PaperBLAST
PaperBLAST Hits for 3NX2_MICMP / C0HJR2 (64 a.a., LTCKTCPFTT...)
Show query sequence
>3NX2_MICMP / C0HJR2
LTCKTCPFTTCPNSESCPGGQSICYQRKWEEHHGERIERRCVANCPAFGSHDTSLLCCTR
DNCN
Running BLASTp...
Found 62 similar proteins in the literature:
3NX2_MICMP / C0HJR2 Micrurotoxin 2; MmTX2 from Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake) (see paper)
100% identity, 100% coverage
- function: Allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor (GABR), possibly increasing receptor affinity for the agonist, thus enhancing receptor opening and macroscopic desensitization. In vivo, intracerebroventricular injection into mice results in periods of reduced basal activity, followed by bursts of intense seizures and death.
- MmTX1 and MmTX2 from coral snake venom potently modulate GABAA receptor activity
Rosso, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 - “...the UniProt Knowledgebase [accession nos. C0HJR1 (MmTX1) and C0HJR2 (MmTX2)]. 1 J.-P.R., J.R.S., and M.D.-B. contributed equally to this work. 2 To whom...”
3NX1_MICMP / C0HJR1 Micrurotoxin 1; MmTX1 from Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake) (see paper)
98% identity, 100% coverage
- function: Allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor (GABR), possibly increasing receptor affinity for the agonist, thus enhancing receptor opening and macroscopic desensitization. In vivo, intracerebroventricular injection into mice results in periods of reduced basal activity, followed by bursts of intense seizures and death.
- MmTX1 and MmTX2 from coral snake venom potently modulate GABAA receptor activity
Rosso, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 - “...been deposited in the UniProt Knowledgebase [accession nos. C0HJR1 (MmTX1) and C0HJR2 (MmTX2)]. 1 J.-P.R., J.R.S., and M.D.-B. contributed equally to this work....”
3NX4_MICSU / P86098 Long neurotoxin MS4 from Micrurus surinamensis (Surinam coral snake) (see paper)
78% identity, 100% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Weak inhibitor of the endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the human rhabdomyosarcoma TE 671 cell line with an IC(50) of 690 mM. This neurotoxin is lethal to zebrafish by injection at the back of the dorsolateral region, but is not toxic to mice by intraperitoneal injection.
3NX2_MICSU / P86096 Long neurotoxin MS2 from Micrurus surinamensis (Surinam coral snake) (see paper)
75% identity, 100% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Very weak inhibitor of the endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the human rhabdomyosarcoma TE 671 cell line. Not toxic to mice by intraperitoneal injection or to zebrafish by injection at the back of the dorsolateral region.
3NX5_MICFR / P86424 Frontoxin V; FTx V from Micrurus frontalis (Coral snake) (see paper)
73% identity, 100% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Binds to the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR).
3NX5_MICSU / P86099 Long neurotoxin MS5 from Micrurus surinamensis (Surinam coral snake) (see paper)
72% identity, 100% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Very weak inhibitor of the endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the human rhabdomyosarcoma TE 671 cell line. This neurotoxin is lethal to zebrafish by injection at the back of the dorsolateral region, but is not toxic to mice by intraperitoneal injection.
3NX4_MICFR / P86423 Frontoxin IV; FTx IV from Micrurus frontalis (Coral snake) (see paper)
70% identity, 100% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Binds to the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR).
3NO5I_BUNMU / Q9YGJ0 Gamma-bungarotoxin; Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2I from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see 2 papers)
47% identity, 72% coverage
- function: Exhibits M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM2)- blocking activity, but has a weak binding activity toward nicotinic AChR. Moreover, it inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
- Proteomic Profiling of Venoms from <i>Bungarus suzhenae</i> and <i>B. bungaroides</i>: Enzymatic Activities and Toxicity Assessment
Yang, Toxins 2024 - “...B. flaviceps 0.15% P81783 Candoxin B. candidus 0.22% 0.64% Q70WS8 Neurotoxin BM10-1-like B. multicinctus 0.13% Q9YGJ0 Gamma-bungarotoxin B. multicinctus 1.15% 0.01% P81782 Bucandin B. candidus 1.22% 0.01% R4FIT5 3FTx-Pse-89 P.modesta 0.02% A0A898IN56 Three-finger toxin C. bivirgatus <0.01% A0A898IN96 Three-finger toxin C. bivirgatus 0.03% PLA2 P00619 Acidic...”
- De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization for Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824), the Malayan Pit Viper from Malaysia: Unravelling Toxin Gene Diversity in a Medically Important Basal Crotaline
Tan, Toxins 2023 - “...BM14 Q8JFX7 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Kappa-3-bungarotoxin P15817 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Gamma-bungarotoxin Q9YGJ0 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Three finger toxin 1 A5X2W6 ( Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii ) <0.01 Short neurotoxin homolog NTL4 Q9YGI8 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Three finger toxin 2...”
- Immunoreactivity and neutralization study of Chinese Bungarus multicinctus antivenin and lab-prepared anti-bungarotoxin antisera towards purified bungarotoxins and snake venoms
Lin, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020 - “...prepare -BGT antiserum. Briefly, the mature peptide sequence of -BGT was retrieved from UniProt (UniProt: Q9YGJ0). The synthetic gene coding for -BGT was optimized and inserted into the pMAL-p2X (using BamH I and Sac I) vectors [New England Biolabs (Beijing) Ltd., Beijing, China] by Shanghai Generay...”
- “...sequence determinations, the purified -BGT and -BGT are identical to UniProt database of P60615 and Q9YGJ0, respectively. However, only the kunitz-type protease inhibitor subunit identical to UniProt database of P00989 was found for purified -BGT, the phospholipase A 2 subunit could not match that of known...”
3SO61_HEMHA / P25676 Weak toxin CM-1c from Hemachatus haemachatus (Rinkhals) (Sepedon haemachatus)
52% identity, 100% coverage
Q9YGH9 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 from Bungarus multicinctus
46% identity, 71% coverage
- De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia-Next-Generation Sequencing, Functional Annotation and Toxinological Correlation
Tan, Toxins 2021 - “...isoform A31 P60615 B. multicinctus 0.02 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long chain neurotoxin 6 U3FYQ0 M. fulvius <0.01 Neurotoxin BM10-1-like Q70WS8 B. multicinctus <0.01 Long chain neurotoxin 2 U3FAC0 M. fulvius <0.01 NC-3FTX <0.01 Weak toxin 1...”
- “...95 Lh_FTX15 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 72 87 1586 94 Lh_FTX16 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 81 87 887 100 Lh_FTX17 Long chain neurotoxin 6 U3FYQ0 M. fulvius 72 84 1484 100 Lh_FTX18 Neurotoxin BM10-1-like Q70WS8 B. multicinctus 66 84 1584 100 Lh_FTX19 Long...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Trimorphodon biscutatus ; D. (1) Q6IZ95 Bungarus candidus , (2) Q9PW19 Bungarus multicinctus , (3) Q9YGH9 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) Q8AY51 Bungarus candidus , (5) Q2VBN2 Ophiophagus hannah and 6) Q9YGI2 Naja atra . Figure 7 Structural and functional evolution of derived -neurotoxins and -neurotoxins. Sequence...”
- Squeezers and leaf-cutters: differential diversification and degeneration of the venom system in toxicoferan reptiles
Fry, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2013 - “...multicinctus, 11. Q9PW19 Bungarus multicinctus, 12. Q9YGH9 Bungarus multicinctus, 13. P43445 Bungarus multicinctus, 14. P01409 Dendroaspis angusticeps, 15....”
3SO62_NAJHH / P01415 Weak toxin CM-2 from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) (see paper)
52% identity, 100% coverage
3NO48_MICCO / P58370 Alpha-neurotoxin homolog 8; NXH8 from Micrurus corallinus (Brazilian coral snake) (see paper)
45% identity, 74% coverage
- function: Binds and inhibits muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR).
3NO4_BUNCA / P81783 Candoxin from Bungarus candidus (Malayan krait) (see paper)
42% identity, 74% coverage
- function: Binds and inhibits muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Is a reversible antagonist of muscle nAChR (alpha-1-beta-1-delta-epsilon/CHRNA1-CHRNB1-CHRND-CHRNE) (IC(50)=10 nM) and a potent and poorly reversible antagonist of the neuronal alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChR (IC(50)=50 nM). May exhibit differential affinities for the two binding sites on the muscle nAChR.
