trehalose catabolism in Cronobacter universalis NCTC 9529

GapMind for catabolism of small carbon sources

trehalose catabolism in Cronobacter universalis NCTC 9529

Best path

Rules

Overview: Trehalose degradation is based on MetaCyc pathways I via trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase (link), II via cytoplasmic trehalase (link), III via trehalose-6-phosphate phosphorylase (link), IV via inverting trehalose phosphorylase (link), V via trehalose phosphorylase (link), VI via periplasmic trehalase (link), as well as trehalose degradation via 3-ketotrehalose (PMID:33657378).

all:

trehalose-3-dehydrogenase, klh and glucose-utilization
or treF and glucose-utilization
or trehalose-PTS, treC and glk
or trehalose-transport, treF and glk
or trehalose-PTS, trePP and pgmB
or trehalose-transport, treP, pgmB and glk
or trehalose-transport, PsTP, pgmA and glk
Comment: In the 3-ketotrehalose pathway, a periplasmic dehydrogenase forms 3-ketotrehalose, a periplasmic 3-ketoglycoside hydrolase (klh) forms glucose and 3-ketoglucose, and the glucose is taken up and utilized; the fate of the 3-ketoglucose is not well understood, but its utilization might not be necessary. In pathway VI, a periplasmic trehalase forms glucose, which is utilized. In pathway I, after uptake and phosphorylation by the PTS, trehalose 6-phosphate hydrolase (treC) forms D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-glucose, and glucokinase (glk) phosphorylates the glucose. In pathway II, a cytoplasmic trehalase cleaves trehalose to two glucose, followed by phosphorylation by glk. In pathway III, after uptake and phosphorylation by the PTS, trehalose-6-phosphate phosphorylase (trePP) forms beta-glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, and beta-phosphoglucomutase converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate. In pathway IV, a secreted inverting trehalose phoshorylase (treP) forms beta-glucose 1-phosphate and glucose; the beta-D-glucose is consumed by beta-phosphoglucomutase. In pathway V, trehalose phosphorylase forms alpha-glucose-1-phosphate and glucose; these are converted to glucose-6-P by alpha-phosphoglucomutase (pgmA) and glk. (This is a fungal pathway and might not occur in prokaryotes.)

trehalose-3-dehydrogenase:

BT2158
or lacA, lacC and lacB

glucose-utilization:

glucose-transport and glk
or glucose-PTS
or gdh, gnl, gadh1, gadh2, gadh3, kguT, kguK, kguD, edd and eda
Comment: Glucose can be taken up and then phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate by the kinase glk. Or, both uptake and phosphorylation are catalyzed by a PTS system. Or, glucose is oxidized to glucono-1,5-lactone in the periplasm (by gdh), hydrolyzed to gluconate (by gnl), oxidized to 2-ketogluconate (by gadh123), taken up by kguT, phosphorylated to 2-dehydro-6-phosphogluconate (by kguK), reduced to gluconate 6-phosphate (by kguD), dehydrated by edd to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-gluconate 6-phosphate, and cleaved by aldolase eda to pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

glucose-PTS:

ptsG-crr
or bglF
or ptsG and crr
or manX, manY and manZ

glucose-transport:

MFS-glucose
or SSS-glucose
or glcU'
or PAST-A
or SemiSWEET
or SWEET1
or mglA, mglB and mglC
or gtsA, gtsB, gtsC and gtsD
or glcS, glcT, glcU and glcV
or aglE', aglF', aglG' and aglK'
Comment: Transporters and PTS systems were analyzed uzing query: transporter:glucose:D-glucose:D-glucopyranose:ALPHA-GLUCOSE:GLC:CPD-15374

trehalose-transport:

thuE, thuF, thuG and thuK
or lpqY, thuF, thuG and thuK
or malE2, malF1, malG1 and thuK
or malF, malG, malK and malX
or treS, treT, treU and treV
or aglE, aglF, aglG and aglK
or TRET1
Comment: Transporters and PTS systems were identified using query: transporter:trehalose:D-trehalose

trehalose-PTS: treEIIA and treB

Comment: PTS systems form trehalose 6-phosphate. E. coli has EII-BC treB; crr is the EII-A. B. subtilis has EII-BC treP. PMC6148471 shows that ptsG is the predominant EII-A but gamP and ptsA also function. Listeria monocytogenes has EII-BC; the EII-A is not known. Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 and P. fluorescens FW300-N2E3 have similar systems but only EII-A is annotated. In FW300-N2E3, AO353_15980 (A0A0N9WDQ5) is the II-BC protein. In WCS417, PS417_23050 (A0A1N7UR85) is the II-BC protein. These are both similar to E. coli treB.

74 steps (46 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
treF	trehalase	AFK65_RS11520	AFK65_RS10145
mglA	glucose ABC transporter, ATP-binding component (MglA)	AFK65_RS13210	AFK65_RS19710
mglB	glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component	AFK65_RS13215	AFK65_RS19000
mglC	glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC)	AFK65_RS13205	AFK65_RS19705
glk	glucokinase	AFK65_RS14055	AFK65_RS04815
Alternative steps:
aglE	trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component AglE
aglE'	glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (AglE)
aglF	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (AglF)
aglF'	glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (AglF)
aglG	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (AglG)	AFK65_RS05690	AFK65_RS17625
aglG'	glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (AglG)	AFK65_RS17625
aglK	trehalose ABC trehalose, ATPase component AglK	AFK65_RS17610	AFK65_RS05695
aglK'	glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (AglK)	AFK65_RS17610	AFK65_RS05695
bglF	glucose PTS, enzyme II (BCA components, BglF)	AFK65_RS20275	AFK65_RS20435
BT2158	periplasmic trehalose 3-dehydrogenase (BT2158)
crr	glucose PTS, enzyme IIA	AFK65_RS14175	AFK65_RS05935
eda	2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate aldolase	AFK65_RS11895	AFK65_RS00045
edd	phosphogluconate dehydratase	AFK65_RS11900	AFK65_RS00860
gadh1	gluconate 2-dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit
gadh2	gluconate 2-dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit	AFK65_RS09680
gadh3	gluconate 2-dehydrogenase subunit 3
gdh	quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase	AFK65_RS03770	AFK65_RS04555
glcS	glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GlcS)
glcT	glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GlcT)
glcU	glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GlcU)
glcU'	Glucose uptake protein GlcU
glcV	glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GclV)	AFK65_RS18480	AFK65_RS06750
gnl	gluconolactonase	AFK65_RS14980
gtsA	glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (GtsA)
gtsB	glucose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (GtsB)
gtsC	glucose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (GtsC)	AFK65_RS05690	AFK65_RS02840
gtsD	glucose ABC transporter, ATPase component (GtsD)	AFK65_RS10835	AFK65_RS05695
kguD	2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase	AFK65_RS18935	AFK65_RS00065
kguK	2-ketogluconokinase	AFK65_RS18925	AFK65_RS02370
kguT	2-ketogluconate transporter	AFK65_RS18930	AFK65_RS00060
klh	3-ketotrehalose hydrolase
lacA	periplasmic trehalose 3-dehydrogenase, LacA subunit
lacB	periplasmic trehalose 3-dehydrogenase, cytochrome c subunit (LacB)
lacC	periplasmic trehalose 3-dehydrogenase, LacC subunit
lpqY	trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding lipoprotein component LpqY
malE2	trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MalE2	AFK65_RS17615	AFK65_RS02830
malF	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (MalF)	AFK65_RS02835	AFK65_RS17620
malF1	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 1	AFK65_RS17620
malG	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MalG)	AFK65_RS02840	AFK65_RS10865
malG1	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (MalG1/MalG2)
malK	trehalose ABC transporter, ATPase component MalK	AFK65_RS10835	AFK65_RS18480
malX	trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component MalX
manX	glucose PTS, enzyme EIIAB	AFK65_RS11735
manY	glucose PTS, enzyme EIIC	AFK65_RS11740
manZ	glucose PTS, enzyme EIID	AFK65_RS11745
MFS-glucose	glucose transporter, MFS superfamily	AFK65_RS16050	AFK65_RS04760
PAST-A	proton-associated sugar transporter A
pgmA	alpha-phosphoglucomutase	AFK65_RS05990	AFK65_RS12855
pgmB	beta-phosphoglucomutase	AFK65_RS10840	AFK65_RS15220
PsTP	trehalose phosphorylase
ptsG	glucose PTS, enzyme IICB	AFK65_RS07765	AFK65_RS15470
ptsG-crr	glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG)	AFK65_RS05470	AFK65_RS15470
SemiSWEET	Sugar transporter SemiSWEET
SSS-glucose	Sodium/glucose cotransporter
SWEET1	bidirectional sugar transporter SWEET1
thuE	trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component ThuE	AFK65_RS05680
thuF	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ThuF)	AFK65_RS05685	AFK65_RS10870
thuG	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ThuG)	AFK65_RS05690	AFK65_RS10865
thuK	trehalose ABC transporter, ATPase component ThuK	AFK65_RS10835	AFK65_RS15775
treB	trehalose PTS system, EII-BC components TreB	AFK65_RS16785	AFK65_RS02360
treC	trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase	AFK65_RS16790	AFK65_RS05700
treEIIA	N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-A component (Crr/PtsG/YpqE/GamP)	AFK65_RS14175	AFK65_RS15470
treP	trehalose phosphorylase, inverting	AFK65_RS10845
trePP	trehalose-6-phosphate phosphorylase
treS	trehalose ABC transporter, substrate-binding comopnent TreS
treT	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 1 (TreT)	AFK65_RS05685
TRET1	facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1	AFK65_RS04760	AFK65_RS16050
treU	trehalose ABC transporter, permease component 2 (TreU)
treV	trehalose ABC transporter, ATPase component TreV	AFK65_RS05695	AFK65_RS02825

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.

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Candidates (tab-delimited)
Steps (tab-delimited)
Rules (tab-delimited)
Protein sequences (fasta format)
Organisms (tab-delimited)
SQLite3 databases

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About GapMind

Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.

A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit to a characterized protein at above 40% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits+10.
- (Hits to curated proteins without experimental data as to their function are never considered high confidence.)
HMMer finds a hit with 80% coverage of the model, and either other identity < 40 or other coverage < 0.75.

where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").

Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit at above 40% identity and 70% coverage (ignoring otherBits).
ublast finds a hit at above 30% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits.
HMMer finds a hit (regardless of coverage or other bits).

Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."

Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:

our ignorance of proteins' functions,
omissions in the gene models,
frame-shift errors in the genome sequence, or
the organism lacks the pathway.

GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).

For more information, see:

the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis
the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources
the source code
instructions for running GapMind on your computer

If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know

by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

GapMind for catabolism of small carbon sources