L-arginine catabolism in Pseudovibrio axinellae Ad2

Best path

braC, braD, braE, braF, braG, arcA, arcB, arcC, ocd, put1, putA

Rules

Overview: Arginine utilization in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-arginine degradation I via arginase (link); II via arginine succinyltransferase (link), III via arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase (link), IV via arginine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase (link), V via arginine deiminase (link), VI (arginase 2, link), VII (arginase 3, link), VIII via arginase oxidase (link), IX via arginine:pyruvate transaminase (link), X via arginine monooxygenase (link), XIII via proline (link), and XIV via D-ornithine (link). Common intermediates are L-ornithine or L-proline. GapMind does not include pathways XI (link), which is poorly understood, or XII (link), which is not reported in prokaryotes.

• all:
  • arginine-transport, rocF and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arginine-succinyltransferase, astB, astC, astD and astE
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, speB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, adiA, aguA, aguB and putrescine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arcA, arcB, arcC and ornithine-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aroD, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, aruH, aruI, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • or arginine-transport, arg-monooxygenase, gbamidase, kauB, gbuA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Pathways I, VI, or VII begin with rocF (arginase), which forms ornithine and urea. (The urea might not be utilized, so urease is not described here.) They differ in how the ornithine is catabolized. Pathway II begins with arginine succinyltransferase and ends with succinate and glutamate. The succinate would then be activated to succinyl-CoA to restart the cycle, or the glutamate might be oxidized to succinyl-CoA; these steps are not included here. Pathway III begins with decarboxylation to agmatine by adiA, followed by hydrolysis to putrescine and urea. Pathway IV begins with adiA and agmatine deiminase (aguA), which yields N-carbamoylputrescine; this is hydrolyzed to putrescine and urea. Pathway V begins with arginine deiminase (arcA), forming citrulline, and and a carbamoyltransferase forms carbamoyl-phosphate and ornithine. The carbamoyl-phosphate is consumed by carbamate kinase (in reverse, forming ammonia and CO2 and ATP). Pathway VIII begins with arginine oxidase aroD, which forms 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoarginine); this is converted to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA). Pathway IX is similar to pathway VIII but the transaminase aruH forms the 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate. Pathway X involves arginine 2-monooxygenase (decarboxylating), forming 4-guanidinobutyramide, and an amidase, forming 4-guanidinobutyrate, which is consumed as in pathway VIII or IX.
• ornithine-degradation:
  • aruF, aruG, astC, astD and astE
  • or rocD and rocA
  • or rocD, PRO3 and proline-degradation
  • or ocd and proline-degradation
  • or odc and putrescine-degradation
  • or orr, oraS, oraE, ord, ortA and ortB
  • Comment: Ornithine is a common intermediate. It can be succinylated by aruFG and then catabolized by the later steps of the arginine succinyltransferase pathway, via aminotransferase, dehydrogenase, and desuccinylase reactions (see PMC179677 and PMID:7523119). Or as part of L-arginine degradation I, the aminotransferase rocD converts ornithine to glutamate 5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously converts to 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. A dehydrogenase converts this to glutamate. Or 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate can be reduced to proline by PRO3, as in L-arginine degradation VI. Alternatively, ornithine can be converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase (ocd). Or ornithine can be decarboxylated to putrescine by odc (link). Or ornithine can be catabolized via D-ornithine, as in L-arginine degradation XIV. A racemase converts L-ornithine to D-ornithine; an aminomutase forms (2R,4S) 2,4-diaminopentanoate; a dehydrogenase forms (2R)-2-amino-4-oxopentanoate, and a thiolase cleaves it to D-alanine and acetyl-CoA. D-alanine could be oxidized to pyruvate or perhaps secreted; this is not described here.