- Proteomic Profiling of Venoms from <i>Bungarus suzhenae</i> and <i>B. bungaroides</i>: Enzymatic Activities and Toxicity Assessment
Yang, Toxins 2024 - “...Q8JFX7 Muscarinic toxin BM14 B. multicinctus 3.20% 0.01% D5J9Q3 Muscarinic toxin-like protein B. flaviceps 0.15% P81783 Candoxin B. candidus 0.22% 0.64% Q70WS8 Neurotoxin BM10-1-like B. multicinctus 0.13% Q9YGJ0 Gamma-bungarotoxin B. multicinctus 1.15% 0.01% P81782 Bucandin B. candidus 1.22% 0.01% R4FIT5 3FTx-Pse-89 P.modesta 0.02% A0A898IN56 Three-finger toxin...”
- Venom-Derived Neurotoxins Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Bekbossynova, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 - “...50 = 10 nM) rodent 11 (IC 50 > 10 M) [ 103 ] Candoxin (P81783) Malayan krait Bungarus candidus (Elapidae) r11 nAChRs (IC 50 = 10 nM), reversible block r7 nAChRs (IC 50 = 50 nM), irreversible block [ 97 , 99 ] Weak toxin...”
- The venom gland transcriptome of the Desert Massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii): towards an understanding of venom composition among advanced snakes (Superfamily Colubroidea)
Pahari, BMC molecular biology 2007 - “..., DY403174 ], -colubritoxin [Swiss-Prot: P83490] from Coelognathus radiatus (Colubridae), and non-conventional 3FTx sequences [Swiss-Prot: P81783, O42255 and P82935], 3FTx-like sequences [Swiss-Prot: Q02454, P62375, P24778, P24777, P24776, P01471, P62390, P01473, 229475, P01448, P01474, Q8UUK0 and Z54231] [ 142 ] and 3TFx sequences [Swiss-Prot: P10808, P01433, P01427,...”
3NO4H_BUNMU / P15818 Long neurotoxin homolog; BM10-1 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see paper)
42% identity, 74% coverage
- function: Inhibits carbachol-induced muscle contraction in a reversible manner.
- The Cloning and Characterization of a Three-Finger Toxin Homolog (NXH8) from the Coralsnake Micrurus corallinus That Interacts with Skeletal Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Roman-Ramos, Toxins 2024 - “...from Lynx1, Mus musculus ; 3NO4_BUNCA: Candoxin B. candidus ; B. multicinctus ; 3NO4H_BUNMU ( P15818 ): Long neurotoxin homolog, Bungarus multicinctus ; 3NO4H_BUNMU ( Q9YGI9 ): Mature peptide Long neurotoxin homolog, B. multicinctus ; 3NO48_MICCO: NXH8, M. corallinus ; 3NO5I_BUNMU: -Bungarotoxin, B. multicinctus ; 3NO56_BUNMU:...”
- Squeezers and leaf-cutters: differential diversification and degeneration of the venom system in toxicoferan reptiles
Fry, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2013 - “...Boiga irregularis, 24. Q9W7J9 Pseudonaja textilis, 25. P15818 Bungarus multicinctus, 26. Q9YGI0 Bungarus multicinctus, 27. P0C1Y9 Dendroaspis angusticeps, 28....”
3LKF_BUNFL / P15815 Kappa-flavitoxin; Kappa-ftx; Kappa-fvt; Long neurotoxin 2 from Bungarus flaviceps flaviceps (Red-headed krait) (see 3 papers)
45% identity, 92% coverage
- function: Postsynaptic neurotoxin that binds and inhibits neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) with high affinity (IC(50)<100 nM). Is a selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha-3/CHRNA3-containing and some alpha-4/CHRNA4-containing AChRs.
subunit: Homo- and heterodimer; non-covalently linked.
Q9W729 Kappa-6-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus
45% identity, 70% coverage
3LK2_BUNMU / P15816 Kappa-2-bungarotoxin; Kappa-neurotoxin CB1 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see paper)
48% identity, 70% coverage
- function: Postsynaptic neurotoxin that binds and inhibits neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) with high affinity (IC(50)<100 nM). Is a selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha-3/CHRNA3-containing and some alpha-4/CHRNA4-containing AChRs.
subunit: Homodimer and heterodimer with kappa 3-bungarotoxin; non- covalently linked. - Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients
Brogna, F1000Research 2021 - “...1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively), which were reported by Cheng and colleagues. Furthermore, we looked at the amino acid changes currently reported in GISAID data 22 , analysed by CoV-GLUE-Viz (update 15/09/2021)...”
- “...1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively). To address this point, we added the following paragraph in the section Results and discussion: Cheng et al. [REF] reported the discovery of a superantigen-like motif in...”
D5J9P5 Non-conventional three finger toxin isoform 1 from Bungarus flaviceps
41% identity, 73% coverage
- First Insights into the Venom Composition of Two Ecuadorian Coral Snakes
Hernández-Altamirano, International journal of molecular sciences 2022 - “...2+ VAAKCFAK PLA 2 Micrurus surinamensis A0A2D4PRR8 13 3.89 841.43 3+ KTLLLNLVVVTIVCLDFGYTIK 3FTx Bungarus flaviceps D5J9P5 14 4.06 841.43 3+ KTLLLNLVVVTIVCLDFGYTIK 3FTx Bungarus flaviceps D5J9P5 15 1.26 841.43 3+ KTLLLNLVVVTIVCLDFGYTIK 3FTx Bungarus flaviceps D5J9P5 16 0.99 775.91 2+ CVINATGPFTDTVR 3FTx Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus A0A2D4IKM1 17 0.97...”
3LKB_BUNMU / P01398 Kappa-bungarotoxin; Kappa-bgt; Kappa-1-bungarotoxin; Long neurotoxin 2; Neuronal bungarotoxin; nBgt; Toxin F from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see 4 papers)
45% identity, 70% coverage
- function: Postsynaptic neurotoxin that binds and inhibits neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) with high affinity (IC(50)<100 nM). Is a selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha-3/CHRNA3-containing and some alpha-4/CHRNA4-containing AChRs.
subunit: Homodimer (PubMed:7947721, PubMed:2036359) and heterodimer (By similarity); non-covalently linked. - Automatic Text-Mining Approach to Identify Molecular Target Candidates Associated with Metabolic Processes for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.
Kuntawala, International journal of environmental research and public health 2023 - “...host gene protein - - Exhibits complex links to cancer metastasis. 253 [ 33 ] P01398 INS Insulin Glucose metabolism, sigma factor, transcription - INS is linked with the regulation of muscle protein synthesis, through which reduced insulin sensitivity effects occur in lower muscle mass. -...”
- Venom-Derived Neurotoxins Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Bekbossynova, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 - “...100 pM) 1- interface (Kd = 100 nM) [ 122 , 123 ] -Bungarotoxin homodimer (P01398) Multibanded krait Bungarus multicinctus (Elapidae) 32 (IC 50 = 3 nM) 7 and 42-weak inhibition [ 128 , 129 ] -cobratoxin homodimer Monocled cobra Naja kaouthia (Elapidae) 11 of Torpedo...”
- De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia-Next-Generation Sequencing, Functional Annotation and Toxinological Correlation
Tan, Toxins 2021 - “...Long neurotoxin 2 A3FM53 H. hardwickii 20.74 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 B. multicinctus 0.02 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long chain neurotoxin 6 U3FYQ0 M. fulvius <0.01 Neurotoxin BM10-1-like Q70WS8 B. multicinctus <0.01 Long chain neurotoxin 2 U3FAC0...”
- “...193 100 Lh_FTX14 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 B. multicinctus 77 95 1591 95 Lh_FTX15 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 72 87 1586 94 Lh_FTX16 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 81 87 887 100 Lh_FTX17 Long chain neurotoxin 6 U3FYQ0 M. fulvius 72 84 1484 100...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Q8AY56 Bungarus candidus , (2) Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8 Structural and functional evolution of cytotoxins. Sequence alignment and homology models depicting A. the locations...”
