Found 151 low-confidence and 83 medium-confidence steps on the best paths for 62 pathways.
Pathway | Step | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
2-oxoglutarate | kgtP: 2-oxoglutarate:H+ symporter KgtP | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpD: 2-hydroxypentadienoate hydratase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | mhpE: 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase | C3B54_RS06245 | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pcaK: 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter pcaK | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | pobA: 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | praA: protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase | | |
4-hydroxybenzoate | xylF: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase | | |
acetate | actP: cation/acetate symporter ActP | | |
alanine | TRIC: TRIC-type L-alanine transporter | C3B54_RS01290 | |
arabinose | araE: L-arabinose:H+ symporter | | |
arabinose | xacB: L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06590 | C3B54_RS01280 |
arabinose | xacC: L-arabinono-1,4-lactonase | | |
arabinose | xacE: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase | | |
arabinose | xacF: alpha-ketoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06650 | C3B54_RS06570 |
arginine | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS01080 | C3B54_RS06570 |
arginine | rocE: L-arginine permease | | |
arginine | rocF: arginase | | |
asparagine | ans: asparaginase | C3B54_RS06930 | |
asparagine | bgtA: aspartate ABC transporter, ATPase component BgtA | C3B54_RS04180 | C3B54_RS05880 |
asparagine | natG: aspartate ABC transporter, permease component 1 (NatG) | | |
asparagine | natH: aspartate ABC transporter, permease component 2 (NatH) | C3B54_RS04185 | C3B54_RS05875 |
aspartate | bgtA: aspartate ABC transporter, ATPase component BgtA | C3B54_RS04180 | C3B54_RS05880 |
aspartate | natG: aspartate ABC transporter, permease component 1 (NatG) | | |
aspartate | natH: aspartate ABC transporter, permease component 2 (NatH) | C3B54_RS04185 | C3B54_RS05875 |
cellobiose | glk: glucokinase | C3B54_RS04510 | C3B54_RS04755 |
cellobiose | mglB: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | C3B54_RS03355 | |
cellobiose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | C3B54_RS07375 | C3B54_RS06505 |
citrate | SLC13A5: citrate:Na+ symporter | | |
citrulline | AO353_03040: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, ATPase component | C3B54_RS04180 | C3B54_RS05880 |
citrulline | AO353_03045: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 2 | C3B54_RS04185 | |
citrulline | AO353_03050: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, permease component 1 | | |
citrulline | AO353_03055: ABC transporter for L-Citrulline, periplasmic substrate-binding component | | |
citrulline | arcC: carbamate kinase | | |
citrulline | rocA: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS01080 | C3B54_RS06570 |
D-alanine | cycA: D-alanine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-alanine | dadA: D-alanine dehydrogenase | | |
D-lactate | D-LDH: D-lactate dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS05670 | C3B54_RS07685 |
D-lactate | lctP: D-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
D-serine | cycA: D-serine:H+ symporter CycA | | |
D-serine | dsdA: D-serine ammonia-lyase | C3B54_RS02615 | |
deoxyinosine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | C3B54_RS08145 | |
deoxyinosine | H281DRAFT_01112: deoxynucleoside transporter, permease component 2 | C3B54_RS06180 | C3B54_RS06505 |
deoxyinosine | H281DRAFT_01115: deoxynucleoside transporter, permease component 1 | C3B54_RS06175 | |
deoxyribonate | atoA: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, A subunit | C3B54_RS06550 | |
deoxyribonate | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | C3B54_RS06540 | |
deoxyribonate | atoD: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, B subunit | C3B54_RS06545 | |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-dehyd: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate 3-dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06685 | C3B54_RS01280 |
deoxyribonate | deoxyribonate-transport: 2-deoxy-D-ribonate transporter | | |
deoxyribonate | garK: glycerate 2-kinase | C3B54_RS02810 | |
deoxyribonate | ketodeoxyribonate-cleavage: 2-deoxy-3-keto-D-ribonate cleavage enzyme | | |
deoxyribose | deoP: deoxyribose transporter | | |
ethanol | etoh-dh-nad: ethanol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)) | C3B54_RS04105 | C3B54_RS06210 |
fructose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | C3B54_RS05660 | |
fructose | fruII-ABC: fructose-specific PTS system (fructose 1-phosphate forming), EII-ABC components | | |
fucose | fdh: L-fucose 1-dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06675 | |
