14380 | |
proline | HSERO_RS00900: proline ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 | N798_RS14370 | N798_RS04785 |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | N798_RS13430 | N798_RS16010 |
propionate | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | N798_RS09750 | N798_RS16330 |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | N798_RS11945 | N798_RS02465 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | N798_RS11945 | N798_RS09075 |
putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | N798_RS09860 | N798_RS09790 |
putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | N798_RS09790 | N798_RS09860 |
rhamnose | rhaA: L-rhamnose isomerase | | |
rhamnose | rhaB: L-rhamnulokinase | | |
rhamnose | rhaD: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase | | |
rhamnose | rhaM: L-rhamnose mutarotase | | |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
serine | Ac3H11_1692: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 | N798_RS14370 | N798_RS04785 |
serine | Ac3H11_1694: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, permease component 2 | N798_RS14380 | |
serine | Ac3H11_1695: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, permease component 1 | N798_RS14385 | |
serine | Ac3H11_2396: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component component | N798_RS14390 | |
sorbitol | mtlF: ABC transporter for polyols MtlEFGK, permease component MtlF | N798_RS01750 | N798_RS10270 |
sorbitol | mtlK: ABC transporter for polyols MtlEFGK, permease component MtlK | N798_RS04700 | N798_RS00345 |
sorbitol | scrK: fructokinase | N798_RS06095 | |
sorbitol | sdh: sorbitol dehydrogenase | N798_RS01760 | N798_RS01765 |
sucrose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | N798_RS01375 | N798_RS02395 |
threonine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | N798_RS09860 | N798_RS04170 |
threonine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | | |
threonine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | N798_RS14385 | N798_RS04795 |
threonine | braF: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 1 (BraF/NatA) | N798_RS14375 | N798_RS04780 |
threonine | braG: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, ATP-binding component 2 (BraG/NatE) | N798_RS14370 | N798_RS04785 |
thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | N798_RS09860 | N798_RS04170 |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | N798_RS09775 | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | PsTP: trehalose phosphorylase | | |
trehalose | thuE: trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component ThuE | | |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | Ac3H11_1692: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 | N798_RS14370 | N798_RS04785 |
tyrosine | Ac3H11_1694: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, permease component 2 | N798_RS14380 | |
tyrosine | Ac3H11_1695: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, permease component 1 | N798_RS14385 | |
tyrosine | Ac3H11_2396: L-tyrosine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component component | N798_RS14390 | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | N798_RS14785 | N798_RS01860 |
valine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | N798_RS14890 | N798_RS08170 |
valine | livH: L-valine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD) | N798_RS14385 | N798_RS04795 |
valine | livJ: L-valine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3) | | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | N798_RS06805 | N798_RS09860 |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | | |
valine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | N798_RS09750 | N798_RS16330 |
xylitol | PS417_12055: xylitol ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | | |
xylitol | PS417_12065: xylitol ABC transporter, ATPase component | N798_RS01380 | N798_RS02050 |
xylitol | xdhA: xylitol dehydrogenase | N798_RS01765 | N798_RS10430 |
xylose | xylH: ABC transporter for xylose, permease component xylH | N798_RS01375 | N798_RS02395 |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know