A8HDK9 Long neurotoxin 1 from Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus
42% identity, 55% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321 Pseudonaja modesta , (14) R4G2J4 Pseudonaja modesta , (15) R4G319...”
Q8AY56 Kappa 1a-bungarotoxin from Bungarus candidus
45% identity, 70% coverage
- Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients
Brogna, F1000Research 2021 - “...1a-bungarotoxin, Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively), which were reported by Cheng and colleagues. Furthermore, we looked at the amino acid changes currently reported in GISAID data 22 , analysed by CoV-GLUE-Viz...”
- “...1a-bungarotoxin, Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively). To address this point, we added the following paragraph in the section Results and discussion: Cheng et al. [REF] reported the discovery of a superantigen-like...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Pseudonaja textilis , (5) R4G7F3 Brachyurophis roperi and (6) R4G7M0 Vermicella annulata ; D. (1) Q8AY56 Bungarus candidus , (2) Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8...”
Q8AY55 Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Bungarus candidus
45% identity, 70% coverage
- Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients
Brogna, F1000Research 2021 - “...Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively), which were reported by Cheng and colleagues. Furthermore, we looked at the amino acid changes currently reported in GISAID data 22 , analysed by CoV-GLUE-Viz (update...”
- “...Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively). To address this point, we added the following paragraph in the section Results and discussion: Cheng et al. [REF] reported the discovery of a superantigen-like motif...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Brachyurophis roperi and (6) R4G7M0 Vermicella annulata ; D. (1) Q8AY56 Bungarus candidus , (2) Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8 Structural and functional evolution of...”
A7X4R0 Long neurotoxin 3FTx-Oxy2 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
42% identity, 55% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321 Pseudonaja modesta , (14) R4G2J4...”
3LK3_BUNMU / P15817 Kappa-3-bungarotoxin; K3Bgt; Kappa-neurotoxin; Long neurotoxin CR1 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see paper)
42% identity, 70% coverage
A8HDK7 Long neurotoxin 1 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
40% identity, 55% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321...”
O12962 Kappa-5-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus
43% identity, 70% coverage
- Proteomic Profiling of Venoms from <i>Bungarus suzhenae</i> and <i>B. bungaroides</i>: Enzymatic Activities and Toxicity Assessment
Yang, Toxins 2024 - “...weak neurotoxins (WNX), Muscarinic toxin-like proteins (MTLP), and other unconventional orphan subfamilies. Notably, only -BGT (O12962) was detected within the LNX family, distinguishing these venoms from other species such as B. multicinctus , B. candidus , and B. fasciatus , where Alpha-bungarotoxin (-BGT) dominates. -BGT primarily...”
- “...spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein Family Accession Description Source Organism Expression Quantity B. suzhenae B. bungaroides 3-FTx O12962 Kappa-5-bungarotoxin B. multicinctus 7.02% <0.01% P43445 Short neurotoxin homolog B. multicinctus 0.09% 0.19% Q9YGI8 Short neurotoxin homolog NTL4 B. multicinctus 1.00% 1.21% P01473 Cytotoxin homolog 3 N. melanoleuca 0.08% Q7ZT13...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8 Structural and functional evolution of cytotoxins. Sequence alignment and homology models depicting A. the locations of putative functional residues, and...”
A8HDK8 Long neurotoxin 2 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
38% identity, 55% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...R4FIU6 Pseudonaja modesta , (3) A8HDK6 Pseudonaja textilis , (4) R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0...”
A7X4Q3 Long neurotoxin 3FTx-Oxy1 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
38% identity, 55% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A8HDK6 Pseudonaja textilis , (4) R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3...”
R4FIT0 3FTx-Pse-93 from Pseudonaja modesta
38% identity, 64% coverage
Q2VBN0 Muscarinic toxin 38 from Ophiophagus hannah
39% identity, 74% coverage
R4G321 3FTx-Pse-99 from Pseudonaja modesta
36% identity, 62% coverage
R4FIU6 3FTx-Pse-23 from Pseudonaja modesta
41% identity, 55% coverage
3L21_PSETE / A8HDK6 Long neurotoxin 1; LNTX-1 from Pseudonaja textilis (Eastern brown snake) (see paper)
41% identity, 55% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor (By similarity), thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:17906946).
- Population divergence in venom bioactivities of elapid snake Pseudonaja textilis: role of procoagulant proteins in rapid rodent prey incapacitation
Skejić, PloS one 2013 - “...Pseudonajatoxin b P. textilis P13495 7756 2943 84 4 66% Long neurotoxin 1 P. textilis A8HDK6 9875 130 4 1 14% Short neurotoxin 1/5 P. textilis Q9W7K2 8700 75 3 1 39% Short neurotoxin 2 P. textilis Q9W7K1 8590 8590 77 3 67% Short neurotoxin 3...”
- “...diverse assemblage of postsynaptic neurotoxins, including long chain of the type II (Q9W7J5, P13495 and A8HDK6) and type III (Q9W7K2, Q9W7K1, Q9W7J7, Q9W7J6) alpha three-finger neurotoxins. Interestingly, only a single postsynaptic neurotoxin (Q9W7J6) from the -neurotoxin type III group was found in Mackay venom sample. Phospholipase...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...respectively. Sequences presented (uniprot): (1) R4FIT5 Pseudonaja modesta , (2) R4FIU6 Pseudonaja modesta , (3) A8HDK6 Pseudonaja textilis , (4) R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9...”
O57326 Alpha-neurotoxin NTX-3 from Naja sputatrix
38% identity, 77% coverage
3L2X1_OPHHA / Q2VBP8 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
42% identity, 54% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (By similarity). Recombinant LNTX1 leads to a functional block of the muscle-type acetylcholine receptors. Has a cytotoxic activity (PubMed:16689684).
subunit: Monomer. - Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 2 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 4 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 homolog ( O. hannah ) A8N285 8 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX37 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP3 3 2 Long neurotoxin OH-5 ( O. hannah )...”
- “...OH-57 ( O. hannah ) Q53B56 7 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 13 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 ( O. hannah ) A8N285 14 3 Long neurotoxin LNTX8 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP6 21 3 Long neurotoxin LNTX22 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP5...”
3L2P_PSETE / Q9W7J5 Pseudonajatoxin b homolog; Pt-bp from Pseudonaja textilis (Eastern brown snake) (see paper)
34% identity, 59% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Population divergence in venom bioactivities of elapid snake Pseudonaja textilis: role of procoagulant proteins in rapid rodent prey incapacitation
Skejić, PloS one 2013 - “...P23028 14912 279 10 3 18% 50 2 2 15% Pseudonajatoxin b homolog P. textilis Q9W7J5 11262 5276 174 7 66% Pseudonajatoxin b P. textilis P13495 7756 2943 84 4 66% Long neurotoxin 1 P. textilis A8HDK6 9875 130 4 1 14% Short neurotoxin 1/5 P....”
- “...textilis revealed a diverse assemblage of postsynaptic neurotoxins, including long chain of the type II (Q9W7J5, P13495 and A8HDK6) and type III (Q9W7K2, Q9W7K1, Q9W7J7, Q9W7J6) alpha three-finger neurotoxins. Interestingly, only a single postsynaptic neurotoxin (Q9W7J6) from the -neurotoxin type III group was found in Mackay...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321 Pseudonaja modesta , (14) R4G2J4 Pseudonaja modesta , (15) R4G319 Pseudonaja modesta and (16) R4FK75...”
R4G7K3 3FTx-Pse-121 from Pseudonaja modesta
37% identity, 64% coverage
Q9YGJ5 Alpha-neurotoxin NTX-2 from Naja sputatrix
38% identity, 77% coverage
O57327 Alpha-neurotoxin NTX-4 from Naja sputatrix
38% identity, 77% coverage
- First Insights into the Venom Composition of Two Ecuadorian Coral Snakes
Hernández-Altamirano, International journal of molecular sciences 2022 - “...559.28 2+ GCAVTCPKPK 3FTx Micrurus mipartitus A0A2P1BSS8 4 2.06 733.34 2+ KGIEINCCTTDR 3FTx Naja sputatrix O57327 676.02 3+ VDLGCAATCPKVKPGVNIK 3FTx Naja nivea P01390 733.34 2+ KGIELNCCTTDR 3FTx Naja mossambica P01431 5 7.61 733.34 2+ KGIELNCCTTDR 3FTx Naja mossambica P01431 6 40.26 733.34 2+ KGIELNCCTTDR 3FTx Naja...”