• arginine-succinyltransferase:
  • aruF and aruG
  • or astA
• proline-degradation:
  • put1 and putA
  • or prdF, D-proline-reductase and 5-aminovalerate-degradation
  • Comment: In pathway I, proline dehydrogenase (put1) forms (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which spontaneously hydrates to L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde, and a dehydrogenase (putA) to glutamate. Glutamate can be transaminated to 2-oxoglutarate, which is an intermediate in central metabolism (not represented). In pathway II, proline racemase (prdF) forms D-proline, and a reductase forms 5-aminovalerate.
• D-proline-reductase: prdA, prdB and prdC
  • Comment: D-proline reductase includes components PrdA and PrdB and electron transfer protein PrdC
• 5-aminovalerate-degradation: davT, davD and glutarate-degradation
  • Comment: 5-aminovalerate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation (link, link). It is transaminated to glutarate semialdehyde and oxidized to glutarate. (A fermentative pathway via 5-hydroxyvalerate has also been reported, but does not seem to be fully linked to sequence; see pathway 5 of PMID:11759672.)
• glutarate-degradation:
  • glaH and lhgD
  • or gcdG and glutaryl-CoA-degradation
  • Comment: Glutarate is an intermediate in L-lysine degradation. As part of MetaCyc pathway L-lysine degradation I (link), gluratate is hydroxylated to L-2-hydroxyglutarate (also known as (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate) by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidase. This reaction releases succinate (a TCA cycle intermediate) and CO2. A dehydrogenase then oxidizes to L-2-hydroxyglutarate to regenerate 2-oxoglutarate. Alternatively, as part of pathway IV (link), glutarate can be activated to glutaryl-CoA by a CoA-transferase. Glutaryl-CoA degradation (link) involves glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) to crotonyl-CoA (trans-but-2-enoyl-CoA), hydration to (S)-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidization to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleavage by a C-acetyltransferase to two acetyl-CoA.
• glutaryl-CoA-degradation: gcdH, ech, fadB and atoB
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway glutaryl-CoA degradation (link), glutaryl-CoA is oxidized to (E)-glutaconyl-CoA and oxidatively decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA (both by the same enzyme), hydrated to 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidized to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleaved to two acetyl-CoA.
• GABA-degradation: gabT and gabD
  • Comment: GABA (4-aminobutanoate) is consumed by an aminotransferase (known as gabT or puuE), which forms succinate semialdehyde, and dehydrogenase gabD, which forms succinate.
• putrescine-degradation: putrescine-to-GABA and GABA-degradation
  • Comment: Gamma-aminobutyrate is a common intermediate.
• putrescine-to-GABA:
  • patA and patD
  • or puuA, puuB, puuC and puuD
  • or puo and patD
  • Comment: In pathway I or pathway V, putrescine aminotransferase (patA or spuC) forms 4-aminobutanal, and dehydrogenase patD forms GABA. In pathway II, putrescine is converted to GABA with glutamylated intermedates: puuA forms gamma-glutamyl-putrescine, an oxidase forms 4-(gamma-glutaminylamino)butanal, a dehydrogenase forms 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanoate, and a hydrolase releases glutamate and GABA. As part of pathway IV, putrescine oxidase (puo) forms 4-aminobutanal, which is probably converted to GABA by dehydrogenase patD.
• arginine-transport:
  • artJ, artM, artP and artQ
  • or bgtB and artP
  • or braC, braD, braE, braF and braG
  • or rocE
  • or AAP3
  • or CAT1
  • or Can1
  • Comment: Transporters were identified using: query: transporter:arginine:L-arginine:arg.

