L-leucine catabolism in Oceanisphaera arctica V1-41

GapMind for catabolism of small carbon sources

L-leucine catabolism in Oceanisphaera arctica V1-41

Best path

livF, livG, livJ, livH, livM, ilvE, bkdA, bkdB, bkdC, lpd, liuA, liuB, liuD, liuC, liuE, atoA, atoD, atoB

Rules

Overview: Leucine degradation in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathway L-leucine degradation I, via branched alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (link). Other pathways for are not included here because they are not linked to sequence (link) or do not result in carbon incorporation.

all: leucine-transport, ilvE, BKD, liuA, liuB, liuD, liuC, liuE and acetoacetate-degradation

Comment: After transamination to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate by ilvE, kbd oxidatively decarboxylates it to isovaleryl-CoA (also known as 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA), liuA oxidizes it to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, liuBD carboxylates it to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, liuC hydrates it to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, and liuE hydrolyzes it to acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA.

acetoacetate-degradation: acetoacetate-activation and atoB

Comment: The acetoacetate is activated to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleaved by acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, giving two acetyl-CoA.

acetoacetate-activation:

atoA and atoD
or aacS
Comment: acetyl-CoA:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase (sometimes given EC 2.8.3.9 or EC 2.8.3.8) or succinyl-CoA:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5, also known as 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase) can activate acetoacetate. These have an A and B subunit. Alternatively, an ATP-dependent ligase (aacS) can activate acetoacetate (EC 6.2.1.16).

BKD:

bkdA, bkdB, bkdC and lpd
or vorA, vorB and vorC
or ofoA and ofoB
or ofo
Comment: These decarboxylating dehydrogenases act on 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate (2-oxoisovalerate) and (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and are known as the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenases. They can pass electrons to NAD (EC 1.2.1.25) or to ferredoxin (EC 1.2.7.7). The NAD-dependent enzyme is the sum of three activities: EC 1.2.4.4 (the 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate dehydrogenase, with transfer to the lipopoyllysine residue of 2.3.1.168) which is itself heteromeric, with alpha and beta subunits; EC 2.3.1.168 (dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (3-methylbutanoyl)transferase); and EC 1.8.1.4 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, transferring electrons to NAD). The well-characterized ferredoxin-dependent enzymes have 3 subunits (vorABC) or 2 subunits (ofoAB). Genetic data identified a fused ferredoxin-dependent enzyme with just 1 subunit (ofo).

leucine-transport:

livF, livG, livJ, livH and livM
or natA, natB, natC, natD and natE
or aapJ, aapQ, aapM and aapP
or leuT
or brnQ
or bcaP
or Bap2
or AAP1
Comment: Transporters were identified using query: transporter:leucine:L-leucine

39 steps (29 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
livF	L-leucine ABC transporter, ATPase component 1 (LivF/BraG)	UN63_RS11740	UN63_RS11735
livG	L-leucine ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 (LivG/BraF)	UN63_RS11735	UN63_RS06410
livJ	L-leucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component (LivJ/LivK/BraC/BraC3)	UN63_RS11720
livH	L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (LivH/BraD)	UN63_RS11725
livM	L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (LivM/BraE)	UN63_RS11730
ilvE	L-leucine transaminase	UN63_RS11415	UN63_RS02645
bkdA	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component alpha subunit	UN63_RS03100	UN63_RS15430
bkdB	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E1 component beta subunit	UN63_RS03095	UN63_RS15425
bkdC	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component	UN63_RS03090	UN63_RS07065
lpd	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E3 component	UN63_RS13455	UN63_RS12615
liuA	isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase	UN63_RS13340	UN63_RS08990
liuB	3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit	UN63_RS13355	UN63_RS08005
liuD	3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit	UN63_RS13345
liuC	3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase	UN63_RS13350	UN63_RS10750
liuE	hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase	UN63_RS13360
atoA	acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, A subunit	UN63_RS00285
atoD	acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, B subunit	UN63_RS00280
atoB	acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase	UN63_RS04220	UN63_RS09000
Alternative steps:
aacS	acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase	UN63_RS11160	UN63_RS07610
AAP1	L-leucine permease AAP1
aapJ	ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), substrate-binding component AapJ	UN63_RS01075
aapM	ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), permease component 2 (AapM)	UN63_RS01065	UN63_RS13375
aapP	ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), ATPase component AapP	UN63_RS01060	UN63_RS12580
aapQ	ABC transporter for amino acids (Asp/Asn/Glu/Pro/Leu), permease component 1 (AapQ)	UN63_RS01070	UN63_RS12585
Bap2	L-leucine permease Bap2
bcaP	L-leucine uptake transporter BcaP
brnQ	L-leucine:Na+ symporter BrnQ/BraB	UN63_RS05165
leuT	L-leucine:Na+ symporter LeuT	UN63_RS01905	UN63_RS03140
natA	L-leucine ABC transporter, ATPase component 1 (NatA)	UN63_RS11735	UN63_RS06410
natB	L-leucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component NatB
natC	L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (NatC)	UN63_RS11730
natD	L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (NatD)	UN63_RS11725
natE	L-leucine ABC transporter, ATPase component 2 (NatE)	UN63_RS11740	UN63_RS01085
ofo	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, fused
ofoA	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, alpha subunit OfoA
ofoB	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, beta subunit OfoB
vorA	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, alpha subunit VorA
vorB	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, beta subunit VorB
vorC	branched-chain alpha-ketoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, gamma subunit VorC

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
transporter – transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging.

This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.

Downloads

Candidates (tab-delimited)
Steps (tab-delimited)
Rules (tab-delimited)
Protein sequences (fasta format)
Organisms (tab-delimited)
SQLite3 databases

Related tools

About GapMind

Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.

A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit to a characterized protein at above 40% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits+10.
- (Hits to curated proteins without experimental data as to their function are never considered high confidence.)
HMMer finds a hit with 80% coverage of the model, and either other identity < 40 or other coverage < 0.75.

where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").

Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit at above 40% identity and 70% coverage (ignoring otherBits).
ublast finds a hit at above 30% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits.
HMMer finds a hit (regardless of coverage or other bits).

Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."

Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:

our ignorance of proteins' functions,
omissions in the gene models,
frame-shift errors in the genome sequence, or
the organism lacks the pathway.

GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).

For more information, see:

the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis
the 2024 update on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis
the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources
the source code
instructions for running GapMind on your computer

If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know

by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

GapMind for catabolism of small carbon sources