- “...722.34 2+ LVPLFSKTCPPGK 3FTx Naja atra P60307 7 1.07 733.34 2+ KGIEINCCTTDR 3FTx Naja sputatrix O57327 8 1.73 733.34 2+ KGIEINCCTTDR 3FTx Naja sputatrix O57327 9 7.89 447.25 2+ LAALCFAK PLA 2 Micrurus mipartitus C0HKB9 521.22 2+ AFVCNCDR PLA 2 Micrurus mipartitus C0HKB9 10 5.54 440.78...”
- Exploring the Diversity and Novelty of Toxin Genes in Naja sumatrana, the Equatorial Spitting Cobra from Malaysia through De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics
Chong, Toxins 2019 - “...cobra(s) in Peninsular Malaya or Singapore (Q9PST4 [ 26 ]; O42257 [ 27 ]; and O57327 [ 25 ]). The 100% match with sequences obtained in the present transcriptomic study strongly suggests that the spitting cobra described as N. n. sputatrix or N. sputatrix used in...”
- “...93 NSM_FTX06 Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 N. sputatrix 89 90 290 98 NSM_FTX07 Alpha-neurotoxin NTX-4 O57327 N. sputatrix 83 83 183 100 Phospholipase A 2 NSM_PLA01 Acidic phospholipase A 2 C Q92086 N. sputatrix 146 146 1146 100 b Cysteine-rich secretory protein NSM_CRP01 Cysteine-rich venom protein...”
Q9YGJ6 Alpha-neurotoxin NTX-1 from Naja sputatrix
38% identity, 77% coverage
3L24_OPHHA / P80156 Long neurotoxin 4; Alpha-neurotoxin from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
42% identity, 71% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 7 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 2 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 4 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 homolog ( O. hannah ) A8N285 8 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX37 ( O. hannah )...”
- “...3 ( O. hannah ) P07526 5 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 14 3 Long neurotoxin LlLong ( L. laticaudata ) Q7T2I3 3 2 Long neurotoxin OH-17 ( O. hannah ) Q53B54 8 2 Long neurotoxin OH-37 ( O. hannah ) Q53B59...”
- Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species
Vejayan, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2014 - “...KC26 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 7 93 7919 8.34 KC27 ExPASy Long neurotoxin 4 P80156 3 36 8014 8.05 KC32 ExPASy Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 2 22 7542 7.44 KC33 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 2 42 7919 8.34 KC37 ExPASy Weak toxin...”
Q2VBP3 Long neurotoxin LNTX37 from Ophiophagus hannah
42% identity, 54% coverage
Q2VBP6 Long neurotoxin LNTX8 from Ophiophagus hannah
40% identity, 54% coverage
R4G319 3FTx-Pse-78 from Pseudonaja modesta
38% identity, 69% coverage
3S1CB_NAJAT / P60770 Cobrotoxin; CBT; CBTX; CTX; Atratoxin; Cobratide; Short neurotoxin 1 from Naja atra (Chinese cobra) (see 4 papers)
3S1CB_NAJKA / P60771 Cobrotoxin; CBT; Short neurotoxin I; NT1 from Naja kaouthia (Monocled cobra) (Naja siamensis) (see paper)
36% identity, 77% coverage
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission. Has a higher toxicity than cobrotoxin-b (PubMed:9498573). In vivo, when tested on rat arthritis models, shows anti-inflammation and immunosuppression effects (PubMed:27840083).
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission.
- Role of pattern recognition receptors in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.
Araldi, Brain : a journal of neurology 2024 - Mechanisms Mediating High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronan-Induced Antihyperalgesia.
Bonet, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2020 - Role of Nociceptor Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Hyperalgesic Priming.
Araldi, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2019 - Nociceptor interleukin 10 receptor 1 is critical for muscle analgesia induced by repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in the rat.
Alvarez, Pain 2017 - “...analysis, which has a calculated molecular weight of ~42 kDa (according to UniProtKB database entry P60771). B. Comparison of the protein expression by Western blotting demonstrated a significant decrease in IL-10R1 immunoreactivity (arbitrary units, a.u.) of DRG extracts from rats treated with AS ODN compared to...”
- Identification evidence unraveled by strict proteomics rules toward forensic samples.
Li, Electrophoresis 2023 (PubMed) - The molecular mechanism of snake short-chain α-neurotoxin binding to muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Nys, Nature communications 2022 - “...P01426, K9MCH1, P80548, P80958, P86095, P01434, P01418, P25675, P86420, P01424, P62388, Q45Z11, P01416, C1IC47, P60775, P60770. Source data are provided with this paper. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References 1. Gutirrez JM Snakebite envenoming Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2017 3 17063 10.1038/nrdp.2017.63 28905944...”
- Development of a Broad-Spectrum Antiserum against Cobra Venoms Using Recombinant Three-Finger Toxins
Liu, Toxins 2021 - “...novel antivenom design. Here, we used the recombinant type of long-chain -neurotoxins (P01391), short-chain -neurotoxins (P60770), and cardiotoxin A3 (P60301) to generate a new immunogen formulation and investigated the potency of the resulting antiserum against the venom lethality of three medially important cobras in Asia, including...”
- “...of venoms to generate effective antiserum. In the study, three principal 3FTXs, LNTX (P01391), sNTX (P60770), and CTXA3 (P60301) were selected based on their abundance and lethality [ 30 ]; an E. coli heterologous expression system was used to express these recombinant toxin candidates to assess...”
- Snake Venom Proteomics of Samar Cobra (Naja samarensis) from the Southern Philippines: Short Alpha-Neurotoxins as the Dominant Lethal Component Weakly Cross-Neutralized by the Philippine Cobra Antivenom
Palasuberniam, Frontiers in pharmacology 2021 - “...1 P60774 N. samarensis 96.24 27.93 Short neurotoxin 1 P01424 N. melanoleuca 42.31 34.87 Cobrotoxin P60770 N. atra 22.22 3.07 Fraction 2 3.86 Muscarinic toxin-like protein 2 P82463 N. kaouthia 46.73 3.86 Fraction 3 4.46 Weak toxin CM-2 P01415 N. haje 17.79 4.46 Fraction 4 3.98...”
- “...90.48 Short-chain alpha-neurotoxin (SNTX) 65.87 Short neurotoxin 1 1 P01424 N. melanoleuca 34.87 Cobrotoxin 1 P60770 N. atra 3.07 Short neurotoxin 1 1 P60774 N. samarensis 27.93 Cytotoxin (CTX) 16.29 Cytotoxin 1 6 P01467 N. mossambica 0.70 Cytotoxin 2 5,6 P01441 N. oxiana 2.84 Cytotoxin 2...”
- Development of Antibody Detection ELISA Based on Immunoreactive Toxins and Toxin-Derived Peptides to Evaluate the Neutralization Potency of Equine Plasma against Naja atra in Taiwan
Liu, Toxins 2021 - “...for differentiating between high- and low-potency plasma samples. Figure 8 Three-dimensional structure of NTX protein (P60770) from N. atra . The structure image was created using Mol* Viewer ( https://molstar.org/viewer/ , accessed on 15 November 2021). The relative positions of ( A ) NTX1-8, ( B...”
- Elucidating the Venom Diversity in Sri Lankan Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics, Venom Proteomics and Toxicity Neutralization
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...-NTX (SNTX) 1.78% NN-3FTX01 Short neurotoxin 2 P62376 Hydrophis cyanocinctus 1379 0.11% NN-3FTX02 * Cobrotoxin P60770 Naja atra 182 (98.80) 0.69% NN-3FTX03 * Cobrotoxin-b P80958 Naja atra 182 (100) 0.97% Short-chain 3FTX: Orphan Group I 0.61% NN-3FTX04 Neurotoxin-like protein NTL2 Q9W717 Naja atra 175 0.61% Short-chain...”
- Identification of Immunoreactive Peptides of Toxins to Simultaneously Assess the Neutralization Potency of Antivenoms against Neurotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Naja atra Venom
Liu, Toxins 2017 - “...lethal dose, LD 50 ) of these incompletely retained fractions, and results showed that sNTX (P60770, UniProt, LD 50 = 0.23 g/g,) was more lethal than CTXs (LD 50 = 2.12 g/g) and even crude venom (LD 50 = 0.67 g/g), while PLA 2 was devoid...”