71 steps (43 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
braC	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, substrate-binding component BraC	PsAD2_RS02810
braD	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 1 (BraD)	PsAD2_RS02835
braE	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, permease component 2 (BraE)	PsAD2_RS02830	PsAD2_RS08280
braF	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 1 (BraF)	PsAD2_RS02825	PsAD2_RS06010
braG	ABC transporter for glutamate, histidine, arginine, and other amino acids, ATPase component 2 (BraG)	PsAD2_RS02820	PsAD2_RS08270
arcA	arginine deiminase	PsAD2_RS20070
arcB	ornithine carbamoyltransferase	PsAD2_RS20075	PsAD2_RS11830
arcC	carbamate kinase	PsAD2_RS20080
ocd	ornithine cyclodeaminase	PsAD2_RS10120	PsAD2_RS10855
put1	proline dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS20095	PsAD2_RS02455
putA	L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS20095	PsAD2_RS20330
Alternative steps:
AAP3	L-arginine transporter AAP3
adiA	arginine decarboxylase (AdiA/SpeA)	PsAD2_RS16315
aguA	agmatine deiminase
aguB	N-carbamoylputrescine hydrolase
arg-monooxygenase	arginine 2-monooxygenase
aroD	L-arginine oxidase
artJ	L-arginine ABC transporter, periplasmic substrate-binding component ArtJ/HisJ/ArtI/AotJ/ArgT	PsAD2_RS20735	PsAD2_RS20745
artM	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (ArtM/HisM/AotM)	PsAD2_RS20755	PsAD2_RS13415
artP	L-arginine ABC transporter, ATPase component ArtP/HisP/AotP/BgtA	PsAD2_RS01050	PsAD2_RS05610
artQ	L-arginine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (ArtQ/HisQ/AotQ)	PsAD2_RS20750	PsAD2_RS13420
aruF	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAI (AruF)
aruG	ornithine/arginine N-succinyltransferase subunit AruAII (AruG)
aruH	L-arginine:pyruvate transaminase	PsAD2_RS05955	PsAD2_RS04245
aruI	2-ketoarginine decarboxylase	PsAD2_RS03520
astA	arginine N-succinyltransferase
astB	N-succinylarginine dihydrolase
astC	succinylornithine transaminase	PsAD2_RS11825	PsAD2_RS19615
astD	succinylglutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS20650	PsAD2_RS05090
astE	succinylglutamate desuccinylase
atoB	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	PsAD2_RS01745	PsAD2_RS08175
bgtB	L-arginine ABC transporter, fused substrate-binding and permease components (BgtB/BgtAB)
Can1	L-arginine transporter Can1
CAT1	L-arginine transporter CAT1
davD	glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS18325	PsAD2_RS20650
davT	5-aminovalerate aminotransferase	PsAD2_RS11825	PsAD2_RS19615
ech	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase	PsAD2_RS08800	PsAD2_RS22445
fadB	(S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS22445	PsAD2_RS11955
gabD	succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS18325	PsAD2_RS20650
gabT	gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase	PsAD2_RS23255	PsAD2_RS17200
gbamidase	guanidinobutyramidase
gbuA	guanidinobutyrase	PsAD2_RS23285
gcdG	succinyl-CoA:glutarate CoA-transferase	PsAD2_RS04895	PsAD2_RS09850
gcdH	glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS08770	PsAD2_RS22225
glaH	glutarate 2-hydroxylase, succinate-releasing (GlaH or CsiD)
kauB	4-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS20330	PsAD2_RS08865
lhgD	L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase or oxidase (LhgD or LhgO)	PsAD2_RS20930
odc	L-ornithine decarboxylase
oraE	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, beta (E) subunit
oraS	D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase, alpha (S) subunit
ord	2,4-diaminopentanoate dehydrogenase
orr	ornithine racemase
ortA	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, alpha subunit
ortB	2-amino-4-oxopentanoate thiolase, beta subunit
patA	putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC)	PsAD2_RS23255	PsAD2_RS17200
patD	gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS08865	PsAD2_RS20330
prdA	D-proline reductase, prdA component
prdB	D-proline reductase, prdB component
prdC	D-proline reductase, electron transfer component PrdC
prdF	proline racemase	PsAD2_RS15500	PsAD2_RS10040
PRO3	pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase	PsAD2_RS17905
puo	putrescine oxidase
puuA	glutamate-putrescine ligase	PsAD2_RS20315	PsAD2_RS23290
puuB	gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidase	PsAD2_RS21810
puuC	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS20330	PsAD2_RS08865
puuD	gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase
rocA	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase	PsAD2_RS20095	PsAD2_RS20330
rocD	ornithine aminotransferase	PsAD2_RS19615	PsAD2_RS23255
rocE	L-arginine permease
rocF	arginase	PsAD2_RS10115	PsAD2_RS16330
speB	agmatinase	PsAD2_RS23285	PsAD2_RS16330

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.