fucose | fucDH: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-fuconate 4-dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06685 | C3B54_RS06590 |
fucose | fuconolactonase: L-fucono-1,5-lactonase | C3B54_RS06660 | |
fucose | fucP: L-fucose:H+ symporter FucP | | |
fucose | fucU: L-fucose mutarotase FucU | | |
galactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | C3B54_RS08440 | |
galactose | galP: galactose:H+ symporter GalP | | |
galactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
galactose | pgmA: alpha-phosphoglucomutase | C3B54_RS08145 | C3B54_RS07915 |
galacturonate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06650 | C3B54_RS06570 |
galacturonate | exuT: D-galacturonate transporter ExuT | | |
galacturonate | garD: meso-galactarate dehydratase (L-threo-forming) GarD | C3B54_RS06340 | C3B54_RS06705 |
galacturonate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | C3B54_RS06830 | |
galacturonate | udh: D-galacturonate dehydrogenase | | |
galacturonate | uxuL: D-galactaro-1,5-lactonase (UxuL or UxuF) | | |
gluconate | gntK: D-gluconate kinase | | |
gluconate | gntT: gluconate:H+ symporter GntT | | |
glucosamine | gamP: glucosamine PTS system, EII-CBA components (GamP/NagE) | | |
glucose | glk: glucokinase | C3B54_RS04510 | C3B54_RS04755 |
glucose | mglB: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | C3B54_RS03355 | |
glucose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | C3B54_RS07375 | C3B54_RS06505 |
glucose-6-P | uhpT: glucose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter | | |
glucuronate | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06650 | C3B54_RS06570 |
glucuronate | exuT: D-glucuronate:H+ symporter ExuT | | |
glucuronate | gci: D-glucaro-1,4-lactone cycloisomerase | | |
glucuronate | kdgD: 5-dehydro-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase | C3B54_RS06830 | |
glucuronate | udh: D-glucuronate dehydrogenase | | |
glutamate | gltS: L-glutamate:Na+ symporter GltS | | |
glycerol | glpD: glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (monomeric) | C3B54_RS07470 | |
histidine | hutG: N-formiminoglutamate formiminohydrolase | | |
histidine | hutH: histidine ammonia-lyase | | |
histidine | hutI: imidazole-5-propionate hydrolase | | |
histidine | hutU: urocanase | | |
histidine | natB: L-histidine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component NatB | C3B54_RS01770 | |
histidine | natC: L-histidine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (NatC) | | |
histidine | natD: L-histidine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (NatD) | C3B54_RS01790 | |
isoleucine | acdH: (2S)-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
isoleucine | Bap2: L-isoleucine permease Bap2 | | |
isoleucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | C3B54_RS00880 | C3B54_RS07325 |
isoleucine | ech: 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydro-lyase | C3B54_RS06255 | |
isoleucine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
isoleucine | fadA: 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase | C3B54_RS06540 | |
isoleucine | ivdG: 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS05130 | C3B54_RS06285 |
isoleucine | lpd: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E3 component | C3B54_RS04565 | C3B54_RS00740 |
isoleucine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
isoleucine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | C3B54_RS08130 | C3B54_RS04740 |
L-lactate | lctP: L-lactate:H+ symporter LctP or LidP | | |
L-malate | sdlC: L-malate:Na+ symporter SdlC | | |
lactose | galK: galactokinase (-1-phosphate forming) | C3B54_RS08440 | |
lactose | galT: UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | | |
lactose | glk: glucokinase | C3B54_RS04510 | C3B54_RS04755 |
lactose | lacP: lactose permease LacP | | |
lactose | lacZ: lactase (homomeric) | C3B54_RS02725 | |
lactose | pgmA: alpha-phosphoglucomutase | C3B54_RS08145 | C3B54_RS07915 |
leucine | atoA: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, A subunit | C3B54_RS06550 | |
leucine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | C3B54_RS06540 | |
leucine | atoD: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, B subunit | C3B54_RS06545 | |
leucine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | C3B54_RS00880 | C3B54_RS07325 |
leucine | liuA: isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
leucine | liuB: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha (biotin-containing) subunit | C3B54_RS08130 | C3B54_RS04740 |
leucine | liuC: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase | C3B54_RS06255 | |
leucine | liuD: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, beta subunit | C3B54_RS08095 | |
leucine | liuE: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase | | |
leucine | lpd: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E3 component | C3B54_RS04565 | C3B54_RS00740 |
leucine | natB: L-leucine ABC transporter, substrate-binding component NatB | C3B54_RS01770 | |