- “...4.9. Peptide Synthesis Overlapping 15-mer synthetic peptides corresponding to the matured sequence of sNTX (accession: P60770) and CTX A3 (accession: P60301) were synthesized by the solid-phase method using a Prelude automated peptide synthesizer (Protein Technologies, Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA). In the process, -amino groups were protected...”
- Comparative venom gland transcriptomics of Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra) from Malaysia and Thailand: elucidating geographical venom variation and insights into sequence novelty
Tan, PeerJ 2017 - “...chain) Coverage (%) 3FTx NKM_FTX01 Alpha-elapitoxin-Nk2a P01391 N. kaouthia 71 71 171 100 NKM_FTX05 Cobrotoxin P60770 N. atra 62 a 62 2283 100 NKM_FTX06 Cobrotoxin-c P59276 N. kaouthia 61 61 161 100 NKM_FTX07 Short neurotoxin SNTX11 Q2VBP1 O. hannah 56 a 57 2277 98.25 NKM_FTX09 Neurotoxin...”
- “...OH-31 Q53B55 ( O. hannah ) a 0.16 (3) SNTX 46.43 (5) 22.71 (6) Cobrotoxin P60770 ( N. atra ) a 16.45 (1) c 3.53 (1) Cobrotoxin-c P59276 ( N. kaouthia ) a 14.46 (1) c 18.38 (2) Short neurotoxin SNTX11 Q2VBP1 ( O. hannah )...”
- More
3SO91_BUNMU / Q9YGI0 Short neurotoxin homolog NTL1; BM10-2 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see 2 papers)
37% identity, 73% coverage
Q7ZT13 Neurotoxin-like protein pMD18-NTL1/2/4/5 from Bungarus multicinctus
37% identity, 73% coverage
- Proteomic Profiling of Venoms from <i>Bungarus suzhenae</i> and <i>B. bungaroides</i>: Enzymatic Activities and Toxicity Assessment
Yang, Toxins 2024 - “...SNX family in both venoms comprised proteins such as short neurotoxin homologs (P43445), neurotoxin-like protein (Q7ZT13), short neurotoxin homolog NTL4 (Q9YGI8), and cytotoxin homolog 3 (P01473). These minor 3-FTx-related components have only been characterized based on their amino acid sequences in databases, and their biological activity...”
- “...Short neurotoxin homolog NTL4 B. multicinctus 1.00% 1.21% P01473 Cytotoxin homolog 3 N. melanoleuca 0.08% Q7ZT13 Neurotoxin-like protein pMD18-NTL1/2/4/5 B. multicinctus 2.40% 0.01% Q53B61 Weak neurotoxin OH-72 O. hannah 0.91% P01399 Weak toxin CM-13b N. annulifera <0.01% P01400 Weak toxin S4C11 N. melanoleuca 7.32% 28.89% Q8AY50...”
- De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization for Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824), the Malayan Pit Viper from Malaysia: Unravelling Toxin Gene Diversity in a Medically Important Basal Crotaline
Tan, Toxins 2023 - “...(3FTX) 0.02 (9) Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) 0.01 Neurotoxin-like protein pMD18-NTL1/2/4/5 Q7ZT13 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Muscarinic toxin BM14 Q8JFX7 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Kappa-3-bungarotoxin P15817 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Gamma-bungarotoxin Q9YGJ0 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Three finger...”
- “...Cr-FTX01 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 Bungarus multicinctus 95 95 195 100 Cr-FTX02 Neurotoxin-like protein pMD18-NTL1/2/4/5 Q7ZT13 Bungarus multicinctus 86 86 186 100 Cr-FTX03 Muscarinic toxin BM14 Q8JFX7 Bungarus multicinctus 97 103 7103 94 Aminopeptidase A Cr-APP01 Aminopeptidase T2HQN1 Ovophis okinavensis 953 953 1953 100 Phosphodiesterase (PDE)...”
D5J9P9 Non-conventional three finger toxin isoform 5 from Bungarus flaviceps
35% identity, 74% coverage
3S1CB_NAJNA / Q9PTT0 Cobrotoxin homolog; Short neurotoxin from Naja naja (Indian cobra) (see paper)
36% identity, 77% coverage
3L23_NAJME / P0DQQ1 Long neurotoxin Tx-NM2 from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) (Black-lipped cobra) (see paper)
39% identity, 72% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1-beta-1-gamma- delta/CHRNA1-CHRNB1-CHRNG-CHRND) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:33672715). Ranges of nAChR inhibition are in nanomolar (competitive binding with alpha-bungarotoxin gives Ki=8.66 nM on muscle nAChR and Ki=9.47 nM on alpha-7) (PubMed:33672715). Also shows moderate inhibition on GABA(A) alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor (GABRA1-GABRB3-GABRG2) (IC(50)=1.25 uM), and a lower inhibition on alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB2-GABRG2) and alpha-3-beta-2-gamma- 2 (GABRA3-GABRB2-GABRG2) (PubMed:33672715).
1v6pA / P60770 Crystal structure of cobrotoxin (see paper)
36% identity, 100% coverage
- Ligand: copper (ii) ion (1v6pA)
R4G2J4 3FTx-Pse-116 from Pseudonaja modesta
35% identity, 55% coverage
3L21_NAJME / P01383 Long neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin 3.9.4 from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) (Black-lipped cobra) (see paper)
39% identity, 73% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Novel Three-Finger Neurotoxins from Naja melanoleuca Cobra Venom Interact with GABAA and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Son, Toxins 2021 - “...P01388). The sequence of Tx-NM2 differs from that of N. melanoleuca long type -neurotoxin 1 (P01383) in three positions: at position 50, Lys residue is changed to Thr, Gln56 to Glu, and Met72 is oxidized. Tx-NM3-1 is very similar to long type -neurotoxin 2 (P01388), but...”
- “...cobra venom. Two long type -neurotoxins were isolated earlier from this venom: long neurotoxin 1 (P01383) [ 24 ] containing valine residue at the position 38 ( Figure 2 ), and long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) [ 23 ] with Arg38 in the sequence ( Figure 2...”
- An interactive database for the investigation of high-density peptide microarray guided interaction patterns and antivenom cross-reactivity
Krause, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020 - “...the only unique profile that we observed was between SAVP: SAIMR and long neurotoxin 2 (P01383) from Naja melanoleuca ( Fig 7 ). Discussion In this study we produced the most comprehensive venom-antivenom hdpm dataset to date [ 13 15 ], including eight polyspecific antivenoms and...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...(prokineticin) D. angusticeps P28374 38 Natriuretic peptide D. angusticeps Q8QGP7 53 Natriuretic peptide N. melanoleuca P01383 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. melanoleuca P01388 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. nivea P01390 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. haje P25674 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. jamesoni P01393 72 Long-chain...”
- Ophiophagus hannah venom: proteome, components bound by Naja kaouthia antivenin and neutralization by N. kaouthia neurotoxin-specific human ScFv
Danpaiboon, Toxins 2014 - “...Q2VBP4 (this study)), 47TVKP50 of Micrurus nigrocinctus (accession No. P80548) and N. melanoleuca (accession No. P01383 and P01388) and 47KVKP50 of N. oxiana (accession No. P01427), N. nivea (accession No. P01390) and Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (accession No. P01416) [ 10 ]. NkLN-HuScFv used all three CDRs...”
3S13_NAJSP / Q9PSN6 Neurotoxin 3; Toxin 3 from Naja sputatrix (Malayan spitting cobra) (Naja naja sputatrix) (see paper)
36% identity, 100% coverage
3L21_NAJAC / P01389 Long neurotoxin 1; Toxin III from Naja anchietae (Anchieta's cobra) (Naja haje anchietae) (see paper)
38% identity, 71% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Current Insights in the Mechanisms of Cobra Venom Cytotoxins and Their Complexes in Inducing Toxicity: Implications in Antivenom Therapy
Kalita, Toxins 2022 - “...arrest at sub-G1 stage U937 and K562 leukemia cells [ 98 ] N. haje NHV-Ic P01389 Alteration of mitochondrial permeability and signaling, ultimately leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and stimulation of intrinsic apoptosis 1301 leukemia cells [ 99 ] N. sumatrana SumaCTX A0A7T7DMY7 Alteration of mitochondrial permeability...”
