Found 198 low-confidence and 28 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
| Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
|---|
| 2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCUHO_RS03260 | MCUHO_RS06630 |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | MCUHO_RS05410 | MCUHO_RS07565 |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
| 4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
| acetate | actP: cation/acetate symporter ActP | | |
| alanine | snatA: L-alanine symporter SnatA | MCUHO_RS05805 | |
| arabinose | araA: L-arabinose isomerase | | |
| arabinose | araB: ribulokinase | | |
| arabinose | araD: L-ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase | | |
| arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | | |
| arginine | arcA: arginine deiminase | | |
| arginine | arcC: carbamate kinase | MCUHO_RS10560 | |
| arginine | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| arginine | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | MCUHO_RS07130 | MCUHO_RS00805 |
| arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
| asparagine | ans: asparaginase | MCUHO_RS06455 | |
| asparagine | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | | |
| aspartate | glt: aspartate:proton symporter Glt | | |
| cellobiose | cbp: cellobiose phosphorylase | | |
| cellobiose | cdt: cellobiose transporter cdt-1/cdt-2 | | |
| cellobiose | glk: glucokinase | MCUHO_RS09650 | |
| citrate | acn: aconitase | | |
| citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | MCUHO_RS09510 | |
| citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | MCUHO_RS04030 | MCUHO_RS07195 |
| citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | MCUHO_RS04035 | |
| citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | MCUHO_RS04035 | |
| citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | MCUHO_RS04005 | |
| citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | MCUHO_RS10560 | |
| citrulline | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| citrulline | rocD: ornithine aminotransferase | MCUHO_RS07130 | MCUHO_RS00805 |
| D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
| D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
| D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS01055 | |
| D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
| D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
| D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | | |
| deoxyinosine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCUHO_RS03260 | MCUHO_RS06630 |
| deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | MCUHO_RS05990 | MCUHO_RS08480 |
| deoxyinosine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
| deoxyinosine | deoD: deoxyinosine phosphorylase | MCUHO_RS02980 | |
| deoxyinosine | nupC: deoxyinosine:H+ symporter NupC | | |
| deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS02500 | |
| deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
| deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | | |
| deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
| deoxyribose | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCUHO_RS03260 | MCUHO_RS06630 |
| deoxyribose | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
| deoxyribose | deoK: deoxyribokinase | | |
| deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
| ethanol | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCUHO_RS03260 | MCUHO_RS06630 |
| ethanol | etoh-dh-nad: ethanol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)) | MCUHO_RS06630 | MCUHO_RS06885 |
| fructose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | | |
| fructose | fruII-ABC: fructose-specific PTS system (fructose 1-phosphate forming), EII-ABC components | | |
| fucose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| fucose | fucA: L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase FucA | | |
| fucose | fucI: L-fucose isomerase FucI | | |
| fucose | fucK: L-fuculose kinase FucK | | |
| fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
| fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
| galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
| galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | | |
| galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
| galacturonate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
| galacturonate | gci: D-galactarolactone cycloisomerase | | |
| galacturonate | gli: D-galactarolactone isomerase | | |
| galacturonate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | MCUHO_RS04460 | |
| galacturonate | udh: D-galacturonate dehydrogenase | | |
| gluconate | gnd: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating | | |
| gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
| gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
| glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
| glucosamine | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | MCUHO_RS08495 | |
| glucose | ptsG-crr: glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | | |
| glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
| glucuronate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
| glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
| glucuronate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | MCUHO_RS04460 | |
| glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
| glutamate | gdhA: glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent | | |
| glutamate | gltS: L-glutamate:Na+ symporter GltS | | |
| glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | | |
| glycerol | glpK: glycerol kinase | | |
| histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
| histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
| histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
| histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
| histidine | permease: L-histidine permease | | |
| isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
| isoleucine | Bap2: L-isoleucine permease Bap2 | | |
| isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
| isoleucine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
| isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | MCUHO_RS09135 | |
| isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS02500 | MCUHO_RS06890 |
| isoleucine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
| isoleucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
| isoleucine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | MCUHO_RS01395 | |
| isoleucine | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
| L-lactate | L-LDH: L-lactate dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS09440 | MCUHO_RS06180 |
| L-lactate | SfMCT: L-lactate transporter SfMCT | MCUHO_RS09880 | |
| lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | | |
| lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
| lactose | glk: glucokinase | MCUHO_RS09650 | |
| lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
| lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | | |
| leucine | leuT: L-leucine:Na+ symporter LeuT | MCUHO_RS03810 | |
| leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
| leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | MCUHO_RS01395 | |
| leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | | |
| leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
| leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
| leucine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
| lysine | amaB: L-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AmaB/Pcd) | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| lysine | hglS: D-2-hydroxyglutarate synthase | | |
| lysine | lat: L-lysine 6-aminotransferase | | |
| lysine | lysN: 2-aminoadipate transaminase | MCUHO_RS06495 | MCUHO_RS09960 |
| lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
| lysine | ydiJ: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase | | |
| maltose | ptsG-crr: glucose PTS, enzyme II (CBA components, PtsG) | | |
| maltose | susB: alpha-glucosidase (maltase) | | |
| mannitol | mtlA: mannitol phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
| mannitol | mtlD: mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase | | |
| mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | | |
| myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
| myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | | |
| myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | MCUHO_RS07570 | |
| myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | | |
| myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
| myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | | |
| myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
| myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | | |
| NAG | nagB: glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (isomerizing) | MCUHO_RS08495 | |
| NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
| phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
| phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
| phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
| phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
| phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS06890 | MCUHO_RS02500 |
| phenylacetate | paaJ1: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaJ2: 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
| phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
| phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
| phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
| phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
| phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
| phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
| phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
| phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
| phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | MCUHO_RS10455 | |
| phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
| proline | ectP: proline transporter EctP | MCUHO_RS10330 | |
| proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | | |
| proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| propionate | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
| propionate | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
| propionate | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | MCUHO_RS01395 | |
| propionate | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
| propionate | prpE: propionyl-CoA synthetase | MCUHO_RS04125 | MCUHO_RS09885 |
| propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | | |
| putrescine | gabD: succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | MCUHO_RS00805 | MCUHO_RS07130 |
| putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | MCUHO_RS00805 | MCUHO_RS07130 |
| putrescine | patD: gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
| pyruvate | SLC5A8: sodium-coupled pyruvate transporter | | |
| rhamnose | aldA: lactaldehyde dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| rhamnose | LRA1: L-rhamnofuranose dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS06890 | MCUHO_RS02500 |
| rhamnose | LRA2: L-rhamnono-gamma-lactonase | | |
| rhamnose | LRA3: L-rhamnonate dehydratase | | |
| rhamnose | LRA4: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate aldolase | | |
| rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
| ribose | rbsK: ribokinase | | |
| ribose | rbsU: probable D-ribose transporter RbsU | | |
| serine | sdaB: L-serine ammonia-lyase | | |
| serine | snatA: L-serine transporter | MCUHO_RS05805 | |
| sorbitol | mtlA: PTS system for polyols, EII-CBA components | | |
| sorbitol | srlD: sorbitol 6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS02500 | |
| sucrose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | | |
| sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | | |
| sucrose | fruII-ABC: fructose-specific PTS system (fructose 1-phosphate forming), EII-ABC components | | |
| threonine | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS01055 | |
| threonine | gloA: glyoxylase I | | |
| threonine | gloB: hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (glyoxalase II) | MCUHO_RS09925 | MCUHO_RS08965 |
| threonine | snatA: L-threonine transporter snatA | MCUHO_RS05805 | |
| threonine | tdh: L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS02650 | |
| threonine | tynA: aminoacetone oxidase | | |
| thymidine | adh: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (not acylating) | MCUHO_RS03260 | MCUHO_RS06630 |
| thymidine | deoA: thymidine phosphorylase DeoA | MCUHO_RS12115 | |
| thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | MCUHO_RS05990 | MCUHO_RS08480 |
| thymidine | deoC: deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase | | |
| thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
| trehalose | glk: glucokinase | MCUHO_RS09650 | |
| trehalose | PsTP: trehalose phosphorylase | | |
| trehalose | TRET1: facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1 | | |
| tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
| tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
| tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
| tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | | |
| tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
| tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
| tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
| valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
| valine | Bap2: L-valine permease Bap2 | | |
| valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
| valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | | |
| valine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
| valine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
| valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | MCUHO_RS03260 | |
| valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | | |
| valine | ofo: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused | | |
| valine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | MCUHO_RS01395 | |
| valine | pccB: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | | |
| xylitol | fruI: xylitol PTS, enzyme IIABC (FruI) | | |
| xylitol | x5p-reductase: D-xylulose-5-phosphate 2-reductase | | |
| xylose | xylA: xylose isomerase | | |
| xylose | xylB: xylulokinase | | |
| xylose | xylT: D-xylose transporter | | |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know