leucine | natC: L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (NatC) | | |
leucine | natD: L-leucine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (NatD) | C3B54_RS01790 | |
lysine | cadA: lysine decarboxylase | | |
lysine | davD: glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06570 | C3B54_RS06115 |
lysine | glaH: glutarate 2-hydroxylase, succinate-releasing (GlaH or CsiD) | | |
lysine | lhgD: L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase or oxidase (LhgD or LhgO) | | |
lysine | lysP: L-lysine:H+ symporter LysP | | |
lysine | patA: cadaverine aminotransferase | C3B54_RS01095 | C3B54_RS06925 |
maltose | glk: glucokinase | C3B54_RS04510 | C3B54_RS04755 |
maltose | mglB: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | C3B54_RS03355 | |
maltose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | C3B54_RS07375 | C3B54_RS06505 |
mannitol | mak: mannose kinase | | |
mannitol | mt1d: mannitol 1-dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS04105 | |
mannitol | PLT5: polyol transporter PLT5 | | |
mannose | manP: mannose PTS system, EII-CBA components | | |
myoinositol | iolB: 5-deoxy-D-glucuronate isomerase | | |
myoinositol | iolC: 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate kinase | | |
myoinositol | iolD: 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase | | |
myoinositol | iolE: scyllo-inosose 2-dehydratase | | |
myoinositol | iolG: myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase | | |
myoinositol | iolJ: 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase | | |
myoinositol | iolT: myo-inositol:H+ symporter | | |
myoinositol | mmsA: malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06115 | C3B54_RS02765 |
NAG | nagA: N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase | C3B54_RS02375 | |
NAG | nagEcba: N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system, EII-CBA components | | |
phenylacetate | paaA: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit A | | |
phenylacetate | paaB: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit B | | |
phenylacetate | paaC: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit C | | |
phenylacetate | paaE: phenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-epoxidase, subunit E | | |
phenylacetate | paaF: 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase | C3B54_RS06255 | |
phenylacetate | paaG: 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase / 2-(oxepinyl)acetyl-CoA isomerase / didehydroadipyl-CoA isomerase | | |
phenylacetate | paaH: 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06685 | C3B54_RS06560 |
phenylacetate | paaK: phenylacetate-CoA ligase | C3B54_RS03390 | |
phenylacetate | paaT: phenylacetate transporter Paa | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ1: oxepin-CoA hydrolase | | |
phenylacetate | paaZ2: 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase | | |
phenylalanine | aroP: L-phenylalanine:H+ symporter AroP | | |
phenylalanine | atoA: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, A subunit | C3B54_RS06550 | |
phenylalanine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | C3B54_RS06540 | |
phenylalanine | atoD: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, B subunit | C3B54_RS06545 | |
phenylalanine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | C3B54_RS02790 | |
phenylalanine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
phenylalanine | PAH: phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase | | |
phenylalanine | PCBD: pterin-4-alpha-carbinoalamine dehydratase | | |
phenylalanine | QDPR: 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase | | |
proline | natB: proline ABC transporter, substrate-binding component NatB | C3B54_RS01770 | |
proline | natC: proline ABC transporter, permease component 1 (NatC) | | |
proline | natD: proline ABC transporter, permease component 2 (NatD) | C3B54_RS01790 | |
proline | put1: proline dehydrogenase | | |
proline | putA: L-glutamate 5-semialdeyde dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS01080 | C3B54_RS06570 |
propionate | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
propionate | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
propionate | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | C3B54_RS08130 | C3B54_RS04740 |
propionate | putP: propionate transporter; proline:Na+ symporter | | |
putrescine | gabT: gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase | C3B54_RS06925 | C3B54_RS01095 |
putrescine | patA: putrescine aminotransferase (PatA/SpuC) | C3B54_RS01095 | C3B54_RS06925 |
putrescine | puuP: putrescine:H+ symporter PuuP/PlaP | | |
pyruvate | SLC5A8: sodium-coupled pyruvate transporter | | |
rhamnose | LRA1: L-rhamnofuranose dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS07785 | C3B54_RS06590 |
rhamnose | LRA2: L-rhamnono-gamma-lactonase | | |
rhamnose | LRA3: L-rhamnonate dehydratase | | |