- A Neurotoxic Snake Venom without Phospholipase A2: Proteomics and Cross-Neutralization of the Venom from Senegalese Cobra, Naja senegalensis (Subgenus: Uraeus)
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...167.70 17/8 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 5.08 100.90 10/5 Long neurotoxin 1 P01389 N. anchietae 5.74 40.96 2/2 Weak toxin S4C11 P01400 N. melanoleuca 0.41 36.36 5/2 Short neurotoxin 3 P01420 N. annulifera 0.82 4 111.54 13/6 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje...”
- “...144.02 17/7 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 0.27 98.09 11/5 Long neurotoxin 1 P01389 N. anchietae 0.22 40.21 2/2 Weak toxin CM-2a P25678 N. annulifera 0.04 6 142.81 15/7 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 1.19 36.07 3/2 Weak toxin CM-2 P01415 N....”
- Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles
Manuwar, Toxins 2020 - “...the Venom of Snake Species 1 3FTXs (Neurotoxin) Long neurotoxin AHZ08824 9 Micropechis ikaheca 2 P01389 1 Naja anchietae 3 P01390 2 Naja nivea 4 Long neurotoxin homolog O93422 5 Naja atra 5 Long neurotoxin 1 P25668 4 Naja naja 6 Long neurotoxin 1 P01380 1...”
- Naja annulifera Snake: New insights into the venom components and pathogenesis of envenomation
Silva-de-França, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019 - “...Cytotoxin 4 7 R4G7H8 3FTx-Fur-10 1 P01464 Cytotoxin 5 6 P01388 Long neurotoxin 2 3 P01389 Long neurotoxin 1 5 P01426 Short neurotoxin 1 5 CRISP family Q7T1K6 Cysteine-rich venom protein natrin-1 6 P84808 Cysteine-rich venom protein kaouthin-2 5 P0DL15 Cysteine-rich venom protein annuliferin-b (Fragment) 5...”
- Ophiophagus hannah venom: proteome, components bound by Naja kaouthia antivenin and neutralization by N. kaouthia neurotoxin-specific human ScFv
Danpaiboon, Toxins 2014 - “...snake species, for example, 47TVKP50 and 47KVKP50 of O. hannah neurotoxins (accession No. AAB25587 and P01389, respectively (previous study) and 47RVNP50 (accession No. Q2VBP4 (this study)), 47TVKP50 of Micrurus nigrocinctus (accession No. P80548) and N. melanoleuca (accession No. P01383 and P01388) and 47KVKP50 of N. oxiana...”
3L2B_PSETE / P13495 Pseudonajatoxin b; Long neurotoxin B from Pseudonaja textilis (Eastern brown snake) (see paper)
35% identity, 86% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Population divergence in venom bioactivities of elapid snake Pseudonaja textilis: role of procoagulant proteins in rapid rodent prey incapacitation
Skejić, PloS one 2013 - “...Pseudonajatoxin b homolog P. textilis Q9W7J5 11262 5276 174 7 66% Pseudonajatoxin b P. textilis P13495 7756 2943 84 4 66% Long neurotoxin 1 P. textilis A8HDK6 9875 130 4 1 14% Short neurotoxin 1/5 P. textilis Q9W7K2 8700 75 3 1 39% Short neurotoxin 2...”
- “...revealed a diverse assemblage of postsynaptic neurotoxins, including long chain of the type II (Q9W7J5, P13495 and A8HDK6) and type III (Q9W7K2, Q9W7K1, Q9W7J7, Q9W7J6) alpha three-finger neurotoxins. Interestingly, only a single postsynaptic neurotoxin (Q9W7J6) from the -neurotoxin type III group was found in Mackay venom...”
Q53B56 Long neurotoxin OH-57 from Ophiophagus hannah
42% identity, 56% coverage
3S1B1_NAJKA / P14613 Short neurotoxin 1; Toxin C-6 from Naja kaouthia (Monocled cobra) (Naja siamensis) (see paper)
40% identity, 83% coverage
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission.
- Venom Variation of Neonate and Adult Chinese Cobras in Captivity Concerning Their Foraging Strategies
Nie, Toxins 2022 - “...Neurotoxin homolog NL1 Q9W717 Neurotoxin-like protein NTL2 P60774 Short neurotoxin 1 P01427 Short neurotoxin 1 P14613 Short neurotoxin 1 P01431 Short neurotoxin 1 P68418 Short neurotoxin 1 P01424 Short neurotoxin 1 P01432 Short neurotoxin 3 E2IU01 Long neurotoxin 7 E2ITZ9 Cobrotoxin-b P85092 Toxin AdTx1 P29180 Weak...”
3S11A_OPHHA / P01412 Weak toxin DE-1 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
41% identity, 61% coverage
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...OH-35 ( O. hannah ) Q53B49 5 5 Weak toxin DE-1 ( O. hannah ) P01412 36 29 Weak toxin DE-1 homolog 1 ( O. hannah ) Q69CJ8 2 2 Weak neurotoxin OH-72 ( O. hannah ) Q53B61 4 3 Weak neurotoxin WNTX33 ( O. hannah...”
- “...( N. haje haje ) P01401 3 3 Weak toxin DE-1 ( O. hannah ) P01412 117 110 Weak toxin DE-1 homolog 1 ( O. hannah ) Q69CJ8 12 12 Weak toxin S4C11 ( N. melanoleuca ) P01400 3 3 Putative long neurotoxin ( A. labialis...”
- It is time for top-down venomics
Melani, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2017 - “...toxiforms of acidic phospholipase A 2 2 (Q9DF33) and two toxiforms of weak toxin DE-1 (P01412), both from the veom of Ophiophagus hannah that allowed correct proteoform identification and characterization [ 13 ]. Fig. 2 Fragmentation maps of acidic phospholipase A 2 2 (Q9DF33) and weak...”
- Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species
Vejayan, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2014 - “...KC33 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 2 42 7919 8.34 KC37 ExPASy Weak toxin DE-1 P01412 2 32 7027 5.49 KC50 ExPASy Complement-depleting factor ABN72543 9 6 184237 6.12 B. fasciatus BF1 ExPASy Phospholipase A 2 homolog P29601 3 39 13104 4.37 BF2 ExPASy Phospholipase A...”
- Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) and function characterization of two recombinant long-chain neurotoxins
Li, The Biochemical journal 2006 - “...(P80516), OH-5 (P80965), Oh-6A/6B (P82662), Oh9-1 (P83302) and DE-1 (P01412). The sequences of Oh-3, -5, -17, -26, -27, -32, -34, -35, -37, -46, -55, -56, -57...”
- “...homology (56/62) with the weak toxin DE-1 (Swiss-Prot. number P01412). On the basis of these results, we term the protein `WNTX33' rather than `SNTX33'. LNTX22...”
3SO8_OPHHA / A8N286 Haditoxin; Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog; MTLP-3 homolog from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
38% identity, 65% coverage
- function: Antagonist of muscle (alpha-1-beta-1-delta-epsilon/CHRNA1- CHRNB1-CHRND-CHRNE) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7, alpha-3-beta- 2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2, alpha-4-beta-2/CHRNA4-CHRNB2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) (PubMed:20071329). The highest affinity is for human alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChRs (IC(50)=180 nM), compared to human alpha-1-beta- 1-delta-epsilon/CHRNA1-CHRNB1-CHRND-CHRNE nAChR (IC(50)= 550 nM), alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2 nAChR (IC(50)=500 nM), and alpha-4-beta- 2/CHRNA4-CHRNB2 nAChR (IC(50)=2.6 uM).
subunit: Homodimer; non-covalently linked. - Elucidating the Venom Diversity in Sri Lankan Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics, Venom Proteomics and Toxicity Neutralization
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...686 (94.19) 0.96% NN-3FTX06 Muscarinic toxin-like protein 2 P82463 Naja kaouthia 146 0.41% NN-3FTX07 Haditoxin A8N286 Ophiophagus hannah 3684 0.001% Short-chain 3FTX: Cytotoxin/cardiotoxin (CTX) 77.33% NN-3FTX08 * Cytotoxin 5 Q98961 Naja atra 181 (100) 77.33% Long-chain 3FTX: Long -NTX (LNTX) 1.10% NN-3FTX09 * Long neurotoxin 7...”
- Venom-Derived Neurotoxins Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Bekbossynova, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 - “...= 0.2 M) 32 (IC 50 = 0.15 M) [ 100 , 101 ] Haditoxin (A8N286) King cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Elapidae) 7 (IC 50 = 0.2 M) 11 (IC 50 = 0.5 M) 32 (IC 50 = 0.5 M) 42 (IC 50 = 2.6 M) [...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...2 Beta-cardiotoxin CTX27 ( O. hannah ) Q69CK0 11 3 Haditoxin ( O. hannah ) A8N286 3 3 Long neurotoxin 1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 8 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 2 2 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386...”
- “...5 4 Alpha-elapitoxin-Oh2b ( O. hannah ) P82662 15 4 Haditoxin ( O. hannah ) A8N286 16 16 Kappa-6-bungarotoxin ( B. multicinctus ) Q9W729 3 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( A. superbus ) A8S6A8 3 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. annulata annulata ) P34074 9...”
- Comparative venom gland transcriptomics of Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra) from Malaysia and Thailand: elucidating geographical venom variation and insights into sequence novelty
Tan, PeerJ 2017 - “...protein 2 P82463 N. kaouthia 62 65 162 95.38 NKM_FTX13 Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 O. hannah 65 a 65 2286 100 NKM_FTX14 Weak tryptophan-containing neurotoxin P82935 N. kaouthia 65 65 2286 100 NKM_FTX15 Three finger toxin-like Q27J50 L. muta 73 a 73 2193 100...”
- “...N. kaouthia ) a 0.71 (1) c 0.47 (1) c Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 ( O. hannah ) 0.01 (1) c WTX 9.01 (2) 4.97 (3) Weak tryptophan-containing neurotoxin P82935 ( N. kaouthia ) a 9.00 (1) c 4.12 (1) Probable weak neurotoxin NNAM2...”
- Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species
Vejayan, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2014 - “...Long neurotoxin 4 P80156 3 36 8014 8.05 KC32 ExPASy Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 2 22 7542 7.44 KC33 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 2 42 7919 8.34 KC37 ExPASy Weak toxin DE-1 P01412 2 32 7027 5.49 KC50 ExPASy Complement-depleting factor ABN72543 9...”
A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 from Hydrophis hardwickii
38% identity, 66% coverage
- Venom of the Annulated Sea Snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus: A Biochemically Simple but Genetically Complex Weapon
Zhao, Toxins 2021 - “...7.3 588.3 580.3 495.8 2 4 2 GBVXEXGCTAB THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYBB VXEXGCTAB 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcy|29273 9 17.79 7.6 588.3 638.2 788.4 580.2 2 2 2 4 GBVXEXGCTAB SWCDAFCSSR VXEXGCTABCPTVB THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYBB 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcy|29273, Hcy|29140 10 1.22 17.2 591.3 646.0 822.3...”
- “...7.3 588.3 638.2 587.6 2 2 3 GBVXEXGCTAB SWCDAFCSSR GBVXEXGCTABCPTVB 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcy|29273 14 0.29 12.0 591.3 548.6 3 3 BVCDCDVAAAECFAR VCDCDVAAAECFAR Basic PLA 2 ; H. schistosus ; P00610; Hcy|29123 1.10 7.7 773.4 588.3 587.6 495.8 638.2 3 2 3 2...”
- De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia-Next-Generation Sequencing, Functional Annotation and Toxinological Correlation
Tan, Toxins 2021 - “...sequence of Lh_FTX13, on the other hand, matched identically to the long neurotoxin 2 (UniProt: A3FM53), which was cloned from the same Chinese specimen. Lh_FTX013 showed conserved cysteine residues and disulfide bridges as with the long neurotoxin sequences of other comparing elapid species, although long neurotoxin...”
- “...implied little genetic differences. On the other hand, the LNTX sequences of Lh_FTX013 (Penang) and A3FM53 from H. curtus were identical, while there is no LNTX sequence of H. schistosus available for comparison. The close phylogenetic relationship among the SNTX and LNTX of sea snakes, sea...”
- Venom-gland transcriptomic, venomic, and antivenomic profiles of the spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus) from the South China Sea
Zhao, BMC genomics 2021 - “...TTTNCAESSCYBB 775.3 2 TTTNCAESSCYBB 2 3.05 13.3 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); Hydrophis hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcu|53057 2190.0 1 THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 1.56 11.5 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcu|54185 1403.6 1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2055.9 1 DXNCCATDNCNTVANWB 2190.0 1 THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 3 1.39 13.8 1245.5 1...”
- “...1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2053.0 1 TPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 0.13 12.3 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcu|54185 1403.6 1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2055.9 1 DXNCCATDNCNTVANWB 2190.0 1 THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 5 1.05 25.3 1336.6 1 XHDDCYGEAEB PLA 2 ; H. schistosus ; P00610; Hcu|52733 1514.7 1 NAYNNANYNXDTB 1878.9 1 NXVBFSYVXTCANHNR...”
- Venom Proteome of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia: Toxicity Correlation, Immunoprofiling and Cross-Neutralization by Sea Snake Antivenom
Tan, Toxins 2018 - “...1 2 28.12 Hydrophis curtus P68416 Short neurotoxin 1 22.89 2 3 62.47 Hydrophis curtus A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 0.49 3 5 114.27 Hydrophis curtus Q8UW29 Long neurotoxin 1 1.10 4 84.14 Hydrophis curtus A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 1.32 2 40.42 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B58 Long neurotoxin...”
- “...Neurotoxin 22.89 Short neurotoxin 1 1 P68416 22.89 Long Neurotoxin 3.44 Long neurotoxin 2 2,3 A3FM53 1.81 Long neurotoxin OH-56 3 Q53B57 0.21 Long neurotoxin OH-55 3 Q53B58 0.33 Long neurotoxin 1 3 Q8UW29 1.10 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 9.00 Cysteine-rich venom protein 2 9,10 Q8UW11 4.09...”
- The Venom of the Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus): Proteome, Toxin Diversity and Intraspecific Variation
Neale, International journal of molecular sciences 2017 - “...(P68416, Q8UW26 and Q8UW27) [ 21 , 22 ] and three 3FTx long-chain -neurotoxins (Q8UW28, A3FM53 and Q8UW29) [ 19 ]. Two cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) (Q8UW25 and Q8UW11) [ 23 ], a snake venom serine protease (SVSP) (Q5MCS0) [ 24 ] and a C-type lectin...”
- “...short-chain neurotoxins, providing further support for their presence. ESI-MS did not detect the long-chain neurotoxins (A3FM53 and Q8UW29) and the C-type lectin (A3FM55) that were identified by ProteinPilot. It also did not detect the PLA 2 (A3FM57) or the serine protease harobin (Q5MCS0); nor did ESI-MS...”
3S11A_NAJAT / E2ITZ3 Alpha-elapitoxin-Na1a; Alpha-EPTX-Na1a; Three-finger toxin from Naja atra (Chinese cobra) (see paper)
40% identity, 64% coverage
- function: Strong post-synaptic neurotoxin that probably binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission (PubMed:32473162). Abolishes in vitro indirect twitches in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and abolishes contractile responses to exogenous acetylcholine and carbachol (PubMed:32473162). Its inhibitory effects on nerve-mediated twitches are not reversed by repeat washing, suggesting relatively strong binding of the toxin at the skeletal nAChR (PubMed:32473162).
For advice on how to use these tools together, see
Interactive tools for functional annotation of bacterial genomes.
The PaperBLAST database links 793,807 different protein sequences to 1,259,118 scientific articles. Searches against EuropePMC were last performed on March 13 2025.
PaperBLAST builds a database of protein sequences that are linked
to scientific articles. These links come from automated text searches
against the articles in EuropePMC
and from manually-curated information from GeneRIF, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot,
BRENDA,
CAZy (as made available by dbCAN),
BioLiP,
CharProtDB,
MetaCyc,
EcoCyc,
TCDB,
REBASE,
the Fitness Browser,
and a subset of the European Nucleotide Archive with the /experiment tag.