rhamnose | LRA5: 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate 4-dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS05130 | C3B54_RS06615 |
rhamnose | rhaT: L-rhamnose:H+ symporter RhaT | | |
ribose | rbsB: D-ribose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component RbsB | | |
serine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | C3B54_RS01770 | |
serine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | C3B54_RS01790 | |
serine | braE: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (BraE/NatC) | C3B54_RS01785 | |
sorbitol | mtlA: PTS system for polyols, EII-CBA components | C3B54_RS05650 | |
sorbitol | srlD: sorbitol 6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS01280 | C3B54_RS06590 |
succinate | sdc: succinate:Na+ symporter Sdc | | |
sucrose | 1pfk: 1-phosphofructokinase | C3B54_RS05660 | |
sucrose | ams: sucrose hydrolase (invertase) | C3B54_RS08620 | C3B54_RS05100 |
sucrose | fruII-ABC: fructose-specific PTS system (fructose 1-phosphate forming), EII-ABC components | | |
threonine | braC: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, substrate binding protein (BraC/NatB) | C3B54_RS01770 | |
threonine | braD: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 1 (BraD/NatD) | C3B54_RS01790 | |
threonine | braE: L-alanine/L-serine/L-threonine ABC transporter, permease component 2 (BraE/NatC) | C3B54_RS01785 | |
threonine | lpd: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS04565 | C3B54_RS00740 |
thymidine | deoB: phosphopentomutase | C3B54_RS08145 | |
thymidine | nupG: thymidine permease NupG/XapB | | |
trehalose | glk: glucokinase | C3B54_RS04510 | C3B54_RS04755 |
trehalose | mglB: glucose ABC transporter, substrate-binding component | C3B54_RS03355 | |
trehalose | mglC: glucose ABC transporter, permease component (MglC) | C3B54_RS07375 | C3B54_RS06505 |
trehalose | treF: trehalase | C3B54_RS08620 | C3B54_RS05100 |
tryptophan | aroP: tryptophan:H+ symporter AroP | | |
tryptophan | tnaA: tryptophanase | | |
tyrosine | aroP: L-tyrosine transporter (AroP/FywP) | | |
tyrosine | atoA: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, A subunit | C3B54_RS06550 | |
tyrosine | atoB: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase | C3B54_RS06540 | |
tyrosine | atoD: acetoacetyl-CoA transferase, B subunit | C3B54_RS06545 | |
tyrosine | fahA: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | C3B54_RS02790 | |
tyrosine | hmgA: homogentisate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | | |
tyrosine | maiA: maleylacetoacetate isomerase | | |
valine | acdH: isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase | | |
valine | Bap2: L-valine permease Bap2 | | |
valine | bch: 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase | | |
valine | bkdC: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E2 component | C3B54_RS00880 | C3B54_RS07325 |
valine | ech: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA hydro-lyase | C3B54_RS06255 | |
valine | epi: methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | | |
valine | lpd: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, E3 component | C3B54_RS04565 | C3B54_RS00740 |
valine | mcmA: methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, fused catalytic and adenosylcobamide-binding components | | |
valine | mmsA: methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS03975 | C3B54_RS06275 |
valine | mmsB: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06160 | |
valine | pccA: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, alpha subunit | C3B54_RS08130 | C3B54_RS04740 |
xylitol | PLT5: xylitol:H+ symporter PLT5 | | |
xylitol | xdhA: xylitol dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS05635 | C3B54_RS06210 |
xylitol | xylB: xylulokinase | C3B54_RS06200 | C3B54_RS02365 |
xylose | dopDH: 2,5-dioxopentanonate dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS06650 | C3B54_RS06570 |
xylose | xad: D-xylonate dehydratase | C3B54_RS06640 | C3B54_RS07715 |
xylose | xdh: D-xylose dehydrogenase | C3B54_RS02285 | C3B54_RS05750 |
xylose | xylC: xylonolactonase | | |
xylose | xylF: ABC transporter for xylose, substrate binding component xylF | C3B54_RS03355 | C3B54_RS05735 |
xylose | xylH: ABC transporter for xylose, permease component xylH | C3B54_RS07375 | C3B54_RS03365 |
This GapMind analysis is from Sep 24 2021. The underlying query database was built on Sep 17 2021.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using
ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST)
against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using
HMMer with enzyme models (usually from
TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps."
For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete
high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and
there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time.
Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know