Given this database and a protein sequence query,
PaperBLAST uses protein-protein BLAST
to find similar sequences with E < 0.001.
To build the database, we query EuropePMC with locus tags, with RefSeq protein
identifiers, and with UniProt
accessions. We obtain the locus tags from RefSeq or from MicrobesOnline. We use
queries of the form "locus_tag AND genus_name" to try to ensure that
the paper is actually discussing that gene. Because EuropePMC indexes
most recent biomedical papers, even if they are not open access, some
of the links may be to papers that you cannot read or that our
computers cannot read. We query each of these identifiers that
appears in the open access part of EuropePMC, as well as every locus
tag that appears in the 500 most-referenced genomes, so that a gene
may appear in the PaperBLAST results even though none of the papers
that mention it are open access. We also incorporate text-mined links
from EuropePMC that link open access articles to UniProt or RefSeq
identifiers. (This yields some additional links because EuropePMC
uses different heuristics for their text mining than we do.)
For every article that mentions a locus tag, a RefSeq protein
identifier, or a UniProt accession, we try to select one or two
snippets of text that refer to the protein. If we cannot get access to
the full text, we try to select a snippet from the abstract, but
unfortunately, unique identifiers such as locus tags are rarely
provided in abstracts.
PaperBLAST also incorporates manually-curated protein functions:
- Proteins from NCBI's RefSeq are included if a
GeneRIF
entry links the gene to an article in
PubMed®.
GeneRIF also provides a short summary of the article's claim about the
protein, which is shown instead of a snippet.
- Proteins from Swiss-Prot (the curated part of UniProt)
are included if the curators
identified experimental evidence for the protein's function (evidence
code ECO:0000269). For these proteins, the fields of the Swiss-Prot entry that
describe the protein's function are shown (with bold headings).
- Proteins from BRENDA,
a curated database of enzymes, are included if they are linked to a paper in PubMed
and their full sequence is known.
- Every protein from the non-redundant subset of
BioLiP,
a database
of ligand-binding sites and catalytic residues in protein structures, is included. Since BioLiP itself
does not include descriptions of the proteins, those are taken from the
Protein Data Bank.
Descriptions from PDB rely on the original submitter of the
structure and cannot be updated by others, so they may be less reliable.
(For SitesBLAST and Sites on a Tree, we use a larger subset of BioLiP so that every
ligand is represented among a group of structures with similar sequences, but for
PaperBLAST, we use the non-redundant set provided by BioLiP.)
- Every protein from EcoCyc, a curated
database of the proteins in Escherichia coli K-12, is included, regardless
of whether they are characterized or not.
- Proteins from the MetaCyc metabolic pathway database
are included if they are linked to a paper in PubMed and their full sequence is known.
- Proteins from the Transport Classification Database (TCDB)
are included if they have known substrate(s), have reference(s),
and are not described as uncharacterized or putative.
(Some of the references are not visible on the PaperBLAST web site.)
- Every protein from CharProtDB,
a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations, is included.
- Proteins from the CAZy database of carbohydrate-active enzymes
are included if they are associated with an Enzyme Classification number.
Even though CAZy does not provide links from individual protein sequences to papers,
these should all be experimentally-characterized proteins.
- Proteins from the REBASE database
of restriction enzymes are included if they have known specificity.
- Every protein with an evidence-based reannotation (based on mutant phenotypes)
in the Fitness Browser is included.
- Sequence-specific transcription factors (including sigma factors and DNA-binding response regulators)
with experimentally-determined DNA binding sites from the
PRODORIC database of gene regulation in prokaryotes.
- Putative transcription factors from RegPrecise
that have manually-curated predictions for their binding sites. These predictions are based on
conserved putative regulatory sites across genomes that contain similar transcription factors,
so PaperBLAST clusters the TFs at 70% identity and retains just one member of each cluster.
- Coding sequence (CDS) features from the
European Nucleotide Archive (ENA)
are included if the /experiment tag is set (implying that there is experimental evidence for the annotation),
the nucleotide entry links to paper(s) in PubMed,
and the nucleotide entry is from the STD data class
(implying that these are targeted annotated sequences, not from shotgun sequencing).
Also, to filter out genes whose transcription or translation was detected, but whose function
was not studied, nucleotide entries or papers with more than 25 such proteins are excluded.
Descriptions from ENA rely on the original submitter of the
sequence and cannot be updated by others, so they may be less reliable.
Except for GeneRIF and ENA,
the curated entries include a short curated
description of the protein's function.
For entries from BioLiP, the protein's function may not be known beyond binding to the ligand.
Many of these entries also link to articles in PubMed.
For more information see the
PaperBLAST paper (mSystems 2017)
or the code.
You can download PaperBLAST's database here.
Changes to PaperBLAST since the paper was written:
- November 2023: incorporated PRODORIC and RegPrecise. Many PRODORIC entries were not linked to a protein sequence (no UniProt identifier), so we added this information.
- February 2023: BioLiP changed their download format. PaperBLAST now includes their non-redundant subset. SitesBLAST and Sites on a Tree use a larger non-redundant subset that ensures that every ligand is represented within each cluster. This should ensure that every binding site is represented.
- June 2022: incorporated some coding sequences from ENA with the /experiment tag.
- March 2022: incorporated BioLiP.
- April 2020: incorporated TCDB.
- April 2019: EuropePMC now returns table entries in their search results. This has expanded PaperBLAST's database, but most of the new entries are of low relevance, and the resulting snippets are often just lists of locus tags with annotations.
- February 2018: the alignment page reports the conservation of the hit's functional sites (if available from from Swiss-Prot or UniProt)
- January 2018: incorporated BRENDA.
- December 2017: incorporated MetaCyc, CharProtDB, CAZy, REBASE, and the reannotations from the Fitness Browser.
- September 2017: EuropePMC no longer returns some table entries in their search results. This has shrunk PaperBLAST's database, but has also reduced the number of low-relevance hits.
Many of these changes are described in Interactive tools for functional annotation of bacterial genomes.
PaperBLAST cannot provide snippets for many of the papers that are
published in non-open-access journals. This limitation applies even if
the paper is marked as "free" on the publisher's web site and is
available in PubmedCentral or EuropePMC. If a journal that you publish
in is marked as "secret," please consider publishing elsewhere.
Many important articles are missing from PaperBLAST, either because
the article's full text is not in EuropePMC (as for many older
articles), or because the paper does not mention a protein identifier such as a locus tag, or because of PaperBLAST's heuristics. If you notice an
article that characterizes a protein's function but is missing from
PaperBLAST, please notify the curators at UniProt
or add an entry to GeneRIF.
Entries in either of these databases will eventually be incorporated
into PaperBLAST. Note that to add an entry to UniProt, you will need
to find the UniProt identifier for the protein. If the protein is not
already in UniProt, you can ask them to create an entry. To add an
entry to GeneRIF, you will need an NCBI Gene identifier, but
unfortunately many prokaryotic proteins in RefSeq do not have
corresponding Gene identifers.
References
PaperBLAST: Text-mining papers for information about homologs.
M. N. Price and A. P. Arkin (2017). mSystems, 10.1128/mSystems.00039-17.
Europe PMC in 2017.
M. Levchenko et al (2017). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkx1005.
Gene indexing: characterization and analysis of NLM's GeneRIFs.
J. A. Mitchell et al (2003). AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2003:460-464.
UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase.
The UniProt Consortium (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw1099.
BRENDA in 2017: new perspectives and new tools in BRENDA.
S. Placzek et al (2017). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw952.
The EcoCyc database: reflecting new knowledge about Escherichia coli K-12.
I. M. Keeseler et al (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw1003.
The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes.
R. Caspi et al (2018). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkx935.
CharProtDB: a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations.
R. Madupu et al (2012). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkr1133.
The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013.
V. Lombard et al (2014). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkt1178.
The Transporter Classification Database (TCDB): recent advances
M. H. Saier, Jr. et al (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkv1103.
REBASE - a database for DNA restriction and modification: enzymes, genes and genomes.
R. J. Roberts et al (2015). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gku1046.
Deep annotation of protein function across diverse bacteria from mutant phenotypes.
M. N. Price et al (2016). bioRxiv, 10.1101/072470.
by Morgan Price,
Arkin group
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory