PaperBLAST
PaperBLAST Hits for 3SO61_HEMHA / P25676 (61 a.a., FTCFTTPSDT...)
Show query sequence
>3SO61_HEMHA / P25676
FTCFTTPSDTSETCPIGNNICYEKRWSGHGMQIEKGCVASCPSFESHYKFLLCCRIENCN
Q
Running BLASTp...
Found 100 similar proteins in the literature:
3SO61_HEMHA / P25676 Weak toxin CM-1c from Hemachatus haemachatus (Rinkhals) (Sepedon haemachatus)
100% identity, 100% coverage
3SO62_NAJHH / P01415 Weak toxin CM-2 from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) (see paper)
76% identity, 100% coverage
3NX4_MICFR / P86423 Frontoxin IV; FTx IV from Micrurus frontalis (Coral snake) (see paper)
56% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Binds to the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR).
3LKF_BUNFL / P15815 Kappa-flavitoxin; Kappa-ftx; Kappa-fvt; Long neurotoxin 2 from Bungarus flaviceps flaviceps (Red-headed krait) (see 3 papers)
54% identity, 91% coverage
- function: Postsynaptic neurotoxin that binds and inhibits neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) with high affinity (IC(50)<100 nM). Is a selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha-3/CHRNA3-containing and some alpha-4/CHRNA4-containing AChRs.
subunit: Homo- and heterodimer; non-covalently linked.
3NX5_MICSU / P86099 Long neurotoxin MS5 from Micrurus surinamensis (Surinam coral snake) (see paper)
55% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Very weak inhibitor of the endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the human rhabdomyosarcoma TE 671 cell line. This neurotoxin is lethal to zebrafish by injection at the back of the dorsolateral region, but is not toxic to mice by intraperitoneal injection.
3NX2_MICSU / P86096 Long neurotoxin MS2 from Micrurus surinamensis (Surinam coral snake) (see paper)
55% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Very weak inhibitor of the endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the human rhabdomyosarcoma TE 671 cell line. Not toxic to mice by intraperitoneal injection or to zebrafish by injection at the back of the dorsolateral region.
3NX4_MICSU / P86098 Long neurotoxin MS4 from Micrurus surinamensis (Surinam coral snake) (see paper)
55% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Weak inhibitor of the endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the human rhabdomyosarcoma TE 671 cell line with an IC(50) of 690 mM. This neurotoxin is lethal to zebrafish by injection at the back of the dorsolateral region, but is not toxic to mice by intraperitoneal injection.
3LK3_BUNMU / P15817 Kappa-3-bungarotoxin; K3Bgt; Kappa-neurotoxin; Long neurotoxin CR1 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see paper)
49% identity, 69% coverage
Q9W729 Kappa-6-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus
50% identity, 68% coverage
Q8AY56 Kappa 1a-bungarotoxin from Bungarus candidus
50% identity, 68% coverage
- Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients
Brogna, F1000Research 2021 - “...1a-bungarotoxin, Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively), which were reported by Cheng and colleagues. Furthermore, we looked at the amino acid changes currently reported in GISAID data 22 , analysed by CoV-GLUE-Viz...”
- “...1a-bungarotoxin, Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively). To address this point, we added the following paragraph in the section Results and discussion: Cheng et al. [REF] reported the discovery of a superantigen-like...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Pseudonaja textilis , (5) R4G7F3 Brachyurophis roperi and (6) R4G7M0 Vermicella annulata ; D. (1) Q8AY56 Bungarus candidus , (2) Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8...”
3LKB_BUNMU / P01398 Kappa-bungarotoxin; Kappa-bgt; Kappa-1-bungarotoxin; Long neurotoxin 2; Neuronal bungarotoxin; nBgt; Toxin F from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see 4 papers)
50% identity, 68% coverage
- function: Postsynaptic neurotoxin that binds and inhibits neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) with high affinity (IC(50)<100 nM). Is a selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha-3/CHRNA3-containing and some alpha-4/CHRNA4-containing AChRs.
subunit: Homodimer (PubMed:7947721, PubMed:2036359) and heterodimer (By similarity); non-covalently linked. - Automatic Text-Mining Approach to Identify Molecular Target Candidates Associated with Metabolic Processes for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.
Kuntawala, International journal of environmental research and public health 2023 - “...host gene protein - - Exhibits complex links to cancer metastasis. 253 [ 33 ] P01398 INS Insulin Glucose metabolism, sigma factor, transcription - INS is linked with the regulation of muscle protein synthesis, through which reduced insulin sensitivity effects occur in lower muscle mass. -...”
- Venom-Derived Neurotoxins Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Bekbossynova, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 - “...100 pM) 1- interface (Kd = 100 nM) [ 122 , 123 ] -Bungarotoxin homodimer (P01398) Multibanded krait Bungarus multicinctus (Elapidae) 32 (IC 50 = 3 nM) 7 and 42-weak inhibition [ 128 , 129 ] -cobratoxin homodimer Monocled cobra Naja kaouthia (Elapidae) 11 of Torpedo...”
- De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia-Next-Generation Sequencing, Functional Annotation and Toxinological Correlation
Tan, Toxins 2021 - “...Long neurotoxin 2 A3FM53 H. hardwickii 20.74 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 B. multicinctus 0.02 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long chain neurotoxin 6 U3FYQ0 M. fulvius <0.01 Neurotoxin BM10-1-like Q70WS8 B. multicinctus <0.01 Long chain neurotoxin 2 U3FAC0...”
- “...193 100 Lh_FTX14 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 B. multicinctus 77 95 1591 95 Lh_FTX15 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 72 87 1586 94 Lh_FTX16 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 81 87 887 100 Lh_FTX17 Long chain neurotoxin 6 U3FYQ0 M. fulvius 72 84 1484 100...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Q8AY56 Bungarus candidus , (2) Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8 Structural and functional evolution of cytotoxins. Sequence alignment and homology models depicting A. the locations...”
Q8AY55 Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Bungarus candidus
50% identity, 68% coverage
- Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients
Brogna, F1000Research 2021 - “...Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively), which were reported by Cheng and colleagues. Furthermore, we looked at the amino acid changes currently reported in GISAID data 22 , analysed by CoV-GLUE-Viz (update...”
- “...Kappa 1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively). To address this point, we added the following paragraph in the section Results and discussion: Cheng et al. [REF] reported the discovery of a superantigen-like motif...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Brachyurophis roperi and (6) R4G7M0 Vermicella annulata ; D. (1) Q8AY56 Bungarus candidus , (2) Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8 Structural and functional evolution of...”
3NX5_MICFR / P86424 Frontoxin V; FTx V from Micrurus frontalis (Coral snake) (see paper)
52% identity, 92% coverage
- function: Produces peripheral paralysis by blocking neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic site. Binds to the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR).
3NX1_MICMP / C0HJR1 Micrurotoxin 1; MmTX1 from Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake) (see paper)
52% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor (GABR), possibly increasing receptor affinity for the agonist, thus enhancing receptor opening and macroscopic desensitization. In vivo, intracerebroventricular injection into mice results in periods of reduced basal activity, followed by bursts of intense seizures and death.
- MmTX1 and MmTX2 from coral snake venom potently modulate GABAA receptor activity
Rosso, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 - “...been deposited in the UniProt Knowledgebase [accession nos. C0HJR1 (MmTX1) and C0HJR2 (MmTX2)]. 1 J.-P.R., J.R.S., and M.D.-B. contributed equally to this work....”
3NX2_MICMP / C0HJR2 Micrurotoxin 2; MmTX2 from Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake) (see paper)
52% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Allosteric modulator of the GABA(A) receptor (GABR), possibly increasing receptor affinity for the agonist, thus enhancing receptor opening and macroscopic desensitization. In vivo, intracerebroventricular injection into mice results in periods of reduced basal activity, followed by bursts of intense seizures and death.
- MmTX1 and MmTX2 from coral snake venom potently modulate GABAA receptor activity
Rosso, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 - “...the UniProt Knowledgebase [accession nos. C0HJR1 (MmTX1) and C0HJR2 (MmTX2)]. 1 J.-P.R., J.R.S., and M.D.-B. contributed equally to this work. 2 To whom...”
O12962 Kappa-5-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus
45% identity, 69% coverage
- Proteomic Profiling of Venoms from <i>Bungarus suzhenae</i> and <i>B. bungaroides</i>: Enzymatic Activities and Toxicity Assessment
Yang, Toxins 2024 - “...weak neurotoxins (WNX), Muscarinic toxin-like proteins (MTLP), and other unconventional orphan subfamilies. Notably, only -BGT (O12962) was detected within the LNX family, distinguishing these venoms from other species such as B. multicinctus , B. candidus , and B. fasciatus , where Alpha-bungarotoxin (-BGT) dominates. -BGT primarily...”
- “...spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein Family Accession Description Source Organism Expression Quantity B. suzhenae B. bungaroides 3-FTx O12962 Kappa-5-bungarotoxin B. multicinctus 7.02% <0.01% P43445 Short neurotoxin homolog B. multicinctus 0.09% 0.19% Q9YGI8 Short neurotoxin homolog NTL4 B. multicinctus 1.00% 1.21% P01473 Cytotoxin homolog 3 N. melanoleuca 0.08% Q7ZT13...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...Q8AY55 Bungarus candidus , (3) P15817 Bungarus multicinctus , (4) P01398 Bungarus multicinctus , (5) O12962 Bungarus multicinctus and (6) Q9W729 Bungarus multicinctus . Figure 8 Structural and functional evolution of cytotoxins. Sequence alignment and homology models depicting A. the locations of putative functional residues, and...”
3LK2_BUNMU / P15816 Kappa-2-bungarotoxin; Kappa-neurotoxin CB1 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see paper)
47% identity, 68% coverage
- function: Postsynaptic neurotoxin that binds and inhibits neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) with high affinity (IC(50)<100 nM). Is a selective, and slowly reversible antagonist of alpha-3/CHRNA3-containing and some alpha-4/CHRNA4-containing AChRs.
subunit: Homodimer and heterodimer with kappa 3-bungarotoxin; non- covalently linked. - Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients
Brogna, F1000Research 2021 - “...1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively), which were reported by Cheng and colleagues. Furthermore, we looked at the amino acid changes currently reported in GISAID data 22 , analysed by CoV-GLUE-Viz (update 15/09/2021)...”
- “...1b-bungarotoxin from Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively). To address this point, we added the following paragraph in the section Results and discussion: Cheng et al. [REF] reported the discovery of a superantigen-like motif in...”
A8HDK9 Long neurotoxin 1 from Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus
44% identity, 63% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321 Pseudonaja modesta , (14) R4G2J4 Pseudonaja modesta , (15) R4G319...”
A8N285 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 homolog from Ophiophagus hannah
44% identity, 62% coverage
- Discovery and optimization of a broadly-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against long-chain α-neurotoxins from snakes
Ledsgaard, Nature communications 2023 - “...2554_01_D11. The toxin homologs specifically identified to be bound by 2554_01_D11 were long neurotoxin 2 (A8N285) from O. hannah , -cobratoxin (P01391) from N. kaouthia , long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) and long neurotoxin (P0DQQ2) from N. melanoleuca , long neurotoxin 4 (P25672) from N. naja ,...”
- “...-elapitoxin (P01396) from D. polylepis , -bungarotoxin (P60615) from B. multicinctus , long neurotoxin 2 (A8N285) from O. hannah , and long neurotoxin (P0DQQ2) and long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) from N. melanoleuca . Structures for each toxin were retrieved prioritizing high-resolution X-ray resolved structures and included...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 4 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 homolog ( O. hannah ) A8N285 8 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX37 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP3 3 2 Long neurotoxin OH-5 ( O. hannah ) P80965 2 2 Long neurotoxin OH-37 ( O. hannah ) Q53B59...”
- “...LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 13 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 ( O. hannah ) A8N285 14 3 Long neurotoxin LNTX8 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP6 21 3 Long neurotoxin LNTX22 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP5 5 3 Non-conventional three finger toxin isoform ( B. flaviceps...”
3L23_NAJME / P0DQQ1 Long neurotoxin Tx-NM2 from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) (Black-lipped cobra) (see paper)
43% identity, 81% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1-beta-1-gamma- delta/CHRNA1-CHRNB1-CHRNG-CHRND) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:33672715). Ranges of nAChR inhibition are in nanomolar (competitive binding with alpha-bungarotoxin gives Ki=8.66 nM on muscle nAChR and Ki=9.47 nM on alpha-7) (PubMed:33672715). Also shows moderate inhibition on GABA(A) alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor (GABRA1-GABRB3-GABRG2) (IC(50)=1.25 uM), and a lower inhibition on alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB2-GABRG2) and alpha-3-beta-2-gamma- 2 (GABRA3-GABRB2-GABRG2) (PubMed:33672715).
A7X4R0 Long neurotoxin 3FTx-Oxy2 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
44% identity, 63% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321 Pseudonaja modesta , (14) R4G2J4...”
3L21_NAJME / P01383 Long neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin 3.9.4 from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) (Black-lipped cobra) (see paper)
43% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Novel Three-Finger Neurotoxins from Naja melanoleuca Cobra Venom Interact with GABAA and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Son, Toxins 2021 - “...P01388). The sequence of Tx-NM2 differs from that of N. melanoleuca long type -neurotoxin 1 (P01383) in three positions: at position 50, Lys residue is changed to Thr, Gln56 to Glu, and Met72 is oxidized. Tx-NM3-1 is very similar to long type -neurotoxin 2 (P01388), but...”
- “...cobra venom. Two long type -neurotoxins were isolated earlier from this venom: long neurotoxin 1 (P01383) [ 24 ] containing valine residue at the position 38 ( Figure 2 ), and long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) [ 23 ] with Arg38 in the sequence ( Figure 2...”
- An interactive database for the investigation of high-density peptide microarray guided interaction patterns and antivenom cross-reactivity
Krause, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020 - “...the only unique profile that we observed was between SAVP: SAIMR and long neurotoxin 2 (P01383) from Naja melanoleuca ( Fig 7 ). Discussion In this study we produced the most comprehensive venom-antivenom hdpm dataset to date [ 13 15 ], including eight polyspecific antivenoms and...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...(prokineticin) D. angusticeps P28374 38 Natriuretic peptide D. angusticeps Q8QGP7 53 Natriuretic peptide N. melanoleuca P01383 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. melanoleuca P01388 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. nivea P01390 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. haje P25674 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. jamesoni P01393 72 Long-chain...”
- Ophiophagus hannah venom: proteome, components bound by Naja kaouthia antivenin and neutralization by N. kaouthia neurotoxin-specific human ScFv
Danpaiboon, Toxins 2014 - “...Q2VBP4 (this study)), 47TVKP50 of Micrurus nigrocinctus (accession No. P80548) and N. melanoleuca (accession No. P01383 and P01388) and 47KVKP50 of N. oxiana (accession No. P01427), N. nivea (accession No. P01390) and Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (accession No. P01416) [ 10 ]. NkLN-HuScFv used all three CDRs...”
3L22_DENPO / P01397 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2c; Alpha-EPTX-Dpp2c; Long neurotoxin 2; Neurotoxin delta; Toxin TN2 from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (Black mamba)
45% identity, 83% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Cross-reactivity trends when selecting scFv antibodies against snake toxins using a phage display-based cross-panning strategy
Sørensen, Scientific reports 2023 - “...IDs: Ecarpholin S (P48650), myotoxin II (P24605), Acidic PLA 2 2 (P15445), -cobratoxin (P01391), -elapitoxin (P01397), short neurotoxin 1 (P01426), and erabutoxin A (P60775). For antigens with signal peptides (myotoxin II and erabutoxin A) included in the Uniprot residue sequence, the signal peptides were removed. Structural...”
- “...2QHD), myotoxin II (P24605; 1CLP), acidic PLA 2 2 (P15445; 1A3D), -cobratoxin (P01391; 1CTX), -elapitoxin (P01397; AF-P01397), short neurotoxin 1 (P01426; 1IQ9), and erabutoxin A (P60775; 1QKD) were retrieved. They were imported into ChimeraX 20 and superimposed via the matchmaker module, which superimposed the toxin structures...”
- In vivo neutralization of dendrotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity of black mamba venom by oligoclonal human IgG antibodies
Laustsen, Nature communications 2018 - “...), from the Eastern green mamba, D. angusticeps ) anda type II -neurotoxin (-elapitoxin Dpp2c, P01397 ( https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01397 )) 11 . Phage display selection and screening of scFv binders Following three rounds of panning against selected venom fractions containing dendrotoxins, polyclonal ELISAs revealed that antibody binders...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...an example of an L-type calcium channel blocker. Structure built upon 35 ; (G,H) Alfa-elapitoxin-Dpp2c (P01397) from D. polylepis as an example of a type 2 -neurotoxin. Structure built upon 56 . (A,C,E,G) Residues coloured according to alanine substitution effect in log 2 fold-change, where magenta...”
- “...viridis P01395 73 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01396 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01397 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P25667 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. melanoleuca P01400 65 Non-conventional 3TFx ORP-II N. haje P01401 65 Non-conventional 3TFx ORP-II N. nivea P25680 65 Non-conventional...”
3L22_OPHHA / P01386 Long neurotoxin 2; Neurotoxin B from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
43% identity, 79% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 2 2 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 7 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 2 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 4 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 homolog ( O. hannah )...”
- “...1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 26 6 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 5 5 Long neurotoxin 2 ( N. melanoleuca ) P01388 8 3 Long neurotoxin 3 ( O. hannah ) P07526 5 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156...”
- Mapping Proteoforms and Protein Complexes From King Cobra Venom Using Both Denaturing and Native Top-down Proteomics
Melani, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2016 - “...3D structural model, based on long neurotoxin 2 (P01386) (C). masses extracted from each spectrum searched in absolute mass mode with ProSightPC identified both...”
- Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) and function characterization of two recombinant long-chain neurotoxins
Li, The Biochemical journal 2006 - “...were Toxin a (Swiss-Prot. number P01387), Toxin b (P01386), OH-4 (P80516), OH-5 (P80965), Oh-6A/6B (P82662), Oh9-1 (P83302) and DE-1 (P01412). The sequences of...”
- “...an interesting toxin, having 83 % identity with toxin b (P01386), one of the first two LNTXs purified from O. hannah. Arg42 replaces Cys42 in LNTX22, which is...”
R4FK68 3FTx-Pse-105 from Pseudonaja modesta
41% identity, 54% coverage
- Naja annulifera Snake: New insights into the venom components and pathogenesis of envenomation.
Silva-de-França, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019 - “...Q9W6W6 Cytotoxin 10 5 P01422 Short neurotoxin 2 7 P82462 Muscarinic toxin-like protein 1 2 R4FK68 3FTx-Pse-105 1 P01461 Cytotoxin 4 7 R4G7H8 3FTx-Fur-10 1 P01464 Cytotoxin 5 6 P01388 Long neurotoxin 2 3 P01389 Long neurotoxin 1 5 P01426 Short neurotoxin 1 5 CRISP family...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...R4FIT5 Pseudonaja modesta , (2) R4FIU6 Pseudonaja modesta , (3) A8HDK6 Pseudonaja textilis , (4) R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5...”
A8HDK8 Long neurotoxin 2 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
40% identity, 63% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...R4FIU6 Pseudonaja modesta , (3) A8HDK6 Pseudonaja textilis , (4) R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0...”
3L22_DENVI / P01395 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dv2a; Alpha-EPTX-Dv2a; Long neurotoxin 2; Toxin I/V from Dendroaspis viridis (Western green mamba) (see paper)
44% identity, 81% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Antivenom Research
Ledsgaard, Toxins 2018 - “...para-specificity can be lost towards a type 2 -neurotoxin from D. viridis (-elapitoxin-Dv2a, UniProt ID: P01395), when two amino acid substitutions (Asp64, Lys69) are introduced in the C-terminal, resulting in another type 2 -neurotoxin from D. viridis (-elapitoxin-Dv2b, UniProt ID: P01394). Thereby, the researchers illustrated how...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra).
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...2 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2d ( D. polylepis polylepis ) C0HJD7 3 2 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dv2a ( D. viridis ) P01395 3 2 Alpha-elapitoxin-Nno2a ( N. oxiana ) P01382 5 4 Alpha-elapitoxin-Oh2b ( O. hannah ) P82662 15 4 Haditoxin ( O. hannah ) A8N286 16 16 Kappa-6-bungarotoxin ( B. multicinctus...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...only two amino acids (Asp 64 , Lys 69 ) are altered compared to -elapitoxin-Dv2a (P01395), also from D. viridis . This example illustrates that high similarity is not sufficient to predict antibody binding if the key residues for the interaction are not known. Dendrotoxins of...”
- “...jamesoni P01393 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01394 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01395 73 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01396 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01397 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P25667 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. melanoleuca P01400 65 Non-conventional...”
Q8UW29 Long neurotoxin 1 from Hydrophis hardwickii
47% identity, 64% coverage
- An immunoinformatic approach to assessing the immunogenic capacity of alpha-neurotoxins in elapid snake venoms
Chan, Frontiers in pharmacology 2023 - “...(Oh_LNTX-OH55, UniProt ID: Q53B58, O. hannah ); and (c) long neurotoxin 1 (Hc_LNTX-1, UniProt ID: Q8UW29, Hydrophis curtus ), and (ii) SNTXs: (a) cobrotoxin-c (Nk_SNTX-Cbtx-c, UniProt ID: P59276, N. kaouthia ); (b) short neurotoxin 1 (Hs_SNTX-1, UniProt ID: P68415, Hydrophis schistosus ); and (c) short neurotoxin...”
- “...long neurotoxin OH55 (UniProt ID: Q53B58, O. hannah ); Hc_LNTX-1, long neurotoxin 1 (UniProt ID: Q8UW29, H. curtus ); Nk_SNTX-Cbtx-c, cobrotoxin-c (UniProt: P59276, N. kaouthia ); Hs_SNTX-1, short neurotoxin 1 (UniProt ID: P68415, H. schistosus ); Lc_SNTX-2, short neurotoxin 2 (UniProt ID: P10457, L. colubrina );...”
- Venom of the Annulated Sea Snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus: A Biochemically Simple but Genetically Complex Weapon
Zhao, Toxins 2021 - “...495.8 638.2 2 3 2 2 GBVXEXGCTAB GBVXEXGCTABCPTVB VXEXGCTAB SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; Q8UW29; Hcy|29273 11 6.19 11.7 618.8 821.9 2 2 BVCDCDVAAAB VCDCDVAAABCFAR Basic PLA 2 ; H. hardwickii ; Q8UW30; Hcy|29208 7.3 591.3 548.6 646.0 3 3 3 BVCDCDVAAAECFAR VCDCDVAAAECFAR NXVBFSYVXTCANHNR Basic...”
- “...P00610; Hcy|29208 0.49 7.4 588.3 495.8 2 2 GBVXEXGCTAB VXEXGCTAB 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; Q8UW29; Hcy|29273 13 1.51 12.0 822.3 591.3 2 3 VCDCDVAAAECFAR BVCDCDVAAAECFAR Basic PLA 2 ; H. schistosus ; P00610; Hcy|29208 0.80 7.3 588.3 638.2 587.6 2 2 3 GBVXEXGCTAB SWCDAFCSSR GBVXEXGCTABCPTVB...”
- Venom-gland transcriptomic, venomic, and antivenomic profiles of the spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus) from the South China Sea
Zhao, BMC genomics 2021 - “...H. hardwickii ; Q8UW28; Hcu|53057 0.04 13.8 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; Q8UW29; Hcu|51842 1403.6 1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2053.0 1 TPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 0.13 12.3 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcu|54185 1403.6 1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2055.9 1 DXNCCATDNCNTVANWB 2190.0 1 THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 5 1.05...”
- “...1 MXXYDYDCGSNGPYCB 2785.2 1 SSXDYADYGCYCGAGGSGTPVDEXDR 0.27 13.9 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; Q8UW29; Hcu|51842 1403.6 1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2053.0 1 TPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 1.16 12.6 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; Q8UW29; Hcu|51395 6 1.56 19.1 1514.7 1 NAYNNANYNXDTB PLA 2 ; H. schistosus...”
- Elucidating the Venom Diversity in Sri Lankan Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics, Venom Proteomics and Toxicity Neutralization
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...NN-3FTX09 * Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 Naja sputatrix 1288 (97.78) 1.00% NN-3FTX10 Long neurotoxin 1 Q8UW29 Hydrophis hardwickii 1291 0.01% NN-3FTX11 Long neurotoxin-like OH-31 Q53B55 Ophiophagus hannah 2059 0.08% NN-3FTX12 Long neurotoxin-like OH-31 Q53B55 Ophiophagus hannah 559 0.003% Non-conventional 3FTX: Weak neurotoxin (WTX) 5.35% NN-3FTX13 Probable...”
- Venom Proteome of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia: Toxicity Correlation, Immunoprofiling and Cross-Neutralization by Sea Snake Antivenom
Tan, Toxins 2018 - “...2 3 62.47 Hydrophis curtus A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 0.49 3 5 114.27 Hydrophis curtus Q8UW29 Long neurotoxin 1 1.10 4 84.14 Hydrophis curtus A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 1.32 2 40.42 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B58 Long neurotoxin OH-55 0.33 1 21.62 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B57 Long neurotoxin OH-56...”
- “...neurotoxin OH-56 3 Q53B57 0.21 Long neurotoxin OH-55 3 Q53B58 0.33 Long neurotoxin 1 3 Q8UW29 1.10 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 9.00 Cysteine-rich venom protein 2 9,10 Q8UW11 4.09 Cysteine-rich venom protein 1 9 Q8UW25 1.49 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 9 CL131.Contig1_ESM 3.42 Phospholipase A 2 inhibitors 0.45...”
- The Venom of the Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus): Proteome, Toxin Diversity and Intraspecific Variation
Neale, International journal of molecular sciences 2017 - “...and Q8UW27) [ 21 , 22 ] and three 3FTx long-chain -neurotoxins (Q8UW28, A3FM53 and Q8UW29) [ 19 ]. Two cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) (Q8UW25 and Q8UW11) [ 23 ], a snake venom serine protease (SVSP) (Q5MCS0) [ 24 ] and a C-type lectin (A3FM55) have...”
- “...providing further support for their presence. ESI-MS did not detect the long-chain neurotoxins (A3FM53 and Q8UW29) and the C-type lectin (A3FM55) that were identified by ProteinPilot. It also did not detect the PLA 2 (A3FM57) or the serine protease harobin (Q5MCS0); nor did ESI-MS detect molecular...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...and (6) F8J2H2 Drysdalia coronoides ; ( B ). (1) F8J2E0 Drysdalia coronoides , (2) Q8UW29 Hydrophis hardwickii , (3) P01384 Notechis scutatus , (4) P82662 Ophiophagus hannah , (5) R4G2L3 Suta fasciata and (6) R4G2E5 Brachyurophis roperi ; C. (1) R4G2S0 Cacophis squamulosus , (2)...”
A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 from Hydrophis hardwickii
45% identity, 63% coverage
- Venom of the Annulated Sea Snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus: A Biochemically Simple but Genetically Complex Weapon
Zhao, Toxins 2021 - “...7.3 588.3 580.3 495.8 2 4 2 GBVXEXGCTAB THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYBB VXEXGCTAB 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcy|29273 9 17.79 7.6 588.3 638.2 788.4 580.2 2 2 2 4 GBVXEXGCTAB SWCDAFCSSR VXEXGCTABCPTVB THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYBB 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcy|29273, Hcy|29140 10 1.22 17.2 591.3 646.0 822.3...”
- “...7.3 588.3 638.2 587.6 2 2 3 GBVXEXGCTAB SWCDAFCSSR GBVXEXGCTABCPTVB 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcy|29273 14 0.29 12.0 591.3 548.6 3 3 BVCDCDVAAAECFAR VCDCDVAAAECFAR Basic PLA 2 ; H. schistosus ; P00610; Hcy|29123 1.10 7.7 773.4 588.3 587.6 495.8 638.2 3 2 3 2...”
- De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia-Next-Generation Sequencing, Functional Annotation and Toxinological Correlation
Tan, Toxins 2021 - “...sequence of Lh_FTX13, on the other hand, matched identically to the long neurotoxin 2 (UniProt: A3FM53), which was cloned from the same Chinese specimen. Lh_FTX013 showed conserved cysteine residues and disulfide bridges as with the long neurotoxin sequences of other comparing elapid species, although long neurotoxin...”
- “...implied little genetic differences. On the other hand, the LNTX sequences of Lh_FTX013 (Penang) and A3FM53 from H. curtus were identical, while there is no LNTX sequence of H. schistosus available for comparison. The close phylogenetic relationship among the SNTX and LNTX of sea snakes, sea...”
- Venom-gland transcriptomic, venomic, and antivenomic profiles of the spine-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis curtus) from the South China Sea
Zhao, BMC genomics 2021 - “...TTTNCAESSCYBB 775.3 2 TTTNCAESSCYBB 2 3.05 13.3 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); Hydrophis hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcu|53057 2190.0 1 THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 1.56 11.5 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcu|54185 1403.6 1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2055.9 1 DXNCCATDNCNTVANWB 2190.0 1 THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 3 1.39 13.8 1245.5 1...”
- “...1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2053.0 1 TPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 0.13 12.3 1275.5 1 SWCDAFCSSR 3-FTx (LNX); H. hardwickii ; A3FM53; Hcu|54185 1403.6 1 BSWCDAFCSSR 2055.9 1 DXNCCATDNCNTVANWB 2190.0 1 THPYBPETCPPGBNXCYB 5 1.05 25.3 1336.6 1 XHDDCYGEAEB PLA 2 ; H. schistosus ; P00610; Hcu|52733 1514.7 1 NAYNNANYNXDTB 1878.9 1 NXVBFSYVXTCANHNR...”
- Venom Proteome of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia: Toxicity Correlation, Immunoprofiling and Cross-Neutralization by Sea Snake Antivenom
Tan, Toxins 2018 - “...1 2 28.12 Hydrophis curtus P68416 Short neurotoxin 1 22.89 2 3 62.47 Hydrophis curtus A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 0.49 3 5 114.27 Hydrophis curtus Q8UW29 Long neurotoxin 1 1.10 4 84.14 Hydrophis curtus A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 1.32 2 40.42 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B58 Long neurotoxin...”
- “...Neurotoxin 22.89 Short neurotoxin 1 1 P68416 22.89 Long Neurotoxin 3.44 Long neurotoxin 2 2,3 A3FM53 1.81 Long neurotoxin OH-56 3 Q53B57 0.21 Long neurotoxin OH-55 3 Q53B58 0.33 Long neurotoxin 1 3 Q8UW29 1.10 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 9.00 Cysteine-rich venom protein 2 9,10 Q8UW11 4.09...”
- The Venom of the Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus): Proteome, Toxin Diversity and Intraspecific Variation
Neale, International journal of molecular sciences 2017 - “...(P68416, Q8UW26 and Q8UW27) [ 21 , 22 ] and three 3FTx long-chain -neurotoxins (Q8UW28, A3FM53 and Q8UW29) [ 19 ]. Two cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) (Q8UW25 and Q8UW11) [ 23 ], a snake venom serine protease (SVSP) (Q5MCS0) [ 24 ] and a C-type lectin...”
- “...short-chain neurotoxins, providing further support for their presence. ESI-MS did not detect the long-chain neurotoxins (A3FM53 and Q8UW29) and the C-type lectin (A3FM55) that were identified by ProteinPilot. It also did not detect the PLA 2 (A3FM57) or the serine protease harobin (Q5MCS0); nor did ESI-MS...”
3L21_NAJOX / P01382 Alpha-elapitoxin-Nno2a; Alpha-EPTX-Nno2a; Long neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin I; NT I; Ntx-1; Toxin I; NnoI from Naja oxiana (Central Asian cobra) (Oxus cobra) (see 3 papers)
45% identity, 82% coverage
3L217_OPHHA / Q53B54 Long neurotoxin OH-17 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
43% identity, 81% coverage
3L21_NAJAC / P01389 Long neurotoxin 1; Toxin III from Naja anchietae (Anchieta's cobra) (Naja haje anchietae) (see paper)
41% identity, 81% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Current Insights in the Mechanisms of Cobra Venom Cytotoxins and Their Complexes in Inducing Toxicity: Implications in Antivenom Therapy
Kalita, Toxins 2022 - “...arrest at sub-G1 stage U937 and K562 leukemia cells [ 98 ] N. haje NHV-Ic P01389 Alteration of mitochondrial permeability and signaling, ultimately leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and stimulation of intrinsic apoptosis 1301 leukemia cells [ 99 ] N. sumatrana SumaCTX A0A7T7DMY7 Alteration of mitochondrial permeability...”
- A Neurotoxic Snake Venom without Phospholipase A2: Proteomics and Cross-Neutralization of the Venom from Senegalese Cobra, Naja senegalensis (Subgenus: Uraeus)
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...167.70 17/8 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 5.08 100.90 10/5 Long neurotoxin 1 P01389 N. anchietae 5.74 40.96 2/2 Weak toxin S4C11 P01400 N. melanoleuca 0.41 36.36 5/2 Short neurotoxin 3 P01420 N. annulifera 0.82 4 111.54 13/6 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje...”
- “...144.02 17/7 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 0.27 98.09 11/5 Long neurotoxin 1 P01389 N. anchietae 0.22 40.21 2/2 Weak toxin CM-2a P25678 N. annulifera 0.04 6 142.81 15/7 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 1.19 36.07 3/2 Weak toxin CM-2 P01415 N....”
- Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles
Manuwar, Toxins 2020 - “...the Venom of Snake Species 1 3FTXs (Neurotoxin) Long neurotoxin AHZ08824 9 Micropechis ikaheca 2 P01389 1 Naja anchietae 3 P01390 2 Naja nivea 4 Long neurotoxin homolog O93422 5 Naja atra 5 Long neurotoxin 1 P25668 4 Naja naja 6 Long neurotoxin 1 P01380 1...”
- Naja annulifera Snake: New insights into the venom components and pathogenesis of envenomation
Silva-de-França, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019 - “...Cytotoxin 4 7 R4G7H8 3FTx-Fur-10 1 P01464 Cytotoxin 5 6 P01388 Long neurotoxin 2 3 P01389 Long neurotoxin 1 5 P01426 Short neurotoxin 1 5 CRISP family Q7T1K6 Cysteine-rich venom protein natrin-1 6 P84808 Cysteine-rich venom protein kaouthin-2 5 P0DL15 Cysteine-rich venom protein annuliferin-b (Fragment) 5...”
- Ophiophagus hannah venom: proteome, components bound by Naja kaouthia antivenin and neutralization by N. kaouthia neurotoxin-specific human ScFv
Danpaiboon, Toxins 2014 - “...snake species, for example, 47TVKP50 and 47KVKP50 of O. hannah neurotoxins (accession No. AAB25587 and P01389, respectively (previous study) and 47RVNP50 (accession No. Q2VBP4 (this study)), 47TVKP50 of Micrurus nigrocinctus (accession No. P80548) and N. melanoleuca (accession No. P01383 and P01388) and 47KVKP50 of N. oxiana...”
A8S6A8 Long neurotoxin 1 from Austrelaps superbus
45% identity, 67% coverage
3L24_DENPO / C0HJD7 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2d; Alpha-EPTX-Dpp2d from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (Black mamba) (see paper)
43% identity, 83% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (IC(50)=114 nM) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) (IC(50)=58 nM) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission. Competitive radioligand binding assays also demonstrate that this toxin competes with epibatidine binding to the Lymnaea stagnalis acetylcholine-binding protein (Ls-AChBP) (IC(50)=4.9 nM).
subunit: Monomer (predominant). - Acetylcholine-Binding Protein Affinity Profiling of Neurotoxins in Snake Venoms with Parallel Toxin Identification
Palermo, International journal of molecular sciences 2023 - “...of the peak indicating activity, with similar peak shape, which corresponded to Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2d (UniProt entry C0HJD7), a long-chain three-finger toxin with 72 amino acids belonging to the type II alpha neurotoxin family. Both this toxin and its dimer have already been documented as potent inhibitors of...”
- Next-Generation Sequencing for Venomics: Application of Multi-Enzymatic Limited Digestion for Inventorying the Snake Venom Arsenal
Amorim, Toxins 2023 - “...were compared ( Table 2 ). These toxins are the 3-finger toxin alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2d (Uniprot accession C0HJD7) for DpV, the 3-finger toxin Cytotoxin 10 (Uniprot accession P86541) for NnV, the C-type lectin Bitiscetin-3 subunit alpha (Uniprot accession A0A5A4WNG2) for BaV and the SVMP Group III snake venom...”
- “...coverage according to the applied protocol. Major Toxins Coverage VENOMS DpV NnV BaV EoV Alpha-Elapitoxin-Dpp2d (C0HJD7) Cytotoxin 10 (P86541) Bitiscetin-3 Subunit Alpha (A0A5A4WNG2) Group III Snake Venom Metalloproteinase (E9KJY6) TRYP MELD TRYP MELD TRYP MELD TRYP MELD Protein length 72 amino acids 60 amino acids 156...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra).
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...No. of Peptides No. of Unique Peptides 3FTx Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2d ( D. polylepis polylepis ) 23 C0HJD7 2 2 Beta-cardiotoxin CTX27 ( O. hannah ) Q69CK0 11 3 Haditoxin ( O. hannah ) A8N286 3 3 Long neurotoxin 1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 8 2 Long...”
- “...Alpha-cobratoxin ( N. kaouthia ) 51 P01391 4 2 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2d ( D. polylepis polylepis ) C0HJD7 3 2 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dv2a ( D. viridis ) P01395 3 2 Alpha-elapitoxin-Nno2a ( N. oxiana ) P01382 5 4 Alpha-elapitoxin-Oh2b ( O. hannah ) P82662 15 4 Haditoxin ( O. hannah...”
A8HDK7 Long neurotoxin 1 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
38% identity, 63% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321...”
3L256_OPHHA / Q53B57 Long neurotoxin OH-56 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
40% identity, 64% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- The Toxin Diversity, Cytotoxicity, and Enzymatic Activity of Cape Cobra (Naja nivea) Venom
Lüddecke, Toxins 2024 - “...Naja nivea 47,565 A0A0U4W6H0 Naja naja 9572 R4G2D8 Acanthophis wellsi 1388 P01457 Naja haje 9446 Q53B57 Ophiophagus hannah 84 P01468 Naja pallida 9321 Muscarinic Toxins P60234 Dendroaspis angusticeps 669 P01469 Naja mossambica 9321 Non-conventional P25680 Naja nivea 7648 P0DSN1 Naja nigricollis 8467 P01400 Naja melanoleuca 1554...”
- Venom Proteome of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia: Toxicity Correlation, Immunoprofiling and Cross-Neutralization by Sea Snake Antivenom
Tan, Toxins 2018 - “...2 1.32 2 40.42 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B58 Long neurotoxin OH-55 0.33 1 21.62 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B57 Long neurotoxin OH-56 0.21 4 5 92.36 Hydrophis curtus Q8UW31 Acidic phospholipase A 2 57 0.08 2 46.47 Enhydrina schistosa Unigene22561_ESM Acidic phospholipase A 2 57 0.34 2 43.43 Hydrophis...”
- “...P68416 22.89 Long Neurotoxin 3.44 Long neurotoxin 2 2,3 A3FM53 1.81 Long neurotoxin OH-56 3 Q53B57 0.21 Long neurotoxin OH-55 3 Q53B58 0.33 Long neurotoxin 1 3 Q8UW29 1.10 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 9.00 Cysteine-rich venom protein 2 9,10 Q8UW11 4.09 Cysteine-rich venom protein 1 9 Q8UW25...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...OH-55 ( O. hannah ) Q53B58 13 6 Long neurotoxin OH-56 ( O. hannah ) Q53B57 4 4 Long neurotoxin OH-57 ( O. hannah ) Q53B56 3 3 Neurotoxin-like protein 1 ( C. rhombeatus ) P84716 2 2 Short neurotoxin OH-35 ( O. hannah ) Q53B49...”
- “...OH-55 ( O. hannah ) Q53B58 44 21 Long neurotoxin OH-56 ( O. hannah ) Q53B57 18 15 Long neurotoxin OH-57 ( O. hannah ) Q53B56 7 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 13 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 ( O. hannah ) A8N285...”
A7X4Q3 Long neurotoxin 3FTx-Oxy1 from Oxyuranus microlepidotus
38% identity, 63% coverage
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A8HDK6 Pseudonaja textilis , (4) R4FK68 Pseudonaja modesta , (5) A8HDK8 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (6) A7X4Q3 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (7) A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3...”
3L231_DRYCN / F8J2E6 Long neurotoxin 31; LNTX-31 from Drysdalia coronoides (White-lipped snake) (Hoplocephalus coronoides) (see paper)
45% identity, 68% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
S6CB76 Three-finger toxin from Pseudechis rossignolii
42% identity, 67% coverage
3L220_DRYCN / F8J2F2 Long neurotoxin 20; LNTX-20; Long neurotoxin 193R from Drysdalia coronoides (White-lipped snake) (Hoplocephalus coronoides) (see paper)
45% identity, 68% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
3L21_BUNCA / A1IVR8 Alpha-elapitoxin-Bc2a; Alpha-EPTX-Bc2a; Alpha-delta-Bgt-1; Alpha/delta-bungarotoxin-1; Alpha/delta-BgTx-1 from Bungarus candidus (Malayan krait) (see paper)
44% identity, 80% coverage
- function: Binds to muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:30944155, Ref.2). Reversibly blocks chick and mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (PubMed:30944155, Ref.2). Blocks muscle type nAChR with an IC(50)=30 nM, when heterologously expressed in oocytes (PubMed:30944155). Also binds with high affinity to alpha- 7/CHRNA7 nAChRs (PubMed:30944155). In addition, shows a weak inhibition of neuronal alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2 nAChR (IC(50)=2.9 uM) (PubMed:30944155). Selectively binds to alpha-1-delta subunit interface of the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, with a 10-fold higher affinity for the adult than for the fetal receptors (PubMed:30944155, Ref.2). In vivo, when intraperitoneally injected into mice, causes flaccid paralysis and respiratory distress, followed by death within 2-4 hours (PubMed:30944155).
subunit: Monomer in solution, homodimer in crystal state. - Novel Three-Finger Neurotoxins from Naja melanoleuca Cobra Venom Interact with GABAA and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Son, Toxins 2021 - “...those of other long chain neurotoxins. -Bgt-1 is -bungarotoxin-1 from B. candidus venom (accession number A1IVR8 in UniProtKB). The amino acid residues identical to those in Tx-NM2 are underlined. The loop III fragments identical in Tx-NM3-1 and -Ctx are marked in yellow. Figure 9 Homology modeling...”
3L21_DENJA / P01393 Alpha-elapitoxin-Djk2a; Alpha-EPTX-Djk2a; Long neurotoxin 1; Toxin V-III-N1 from Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae (Eastern Jameson's mamba) (see paper)
42% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Synergistic Effect of Proteinase Activity by Purification and Identification of Toxic Protease From Nemopilema nomurai.
Yu, Frontiers in pharmacology 2021 - “...homolog 2.91 M5B4R7 Translationally controlled tumor protein homolog 2.89 IWDLK H1ZZI8 Toxin Tpa7 6.10 TGVEIK P01393 Alpha-elapitoxin-Djk2a 8.33 QITMNDLPVGR P0CV91 Peroxiredoxin-4 (Fragments) 30.56 ADLDLLR P0DME8 Peptide Hp1239 10.45 EQITSRLK P0DSJ8 U-myrmeciitoxin(01)-Mg5a 13.56 P0DSJ9 U-myrmeciitoxin(01)-Mg5b 13.56 GLPEDAK P0DUI0 Beta-toxin Ct13 8.64 NEILK P10736 Venom allergen 5.01 2.20...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...nivea P01390 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. haje P25674 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. jamesoni P01393 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01394 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01395 73 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01396 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01397 72 Long-chain...”
3L234_OPHHA / Q53B53 Long neurotoxin OH-34 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
41% identity, 64% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
R4FK75 3FTx-Pse-110 from Pseudonaja modesta
42% identity, 67% coverage
R4FIT0 3FTx-Pse-93 from Pseudonaja modesta
38% identity, 62% coverage
A8HDK4 Long neurotoxin 1 from Tropidechis carinatus
43% identity, 65% coverage
3L2P_PSETE / Q9W7J5 Pseudonajatoxin b homolog; Pt-bp from Pseudonaja textilis (Eastern brown snake) (see paper)
36% identity, 57% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Population divergence in venom bioactivities of elapid snake Pseudonaja textilis: role of procoagulant proteins in rapid rodent prey incapacitation
Skejić, PloS one 2013 - “...P23028 14912 279 10 3 18% 50 2 2 15% Pseudonajatoxin b homolog P. textilis Q9W7J5 11262 5276 174 7 66% Pseudonajatoxin b P. textilis P13495 7756 2943 84 4 66% Long neurotoxin 1 P. textilis A8HDK6 9875 130 4 1 14% Short neurotoxin 1/5 P....”
- “...textilis revealed a diverse assemblage of postsynaptic neurotoxins, including long chain of the type II (Q9W7J5, P13495 and A8HDK6) and type III (Q9W7K2, Q9W7K1, Q9W7J7, Q9W7J6) alpha three-finger neurotoxins. Interestingly, only a single postsynaptic neurotoxin (Q9W7J6) from the -neurotoxin type III group was found in Mackay...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...A8HDK7 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (8) A7X4R0 Oxyuranus microlepidotus , (9) A8HDK9 Oxyuranus scutellatus , (10) Q9W7J5 Pseudonaja textilis , (11) R4FIT0 Pseudonaja modesta , (12) R4G7K3 Pseudonaja modesta , (13) R4G321 Pseudonaja modesta , (14) R4G2J4 Pseudonaja modesta , (15) R4G319 Pseudonaja modesta and (16) R4FK75...”
3L21_OPHHA / P01387 Long neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin A from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
38% identity, 79% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...Haditoxin ( O. hannah ) A8N286 3 3 Long neurotoxin 1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 8 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 2 2 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 7 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156...”
- “...1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 7 4 Long neurotoxin 1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 26 6 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 5 5 Long neurotoxin 2 ( N. melanoleuca ) P01388 8 3 Long neurotoxin 3 ( O. hannah ) P07526...”
- Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species
Vejayan, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2014 - “...serine protease inhibitor B6RLX2 5 86 6346 8.59 KC23 ExPASy Long neurotoxin 1 (neurotoxin A) P01387 2 47 8106 8.04 KC24 MASCOT Thioredoxin protein Q98TX1 3 38 11995 5.30 KC25 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-17 Q53B54 4 50 8037 8.34 KC26 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 7...”
- Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) and function characterization of two recombinant long-chain neurotoxins
Li, The Biochemical journal 2006 - “...already been published were Toxin a (Swiss-Prot. number P01387), Toxin b (P01386), OH-4 (P80516), OH-5 (P80965), Oh-6A/6B (P82662), Oh9-1 (P83302) and DE-1...”
3L222_OPHHA / Q2VBP5 Long neurotoxin LNTX22 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
41% identity, 62% coverage
3L22_DEMVE / A6MFK5 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 from Demansia vestigiata (Lesser black whip snake) (Demansia atra) (see paper)
44% identity, 67% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), whereas it binds with a low affinity to neuronal alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChRs.
3L21_DENVI / P01394 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dv2b; Alpha-EPTX-Dv2b; Long neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin 4.7.3/4.9.3 from Dendroaspis viridis (Western green mamba) (see paper)
42% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Antivenom Research
Ledsgaard, Toxins 2018 - “...in the C-terminal, resulting in another type 2 -neurotoxin from D. viridis (-elapitoxin-Dv2b, UniProt ID: P01394). Thereby, the researchers illustrated how high similarity between toxins is insufficient for predicting antibody binding if the key residues for the interaction are unknown. In another study by Engmark et...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...are substituted, para-specificity can easily be lost. This is illustrated by the C-terminal of -elapitoxin-Dv2b (P01394) from D. viridis , which is not recognised by the antivenom at all (see Fig. 6 ), although only two amino acids (Asp 64 , Lys 69 ) are altered...”
- “...haje P25674 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. jamesoni P01393 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01394 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01395 73 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01396 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01397 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P25667 72 Long-chain...”
R4G7K3 3FTx-Pse-121 from Pseudonaja modesta
36% identity, 62% coverage
3L21_DENPO / P01396 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2a; Alpha-EPTX-Dpp2a; Long neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin gamma; Toxin VN1 from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (Black mamba) (see paper)
40% identity, 83% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Discovery and optimization of a broadly-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against long-chain α-neurotoxins from snakes
Ledsgaard, Nature communications 2023 - “...(P0DQQ2) from N. melanoleuca , long neurotoxin 4 (P25672) from N. naja , and -elapitoxin (P01396) from D. polylepis . In addition, the antibody was shown to bind -bungarotoxin (P60615) from B. multicinctus using SPR (Fig. S4 ). The average sequence similarity of the seven toxins...”
- “...Omega 48 and visualized in Jalview 49 using -cobratoxin (P01391) from N. kaouthia , -elapitoxin (P01396) from D. polylepis , -bungarotoxin (P60615) from B. multicinctus , long neurotoxin 2 (A8N285) from O. hannah , and long neurotoxin (P0DQQ2) and long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) from N. melanoleuca...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...viridis P01394 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01395 73 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01396 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01397 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P25667 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. melanoleuca P01400 65 Non-conventional 3TFx ORP-II N. haje P01401 65 Non-conventional...”
3L21_DEMVE / A6MFK4 Long neurotoxin LNTX-1 from Demansia vestigiata (Lesser black whip snake) (Demansia atra) (see paper)
44% identity, 67% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
3L255_OPHHA / Q53B58 Alpha-elapitoxin-Oh3a; CM-11; Long neurotoxin OH-55 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see 2 papers)
38% identity, 62% coverage
- function: Binds to muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:35341214). Pseudo-irreversibly inhibits twitches in chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparations in a concentration- dependent manner (PubMed:35341214).
- Identification of antigenic proteins from the venom of Malaysian snakes using immunoprecipitation assay and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Rajendiran, Heliyon 2024 - “...9380 Beta-cardiotoxin CTX9 (O. hannah) V8N8B4 163.58 12 1 24779 ShKT domain-containing protein (O. hannah) Q53B58 57.06 20 1 10210 Alpha-elapitoxin-Oh3a (O. hannah) O. hannah crude venom against CAV P81383 215.81 40 5 55977 L-amino-acid oxidase (O. hannah) V8N3Q9 207.35 43 2 55593 Amine oxidase (Fragment)...”
- “...metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like ohanin (O. hannah) Q7ZT98 185.82 51 14 26869 Cysteine-rich venom protein ophanin (O. hannah) Q53B58 174.67 59 7 10210 Alpha-elapitoxin-Oh3a (O. hannah) O. hannah crude venom against RPAV P81383 243.32 43 3 55977 L-amino-acid oxidase (O. hannah) V8N3Q9 238.19 46 3 55593 Amine oxidase (Fragment)...”
- An immunoinformatic approach to assessing the immunogenic capacity of alpha-neurotoxins in elapid snake venoms
Chan, Frontiers in pharmacology 2023 - “...-cobratoxin (Nk_LNTX--Cbtx, UniProt ID: P01391, Naja kaouthia ); (b) long neurotoxin OH55 (Oh_LNTX-OH55, UniProt ID: Q53B58, O. hannah ); and (c) long neurotoxin 1 (Hc_LNTX-1, UniProt ID: Q8UW29, Hydrophis curtus ), and (ii) SNTXs: (a) cobrotoxin-c (Nk_SNTX-Cbtx-c, UniProt ID: P59276, N. kaouthia ); (b) short neurotoxin...”
- “...Abbreviations: Nk_LNTX--Cbtx, -cobratoxin (UniProt ID: P01391, N. kaouthia ); Oh_LNTX-OH55, long neurotoxin OH55 (UniProt ID: Q53B58, O. hannah ); Hc_LNTX-1, long neurotoxin 1 (UniProt ID: Q8UW29, H. curtus ); Nk_SNTX-Cbtx-c, cobrotoxin-c (UniProt: P59276, N. kaouthia ); Hs_SNTX-1, short neurotoxin 1 (UniProt ID: P68415, H. schistosus );...”
- Discovery and optimization of a broadly-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against long-chain α-neurotoxins from snakes
Ledsgaard, Nature communications 2023 - “...-elapitoxin, a venom fraction from N. melanoleuca (Nm8) containing a long neurotoxin homologous to OH-55 (Q53B58) and long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) 31 . In addition, streptavidin was included as negative control. This revealed that more than half of the clones were cross-reactive against all three toxins/venom...”
- Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of α-Elapitoxin-Oh3a, a Long-Chain Post-Synaptic Neurotoxin From King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Venom
Huynh, Frontiers in pharmacology 2022 - “...data reported in this paper is available in the UniProt Knowledgebase under the accession number Q53B58. Ethics Statement The animal study was reviewed and approved by Monash University Ethics Committee on 18 December 2019; ethics number 22575. Author Contributions TH: experiments, data acquisition, data analysis, writing....”
- Venom Proteome of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia: Toxicity Correlation, Immunoprofiling and Cross-Neutralization by Sea Snake Antivenom
Tan, Toxins 2018 - “...1 1.10 4 84.14 Hydrophis curtus A3FM53 Long neurotoxin 2 1.32 2 40.42 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B58 Long neurotoxin OH-55 0.33 1 21.62 Ophiophagus hannah Q53B57 Long neurotoxin OH-56 0.21 4 5 92.36 Hydrophis curtus Q8UW31 Acidic phospholipase A 2 57 0.08 2 46.47 Enhydrina schistosa Unigene22561_ESM...”
- “...neurotoxin 2 2,3 A3FM53 1.81 Long neurotoxin OH-56 3 Q53B57 0.21 Long neurotoxin OH-55 3 Q53B58 0.33 Long neurotoxin 1 3 Q8UW29 1.10 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 9.00 Cysteine-rich venom protein 2 9,10 Q8UW11 4.09 Cysteine-rich venom protein 1 9 Q8UW25 1.49 Cysteine-rich secretory protein 9 CL131.Contig1_ESM...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...OH-37 ( O. hannah ) Q53B59 7 7 Long neurotoxin OH-55 ( O. hannah ) Q53B58 13 6 Long neurotoxin OH-56 ( O. hannah ) Q53B57 4 4 Long neurotoxin OH-57 ( O. hannah ) Q53B56 3 3 Neurotoxin-like protein 1 ( C. rhombeatus ) P84716...”
- “...OH-37 ( O. hannah ) Q53B59 20 9 Long neurotoxin OH-55 ( O. hannah ) Q53B58 44 21 Long neurotoxin OH-56 ( O. hannah ) Q53B57 18 15 Long neurotoxin OH-57 ( O. hannah ) Q53B56 7 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8...”
- Mapping Proteoforms and Protein Complexes From King Cobra Venom Using Both Denaturing and Native Top-down Proteomics
Melani, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2016 - “...Fig. S1). Within this family, the long neurotoxin Oh-55 (Q53B58) exhibited the most proteoforms (5 in total; Table S4). The base proteoform of Oh-55 we refer to...”
- “...the base proteoform (Pf 0) of the long neurotoxin Oh-55 (Q53B58) (A) and of Pf 4 of Oh-55 (B); sequence positions showing amino acid differences from the Pf 0...”
- Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species
Vejayan, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2014 - “...KC25 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-17 Q53B54 4 50 8037 8.34 KC26 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 7 93 7919 8.34 KC27 ExPASy Long neurotoxin 4 P80156 3 36 8014 8.05 KC32 ExPASy Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 2 22 7542 7.44 KC33 ExPASy Long neurotoxin...”
3L23_DENPO / P25667 Alpha-elapitoxin-Dpp2b; Alpha-EPTX-Dpp2b; Long neurotoxin 3; Toxin VN2 from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (Black mamba)
44% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...polylepis P01396 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01397 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P25667 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. melanoleuca P01400 65 Non-conventional 3TFx ORP-II N. haje P01401 65 Non-conventional 3TFx ORP-II N. nivea P25680 65 Non-conventional 3TFx ORP-II D. jamesoni P25682 63 Non-conventional...”
Q7T2I3 Long neurotoxin LlLong (Fragment) from Laticauda laticaudata
46% identity, 67% coverage
3NO48_MICCO / P58370 Alpha-neurotoxin homolog 8; NXH8 from Micrurus corallinus (Brazilian coral snake) (see paper)
39% identity, 65% coverage
- function: Binds and inhibits muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR).
3L22_BUNCA / A1IVR9 Alpha-elapitoxin-Bc2b; Alpha-EPTX-Bc2b; Alpha-delta-Bgt-2; Alpha/delta-bungarotoxin-2; Alpha/delta-BgTx-2 from Bungarus candidus (Malayan krait) (see paper)
41% identity, 80% coverage
- function: Binds to muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:30944155). Blocks muscle type nAChR (PubMed:30944155). Also binds with high affinity to alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChRs (By similarity). In addition, shows a weak inhibition of neuronal alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3- CHRNB2 nAChR (By similarity). Selectively binds to alpha-1-delta subunit interface of the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, with a 10-fold higher affinity for the adult than for the fetal receptors (By similarity). In vivo, when intraperitoneally injected into mice, causes flaccid paralysis and respiratory distress, followed by death within 2-4 hours (By similarity).
subunit: Monomer in solution, homodimer in crystal state.
3SO8_OPHHA / A8N286 Haditoxin; Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog; MTLP-3 homolog from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
41% identity, 66% coverage
- function: Antagonist of muscle (alpha-1-beta-1-delta-epsilon/CHRNA1- CHRNB1-CHRND-CHRNE) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7, alpha-3-beta- 2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2, alpha-4-beta-2/CHRNA4-CHRNB2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) (PubMed:20071329). The highest affinity is for human alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChRs (IC(50)=180 nM), compared to human alpha-1-beta- 1-delta-epsilon/CHRNA1-CHRNB1-CHRND-CHRNE nAChR (IC(50)= 550 nM), alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2 nAChR (IC(50)=500 nM), and alpha-4-beta- 2/CHRNA4-CHRNB2 nAChR (IC(50)=2.6 uM).
subunit: Homodimer; non-covalently linked. - Elucidating the Venom Diversity in Sri Lankan Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics, Venom Proteomics and Toxicity Neutralization
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...686 (94.19) 0.96% NN-3FTX06 Muscarinic toxin-like protein 2 P82463 Naja kaouthia 146 0.41% NN-3FTX07 Haditoxin A8N286 Ophiophagus hannah 3684 0.001% Short-chain 3FTX: Cytotoxin/cardiotoxin (CTX) 77.33% NN-3FTX08 * Cytotoxin 5 Q98961 Naja atra 181 (100) 77.33% Long-chain 3FTX: Long -NTX (LNTX) 1.10% NN-3FTX09 * Long neurotoxin 7...”
- Venom-Derived Neurotoxins Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Bekbossynova, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 - “...= 0.2 M) 32 (IC 50 = 0.15 M) [ 100 , 101 ] Haditoxin (A8N286) King cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Elapidae) 7 (IC 50 = 0.2 M) 11 (IC 50 = 0.5 M) 32 (IC 50 = 0.5 M) 42 (IC 50 = 2.6 M) [...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...2 Beta-cardiotoxin CTX27 ( O. hannah ) Q69CK0 11 3 Haditoxin ( O. hannah ) A8N286 3 3 Long neurotoxin 1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 8 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 2 2 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386...”
- “...5 4 Alpha-elapitoxin-Oh2b ( O. hannah ) P82662 15 4 Haditoxin ( O. hannah ) A8N286 16 16 Kappa-6-bungarotoxin ( B. multicinctus ) Q9W729 3 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( A. superbus ) A8S6A8 3 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. annulata annulata ) P34074 9...”
- Comparative venom gland transcriptomics of Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra) from Malaysia and Thailand: elucidating geographical venom variation and insights into sequence novelty
Tan, PeerJ 2017 - “...protein 2 P82463 N. kaouthia 62 65 162 95.38 NKM_FTX13 Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 O. hannah 65 a 65 2286 100 NKM_FTX14 Weak tryptophan-containing neurotoxin P82935 N. kaouthia 65 65 2286 100 NKM_FTX15 Three finger toxin-like Q27J50 L. muta 73 a 73 2193 100...”
- “...N. kaouthia ) a 0.71 (1) c 0.47 (1) c Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 ( O. hannah ) 0.01 (1) c WTX 9.01 (2) 4.97 (3) Weak tryptophan-containing neurotoxin P82935 ( N. kaouthia ) a 9.00 (1) c 4.12 (1) Probable weak neurotoxin NNAM2...”
- Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species
Vejayan, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2014 - “...Long neurotoxin 4 P80156 3 36 8014 8.05 KC32 ExPASy Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 2 22 7542 7.44 KC33 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 2 42 7919 8.34 KC37 ExPASy Weak toxin DE-1 P01412 2 32 7027 5.49 KC50 ExPASy Complement-depleting factor ABN72543 9...”
3L21_NOTSC / P01384 Alpha-elapitoxin-Nss2a; Alpha-EPTX-Nss2a; Long neurotoxin 1; LNTX-1; Notechis III-4 from Notechis scutatus scutatus (Mainland tiger snake) (Common tiger snake) (see paper)
42% identity, 64% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- The Unusual Metalloprotease-Rich Venom Proteome of the Australian Elapid Snake Hoplocephalus stephensii
Tasoulis, Toxins 2022 - “...of H. stephensii compared to amino acid sequences of long neurotoxins from N. scutatus (alpha-elapitoxin-Ns2a; P01384; row 2), T. carinatus (long neurotoxin 1; A8HDK4; row 3) and Drysdalia coronoides (long neurotoxin 77; F8J2E2; row 4) from a BLAST search on UniPROT. The signal peptide is shaded...”
- Three-fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of snake venom toxins
Sunagar, Toxins 2013 - “...; ( B ). (1) F8J2E0 Drysdalia coronoides , (2) Q8UW29 Hydrophis hardwickii , (3) P01384 Notechis scutatus , (4) P82662 Ophiophagus hannah , (5) R4G2L3 Suta fasciata and (6) R4G2E5 Brachyurophis roperi ; C. (1) R4G2S0 Cacophis squamulosus , (2) R4G7H6 Furina ornata , (3)...”
- Distinct activities of novel neurotoxins from Australian venomous snakes for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
St, Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2007 - “...ray eel. Only a single neurotoxin protein sequence (P01384) has been previously identified from the venom of N. scutatus, with an intravenous LD50 value...”
3L2X1_OPHHA / Q2VBP8 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
44% identity, 53% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (By similarity). Recombinant LNTX1 leads to a functional block of the muscle-type acetylcholine receptors. Has a cytotoxic activity (PubMed:16689684).
subunit: Monomer. - Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 2 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 4 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 homolog ( O. hannah ) A8N285 8 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX37 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP3 3 2 Long neurotoxin OH-5 ( O. hannah )...”
- “...OH-57 ( O. hannah ) Q53B56 7 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 13 5 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 ( O. hannah ) A8N285 14 3 Long neurotoxin LNTX8 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP6 21 3 Long neurotoxin LNTX22 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP5...”
R4G319 3FTx-Pse-78 from Pseudonaja modesta
42% identity, 67% coverage
Q2VBP3 Long neurotoxin LNTX37 from Ophiophagus hannah
44% identity, 53% coverage
3L2B_PSETE / P13495 Pseudonajatoxin b; Long neurotoxin B from Pseudonaja textilis (Eastern brown snake) (see paper)
36% identity, 83% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Population divergence in venom bioactivities of elapid snake Pseudonaja textilis: role of procoagulant proteins in rapid rodent prey incapacitation
Skejić, PloS one 2013 - “...Pseudonajatoxin b homolog P. textilis Q9W7J5 11262 5276 174 7 66% Pseudonajatoxin b P. textilis P13495 7756 2943 84 4 66% Long neurotoxin 1 P. textilis A8HDK6 9875 130 4 1 14% Short neurotoxin 1/5 P. textilis Q9W7K2 8700 75 3 1 39% Short neurotoxin 2...”
- “...revealed a diverse assemblage of postsynaptic neurotoxins, including long chain of the type II (Q9W7J5, P13495 and A8HDK6) and type III (Q9W7K2, Q9W7K1, Q9W7J7, Q9W7J6) alpha three-finger neurotoxins. Interestingly, only a single postsynaptic neurotoxin (Q9W7J6) from the -neurotoxin type III group was found in Mackay venom...”
Q2VBP6 Long neurotoxin LNTX8 from Ophiophagus hannah
42% identity, 53% coverage
3L27_NAJSP / O42257 Long neurotoxin 7; LNTX7 from Naja sputatrix (Malayan spitting cobra) (Naja naja sputatrix) (see paper)
41% identity, 64% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Equatorial Spitting Cobra (Naja sumatrana) from Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan and Penang), Southern Thailand, and Sumatra: Comparative Venom Proteomics, Immunoreactivity and Cross-Neutralization by Antivenom
Tan, Toxins 2022 - “...(3FTX) 58.58 63.86 69.82 57.71 Long neurotoxins (LNTX) 10.30 2.62 9.64 5.80 Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 10.30 - 9.64 5.80 Long neurotoxin 3 P25671 - 0.52 - - Long neurotoxin 2 P25669 - 0.17 - - Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 - 1.94 - - Short-neurotoxins (SNTX)...”
- Elucidating the Venom Diversity in Sri Lankan Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) through De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptomics, Venom Proteomics and Toxicity Neutralization
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...atra 181 (100) 77.33% Long-chain 3FTX: Long -NTX (LNTX) 1.10% NN-3FTX09 * Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 Naja sputatrix 1288 (97.78) 1.00% NN-3FTX10 Long neurotoxin 1 Q8UW29 Hydrophis hardwickii 1291 0.01% NN-3FTX11 Long neurotoxin-like OH-31 Q53B55 Ophiophagus hannah 2059 0.08% NN-3FTX12 Long neurotoxin-like OH-31 Q53B55 Ophiophagus hannah...”
- Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles
Manuwar, Toxins 2020 - “...Naja haje haje 8 Long neurotoxin 4 P25672 3 Naja naja 9 Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 3 Naja sputatrix 10 putative long neurotoxin ABX58151 1 Austrelaps labialis 11 putative long neurotoxin ABX58163 1 Austrelaps labialis 12 Alpha-neurotoxin NTX-3 O57326 1 Naja sputatrix 13 Short neurotoxin 3...”
- Exploring the Diversity and Novelty of Toxin Genes in Naja sumatrana, the Equatorial Spitting Cobra from Malaysia through De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics
Chong, Toxins 2019 - “...studies using tissues from spitting cobra(s) in Peninsular Malaya or Singapore (Q9PST4 [ 26 ]; O42257 [ 27 ]; and O57327 [ 25 ]). The 100% match with sequences obtained in the present transcriptomic study strongly suggests that the spitting cobra described as N. n. sputatrix...”
- “...Neurotoxin homolog NL1 Q9DEQ3 N. atra 81 a 86 686 93 NSM_FTX06 Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 N. sputatrix 89 90 290 98 NSM_FTX07 Alpha-neurotoxin NTX-4 O57327 N. sputatrix 83 83 183 100 Phospholipase A 2 NSM_PLA01 Acidic phospholipase A 2 C Q92086 N. sputatrix 146 146...”
Q2VBN0 Muscarinic toxin 38 from Ophiophagus hannah
40% identity, 70% coverage
3L21_NAJKA / P01391 Alpha-cobratoxin; Alpha-CT; Alpha-CbT; Alpha-Cbtx; Alpha-Ctx; Alpha-elapitoxin-Nk2a; Alpha-EPTX-Nk2a; Long neurotoxin 1; Siamensis 3 from Naja kaouthia (Monocled cobra) (Naja siamensis) (see 11 papers)
1lxgA / P01391 Solution structure of alpha-cobratoxin complexed with a cognate peptide (structure ensemble) (see paper)
40% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Monomer: binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1-beta- 1-gamma-delta/CHRNA1-CHRNB1-CHRNG-CHRND) nAChR (tested on Torpedo californica, Kd=0.2-4.5 nM) and neuronal alpha-7/CHRNA7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Kd=13-105 nM) (PubMed:18381281, PubMed:22223648, PubMed:9305882). Also inhibits GABA(A) channels (PubMed:26221036). Heteropentamer targets studied are composed of alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB3-GABRG2) subunits (IC(50)=236 nM), alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits (IC(50)=469 nM), alpha-2-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA2-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits (IC(50)=485 nM), alpha-5-beta-3-gamma-2 (GABRA5-GABRB3-GABRG2) subunits (IC(50)=635 nM), and alpha-2-beta-3-gamma-2 (GABRA2-GABRB3-GABRG2) subunits (IC(50)=1099 nM) (activated by 10 uM GABA) (PubMed:26221036).
function: Homodimer: binds with high affinity (but lower than the monomeric form) to muscular (IC(50)=9.7 nM) and with low affinity to neuronal alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChRs (IC(50)=1370 nM) (PubMed:22223648). However, it acquires (compared to the monomeric form) the capacity to block alpha-3/beta-2 (CHRNA3/CHRNB2) nAChRs (PubMed:18381281).
function: Heterodimer with cytotoxin 3 (AC P01446): is slightly more active than the homodimer in inhibiting alpha-7/CHRNA7 nAChR and is considerably more active in blocking the alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2 nAChR.
subunit: Monomer, homo- or heterodimer with cytotoxins 1 (P60305), 2 (AC P01445), and 3 (AC P01446); disulfide-linked. - Ligand: peptide (1lxgA)
- Evaluation of cellular immune response in rabbits after exposure to cobra venom and purified toxin fraction
Suntrarachun, Environmental analysis, health and toxicology 2024 (no snippet) - Engineering of pH-dependent antigen binding properties for toxin-targeting IgG1 antibodies using light-chain shuffling
Tulika, Structure (London, England : 1993) 2024 - “...C2527H Biological samples Myotoxin II (Uniprot P24605 ) Lomonte and Gutirrez, 1989 N/A -cobratoxin (Uniprot P01391 ) Latoxan L8114 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins Platinum SuperFi II Green PCR Master Mix Invitrogen 12369050 Ampicillin Sigma Aldrich A9518 EZ-Link NHS-PEG4-Biotin Thermo Scientific A39259 Skimmed milk powder PanReac...”
- “...collected, dried in a vacuum centrifuge at 45C, and stored at 20C -cobratoxin (-cbtx; Uniprot P01391 ) from N.kaouthia , with a molecular weight of 7,831 Da, was purchased (Latoxan) and reconstituted according to the manufacturers instructions. Biotinylation of toxin Purified M-II and -cbtx were dissolved...”
- An immunoinformatic approach to assessing the immunogenic capacity of alpha-neurotoxins in elapid snake venoms
Chan, Frontiers in pharmacology 2023 - “...Selected -NTXs for this study are: (i) LNTXs, which include (a) -cobratoxin (Nk_LNTX--Cbtx, UniProt ID: P01391, Naja kaouthia ); (b) long neurotoxin OH55 (Oh_LNTX-OH55, UniProt ID: Q53B58, O. hannah ); and (c) long neurotoxin 1 (Hc_LNTX-1, UniProt ID: Q8UW29, Hydrophis curtus ), and (ii) SNTXs: (a)...”
- “...and Tongaonkar antigenicity scale ( Kolaskar and Tongaonkar, 1990 ). Abbreviations: Nk_LNTX--Cbtx, -cobratoxin (UniProt ID: P01391, N. kaouthia ); Oh_LNTX-OH55, long neurotoxin OH55 (UniProt ID: Q53B58, O. hannah ); Hc_LNTX-1, long neurotoxin 1 (UniProt ID: Q8UW29, H. curtus ); Nk_SNTX-Cbtx-c, cobrotoxin-c (UniProt: P59276, N. kaouthia );...”
- Cross-reactivity trends when selecting scFv antibodies against snake toxins using a phage display-based cross-panning strategy
Sørensen, Scientific reports 2023 - “...following Uniprot IDs: Ecarpholin S (P48650), myotoxin II (P24605), Acidic PLA 2 2 (P15445), -cobratoxin (P01391), -elapitoxin (P01397), short neurotoxin 1 (P01426), and erabutoxin A (P60775). For antigens with signal peptides (myotoxin II and erabutoxin A) included in the Uniprot residue sequence, the signal peptides were...”
- “...ecarpholin S (P48650; 2QHD), myotoxin II (P24605; 1CLP), acidic PLA 2 2 (P15445; 1A3D), -cobratoxin (P01391; 1CTX), -elapitoxin (P01397; AF-P01397), short neurotoxin 1 (P01426; 1IQ9), and erabutoxin A (P60775; 1QKD) were retrieved. They were imported into ChimeraX 20 and superimposed via the matchmaker module, which superimposed...”
- Discovery and optimization of a broadly-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against long-chain α-neurotoxins from snakes
Ledsgaard, Nature communications 2023 - “..., we described the discovery and characterization of the human monoclonal antibody, 368_01_C05, against -cobratoxin (P01391), a potent neurotoxin from the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia . Notably, this antibody could prolong the survival of mice injected with lethal doses of -cobratoxin, although it failed to prevent...”
- “...to be bound by 2554_01_D11 were long neurotoxin 2 (A8N285) from O. hannah , -cobratoxin (P01391) from N. kaouthia , long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) and long neurotoxin (P0DQQ2) from N. melanoleuca , long neurotoxin 4 (P25672) from N. naja , and -elapitoxin (P01396) from D. polylepis...”
- Phage display assisted discovery of a pH-dependent anti-α-cobratoxin antibody from a natural variable domain library
Tulika, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 2023 - “...phaffii (formerly known as P. pastoris ) codon optimized genes encoding 6xHisGSSG linkercobratoxin (rcbtx, Uniprot: P01391) and mutant 6xHisGSSG linkercbtxH18N (cbtxH18N) were obtained from Eurofins. For expression in K. phaffii , the toxin encoding genes and pPICZ A vector (Invitrogen) were restriction digested using EcoRI (FastDigest,...”
- “...Fab C08 and toxins (A) Binding of 300nM Fab C08 to cobratoxin (cbtx, Uniprot ID: P01391), bungarotxin (Uniprot ID: P60615) which is a longchain neurotoxin (LNTx) structurally similar to cbtx, a shortchain neurotoxin (SNTx), and a phospholipase A 2 toxin (PLA 2 ). (B) Binding of...”
- Synthetic antibodies block receptor binding and current-inhibiting effects of α-cobratoxin from Naja kaouthia
Miersch, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 2022 (secret) - Immunization with 674-685 fragment of SARS-Cov-2 spike protein induces neuroinflammation and impairs episodic memory of mice
Lykhmus, Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2022 - “...efficient. Fig.1 A: Amino acid sequences of (2737) fragment of -cobratoxin from Naja kaouthia (UniProtKB P01391) and SARS CoV-2 S-protein (674685) fragment (PDB 6VXX ) modified with an N-terminal cysteine residue ( blue ). Homologous C-terminal residues are marked by red . B: SDS-PAGE of BSA-(674685)...”
- More
3L24_OPHHA / P80156 Long neurotoxin 4; Alpha-neurotoxin from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
42% identity, 69% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 7 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 2 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8 4 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX-2 homolog ( O. hannah ) A8N285 8 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX37 ( O. hannah )...”
- “...3 ( O. hannah ) P07526 5 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 14 3 Long neurotoxin LlLong ( L. laticaudata ) Q7T2I3 3 2 Long neurotoxin OH-17 ( O. hannah ) Q53B54 8 2 Long neurotoxin OH-37 ( O. hannah ) Q53B59...”
- Comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important Malaysian snake species
Vejayan, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2014 - “...KC26 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 7 93 7919 8.34 KC27 ExPASy Long neurotoxin 4 P80156 3 36 8014 8.05 KC32 ExPASy Muscarinic toxin-like protein 3 homolog A8N286 2 22 7542 7.44 KC33 ExPASy Long neurotoxin OH-55 Q53B58 2 42 7919 8.34 KC37 ExPASy Weak toxin...”
3L21A_BUNMU / P60615 Alpha-bungarotoxin; Alpha-Bgtx; Alpha-Btx; Alpha-bungarotoxin, isoform A31; Alpha-BTX A31; Alpha-BgTx(A31); Alpha-bungarotoxin (A31); BGTX A31; Alpha-elapitoxin-Bm2a; Alpha-EPTX-Bm2a; Long neurotoxin 1 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see 10 papers)
3L2A_BUNCA / Q7T3J2 Alpha-bungarotoxin, isoform A31; Alpha-BgTx (A31); Alpha-bungarotoxin (A31) from Bungarus candidus (Malayan krait) (see paper)
TC 1.C.74.1.2 / P60615 α-bungarotoxin isoform A31 (α-BTX A31) (blocks activity of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (TC #1.A.9) from Bungarus multicinctus (see 21 papers)
39% identity, 63% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (tested on Torpedo marmorata, Kd=0.4 nM) and neuronal (tested on chimeric alpha-7/CHRNA7, Kd=0.95 nM) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:9305882). It also shows an activity on GABA(A) receptors (PubMed:16549768, PubMed:25634239). It antagonises GABA-activated currents with high potency when tested on primary hippocampal neurons (PubMed:25634239). It inhibits recombinantly expressed GABA(A) receptors composed of alpha-2-beta-2- gamma-2 (GABRA2-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits with high potency (62.3% inhibition at 20 uM of toxin) (PubMed:25634239). It also shows a weaker inhibition on GABA(A) receptors composed of alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits, alpha-4-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA4-GABRB2- GABRG2) subunits, and alpha-5-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA5-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits (PubMed:25634239). A very weak inhibition is also observed on GABA(A) receptor composed of alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB3- GABRG2) (PubMed:26221036). It has also been shown to bind and inhibit recombinant GABA(A) receptor beta-3/GABRB3 subunit (Kd=about 50 nM) (PubMed:16549768). In addition, it blocks the extracellular increase of dopamine evoked by nicotine only at the higher dose (4.2 uM) (PubMed:9840221). In vivo, when intraperitoneally injected into mice, induces flaccid paralysis of the limbs and respiratory distress, and causes death in a dose-dependent manner.
subunit: Monomer in solution, homodimer in crystal state. - function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (tested on Torpedo marmorata, Kd=0.4 nM) and neuronal (tested on chimeric alpha-7/CHRNA7, Kd=0.95 nM) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission. It also shows an activity on GABA(A) receptors. It antagonises GABA-activated currents with high potency when tested on primary hippocampal neurons. It inhibits recombinantly expressed GABA(A) receptors composed of alpha-2-beta-2- gamma-2 (GABRA2-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits with high potency (62.3% inhibition at 20 uM of toxin). It also shows a weaker inhibition on GABA(A) receptors composed of alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB2- GABRG2) subunits, alpha-4-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA4-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits, and alpha-5-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA5-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits. A very weak inhibition is also observed on GABA(A) receptor composed of alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB3-GABRG2). It has also been shown to bind and inhibit recombinant GABA(A) receptor beta-3/GABRB3 subunit (Kd=about 50 nM). In addition, it blocks the extracellular increase of dopamine evoked by nicotine only at the higher dose (4.2 uM). In vivo, when intraperitoneally injected into mice, induces flaccid paralysis of the limbs and respiratory distress, and causes death in a dose- dependent manner (PubMed:14505938).
subunit: Monomer in solution, homodimer in crystal state. - substrates: ions, small molecules
- De Novo Venom Gland Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization for Calloselasma rhodostoma (Kuhl, 1824), the Malayan Pit Viper from Malaysia: Unravelling Toxin Gene Diversity in a Medically Important Basal Crotaline
Tan, Toxins 2023 - “...toxin P67862 ( Protobothrops flavoviridis ) 0.05 Three-finger toxin (3FTX) 0.02 (9) Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) 0.01 Neurotoxin-like protein pMD18-NTL1/2/4/5 Q7ZT13 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Muscarinic toxin BM14 Q8JFX7 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01 Kappa-3-bungarotoxin P15817 ( Bungarus multicinctus ) <0.01...”
- “...P67862 Protobothrops flavoviridis 145 146 1145 99 Three finger toxin (3FTX) Cr-FTX01 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 Bungarus multicinctus 95 95 195 100 Cr-FTX02 Neurotoxin-like protein pMD18-NTL1/2/4/5 Q7ZT13 Bungarus multicinctus 86 86 186 100 Cr-FTX03 Muscarinic toxin BM14 Q8JFX7 Bungarus multicinctus 97 103 7103 94 Aminopeptidase A...”
- Phage display assisted discovery of a pH-dependent anti-α-cobratoxin antibody from a natural variable domain library
Tulika, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 2023 - “...(A) Binding of 300nM Fab C08 to cobratoxin (cbtx, Uniprot ID: P01391), bungarotxin (Uniprot ID: P60615) which is a longchain neurotoxin (LNTx) structurally similar to cbtx, a shortchain neurotoxin (SNTx), and a phospholipase A 2 toxin (PLA 2 ). (B) Binding of 300nM Fab C08 to...”
- Discovery and optimization of a broadly-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against long-chain α-neurotoxins from snakes
Ledsgaard, Nature communications 2023 - “...-elapitoxin (P01396) from D. polylepis . In addition, the antibody was shown to bind -bungarotoxin (P60615) from B. multicinctus using SPR (Fig. S4 ). The average sequence similarity of the seven toxins was 62% (stdev: 9.9%), with an identity of 38% across all toxins; a total...”
- “...49 using -cobratoxin (P01391) from N. kaouthia , -elapitoxin (P01396) from D. polylepis , -bungarotoxin (P60615) from B. multicinctus , long neurotoxin 2 (A8N285) from O. hannah , and long neurotoxin (P0DQQ2) and long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) from N. melanoleuca . Structures for each toxin were...”
- Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients
Brogna, F1000Research 2021 - “...Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively), which were reported by Cheng and colleagues. Furthermore, we looked at the amino acid changes currently reported in GISAID data 22 , analysed by CoV-GLUE-Viz (update 15/09/2021) 23 ,...”
- “...Malayan krait, kappa-2-bungarotoxin and alpha-bungarotoxin from many-banded krait (Uniprot Accession Numbers Q8AY56, Q8AY55, P15816, and P60615, respectively). To address this point, we added the following paragraph in the section Results and discussion: Cheng et al. [REF] reported the discovery of a superantigen-like motif in the S1...”
- Venom-Derived Neurotoxins Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Bekbossynova, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 - “...targeting nAChRs. Toxin Same (UniProt) Snake Species Target (IC 50 or Kd Values) Ref. -bungarotoxin (P60615) Multibanded krait Bungarus multicinctus (Elapidae) Torpedo nAChRs (IC 50 = 0.4 nM) h7 (IC 50 = 0.4 nM) 7-5HT3 chimera (IC 50 = 0.95 nM) [ 119 ] -cobratoxin (P01391)...”
- De Novo Venom-Gland Transcriptomics of Spine-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis curtus) from Penang, Malaysia-Next-Generation Sequencing, Functional Annotation and Toxinological Correlation
Tan, Toxins 2021 - “...B. multicinctus <0.01 L-3FTX 20.78 Long neurotoxin 2 A3FM53 H. hardwickii 20.74 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 B. multicinctus 0.02 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 0.01 Long chain neurotoxin 6 U3FYQ0 M. fulvius <0.01 Neurotoxin BM10-1-like Q70WS8 B. multicinctus <0.01...”
- “...Lh_FTX13 Long neurotoxin 2 A3FM53 H. hardwickii 93 93 193 100 Lh_FTX14 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 P60615 B. multicinctus 77 95 1591 95 Lh_FTX15 Kappa-bungarotoxin P01398 B. multicinctus 72 87 1586 94 Lh_FTX16 Long neurotoxin homolog NTL2 Q9YGH9 B. multicinctus 81 87 887 100 Lh_FTX17 Long chain...”
- Immunoreactivity and neutralization study of Chinese Bungarus multicinctus antivenin and lab-prepared anti-bungarotoxin antisera towards purified bungarotoxins and snake venoms
Lin, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2020 - “...internal peptide sequence determinations, the purified -BGT and -BGT are identical to UniProt database of P60615 and Q9YGJ0, respectively. However, only the kunitz-type protease inhibitor subunit identical to UniProt database of P00989 was found for purified -BGT, the phospholipase A 2 subunit could not match that...”
- Rational truncation of aptamer for cross-species application to detect krait envenomation
Dhiman, Scientific reports 2018 - “...Toxin Uniprot/NCBI ID FASTA Sequence Sequence similarity with B. caeruleus -Toxin Bungarotoxin B. multicinctus Uniprot P60615 (3L21A_BUNMU) >sp|P60615|3L21A_BUNMU Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform A31 Bungarus multicinctus MKTLLLTLVVVTIVCLDLGYTIVCHTTATSPISAVTCPPGENLCYRKMWCDAFCSSRGKVVELGCAATCPSKKPYEEVTCCSTDKCNPHPKQRPG 80% -Toxin B. caeruleus Uniprot D2N116 (3L2A_BUNCE) >sp|D2N116|3L2A_BUNCE Alpha-delta-bungarotoxin-4 (Fragment) Bungarus caeruleus YTLLCHTTSTSPISTVTCPSGENLCYTKMWCDAFCSSRGKVIELGCVATCPQPKPYEEVTCCSTDKCNPHPKQRPG B.caeruleus -Toxin Sequence used to compare sequence similarity -Toxin...”
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3L21V_BUNMU / P60616 Alpha-bungarotoxin isoform V31; Alpha-BTX V31; Alpha-Bgt(V31); BGTX V31; Long neurotoxin 1 from Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded krait) (see 2 papers)
39% identity, 63% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
subunit: Monomer in solution, homodimer in crystal state.
R4G321 3FTx-Pse-99 from Pseudonaja modesta
34% identity, 60% coverage
8vy8B / P60615 Recombinant alpha bungarotoxin complexed with hap peptide (see paper)
39% identity, 80% coverage
3S1B_LATCR / P25496 Short neurotoxin B from Laticauda crockeri (Crocker's sea snake) (Rennell Island sea krait)
45% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission.
3L21_NAJHH / P25674 Long neurotoxin 1; Toxin CM-5 from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) (see paper)
38% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- A Neurotoxic Snake Venom without Phospholipase A2: Proteomics and Cross-Neutralization of the Venom from Senegalese Cobra, Naja senegalensis (Subgenus: Uraeus)
Wong, Toxins 2021 - “...33.91 3/2 Short neurotoxin 2 P01422 N. annulifera 4.31 3 167.70 17/8 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 5.08 100.90 10/5 Long neurotoxin 1 P01389 N. anchietae 5.74 40.96 2/2 Weak toxin S4C11 P01400 N. melanoleuca 0.41 36.36 5/2 Short neurotoxin 3 P01420 N. annulifera...”
- “...89.39 10/5 Long neurotoxin 1 P01389 N. anchietae 1.09 5 144.02 17/7 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N. haje haje 0.27 98.09 11/5 Long neurotoxin 1 P01389 N. anchietae 0.22 40.21 2/2 Weak toxin CM-2a P25678 N. annulifera 0.04 6 142.81 15/7 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 N....”
- Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles
Manuwar, Toxins 2020 - “...4 Naja naja 6 Long neurotoxin 1 P01380 1 Hydrophis stokesii 7 Long neurotoxin 1 P25674 3 Naja haje haje 8 Long neurotoxin 4 P25672 3 Naja naja 9 Long neurotoxin 7 O42257 3 Naja sputatrix 10 putative long neurotoxin ABX58151 1 Austrelaps labialis 11 putative...”
- Naja annulifera Snake: New insights into the venom components and pathogenesis of envenomation
Silva-de-França, PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019 - “...toxin CM-13b 4 P01462 Cytotoxin 2 11 P81782 Bucandin 3 P01400 Weak toxin S4C11 6 P25674 Long neurotoxin 1 7 P25678 Weak toxin CM-2a 3 P01457 Cytotoxin 5 6 Q9W6W6 Cytotoxin 10 5 P01422 Short neurotoxin 2 7 P82462 Muscarinic toxin-like protein 1 2 R4FK68 3FTx-Pse-105...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...N. annulata annulata ) P34074 9 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. haje haje ) P25674 9 4 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 7 4 Long neurotoxin 1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 26 6 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...melanoleuca P01388 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. nivea P01390 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. haje P25674 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. jamesoni P01393 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01394 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01395 73 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. polylepis P01396 72 Long-chain...”
3SOD_ASPSC / P19004 Cytotoxin homolog S4C8 from Aspidelaps scutatus (Shield-nose snake) (see paper)
35% identity, 92% coverage
D2N116 Alpha-delta-bungarotoxin-4 (Fragment) from Bungarus caeruleus
45% identity, 63% coverage
3SO3_BUNFA / P0C554 Neurotoxin 3FTx-RK from Bungarus fasciatus (Banded krait) (Pseudoboa fasciata) (see paper)
32% identity, 71% coverage
- De novo venom gland transcriptomics of Calliophis bivirgata flaviceps: uncovering the complexity of toxins from the Malayan blue coral snake
Palasuberniam, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 2021 - “...P0C553 Bungarus fasciatus 13.68 (3) Cytotoxin A5 * P62375 Naja atra 7.26 (2) Neurotoxin 3FTx-RK P0C554 Bungarus fasciatus 5.87 (1) Three-finger toxin D.L A0A0H4BLZ2 Micrurus diastema 4.63 (2) Three-finger toxin T.B A0A0H4IS80 Micrurus tener 1.21 (1) Maticotoxin A * P24742 Calliophis bivirgatus 1.15 (1) Cytotoxin homolog...”
- “...Neurotoxin 3FTx-LI P0C553, Bungarus fasciatus [ 67 ] 41 13.7 43 42 Cb_FTX06 Neurotoxin 3FTx-RK P0C554, Bungarus fasciatus [ 68 ] 65 5.9 Cb_FTX10 Cb_FTX11 Three-finger toxin D.L A0A0H4BLZ2, Micrurus diastema Uncharacterized 42 4.6 45 Cb_FTX12 Three-finger toxin T.B AKO63249, Micrurus tener Uncharacterized 55 1.2 Cb_FTX17...”
3L21_LATSE / P01379 Alpha-elapitoxin-Ls2a; Alpha-EPTX-Ls2a; Long neurotoxin Ls3; LsIII; Ls III; Neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin alpha from Laticauda semifasciata (Black-banded sea krait) (Pseudolaticauda semifasciata) (see 3 papers)
41% identity, 67% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (tested on Torpedo marmorata, Kd=1.6 nM) and neuronal (chimeric alpha-7/CHRNA7, Kd=3 nM) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:9305882). Also shows a very weak inhibition on GABA(A) receptors (PubMed:26221036). The toxin (10 uM) inhibits 83% of current in channels composed of alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB3-GABRG2) subunits, 39% of current in channels composed of alpha-2-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA2-GABRB2-GABRG2) subunits, and 33% of current in channels composed of alpha-5-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA5-GABRB2- GABRG2) subunits (PubMed:26221036).
3L25_OPHHA / P80965 Long neurotoxin OH-5; Alpha-neurotoxin from Ophiophagus hannah (King cobra) (Naja hannah) (see paper)
40% identity, 69% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...LNTX37 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP3 3 2 Long neurotoxin OH-5 ( O. hannah ) P80965 2 2 Long neurotoxin OH-37 ( O. hannah ) Q53B59 7 7 Long neurotoxin OH-55 ( O. hannah ) Q53B58 13 6 Long neurotoxin OH-56 ( O. hannah ) Q53B57...”
- Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) and function characterization of two recombinant long-chain neurotoxins
Li, The Biochemical journal 2006 - “...number P01387), Toxin b (P01386), OH-4 (P80516), OH-5 (P80965), Oh-6A/6B (P82662), Oh9-1 (P83302) and DE-1 (P01412). The sequences of Oh-3, -5, -17, -26, -27,...”
R4G2J4 3FTx-Pse-116 from Pseudonaja modesta
35% identity, 54% coverage
3S1A_LATCR / P25495 Short neurotoxin A from Laticauda crockeri (Crocker's sea snake) (Rennell Island sea krait)
44% identity, 94% coverage
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission.
R4FIT5 3FTx-Pse-89 from Pseudonaja modesta
38% identity, 62% coverage
3L21_NAJNI / P01390 Long neurotoxin 1; Neurotoxin alpha from Naja nivea (Cape cobra) (Coluber niveus) (see paper)
37% identity, 85% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- The Toxin Diversity, Cytotoxicity, and Enzymatic Activity of Cape Cobra (Naja nivea) Venom
Lüddecke, Toxins 2024 - “...and three long-chain neurotoxic 3FTxs, with the short neurotoxin 2 (P01423) and long neurotoxin 1 (P01390), both from Naja nivea , showing the highest MASCOT score for those subgroups, respectively. While most 3FTxs displayed similarity to known Naja toxins, one of the proteins was similar to...”
- “...putative neurotoxic effects displayed similarities with known toxins previously described from Naja venoms (e.g., P25680, P01390, P01423), some of these resembled non- Naja elapid toxins. These include one toxin similar to bucandin from the Malayan krait B. candidus and one similar to an uncharacterized toxin from...”
- Snake Venomics and Antivenomics of Cape Cobra (Naja nivea) from South Africa: Insights into Venom Toxicity and Cross-Neutralization Activity
Tan, Toxins 2022 - “...38.46 1.58 Fraction 2 Short neurotoxin 4 P01421 Naja annulifera 123.04 1.88 Long neurotoxin 1 P01390 Naja nivea 89.87 0.09 Weak toxin S4C11 P01400 Naja melanoleuca 46.32 0.04 Fraction 3 Long neurotoxin 1 P01390 Naja nivea 97.38 2.85 Short neurotoxin 4 P01421 Naja annulifera 53.91 0.07...”
- “...Fraction 5 Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor 2 P00986 Naja nivea 141.56 1.16 Long neurotoxin 1 P01390 Naja nivea 114.03 0.34 Weak toxin CM-10 P25680 Naja nivea 57.78 0.91 Fraction 6 Long neurotoxin 1 P01390 Naja nivea 102.63 0.32 Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor 2 P00986 Naja nivea...”
- First Insights into the Venom Composition of Two Ecuadorian Coral Snakes
Hernández-Altamirano, International journal of molecular sciences 2022 - “...4 2.06 733.34 2+ KGIEINCCTTDR 3FTx Naja sputatrix O57327 676.02 3+ VDLGCAATCPKVKPGVNIK 3FTx Naja nivea P01390 733.34 2+ KGIELNCCTTDR 3FTx Naja mossambica P01431 5 7.61 733.34 2+ KGIELNCCTTDR 3FTx Naja mossambica P01431 6 40.26 733.34 2+ KGIELNCCTTDR 3FTx Naja mossambica P01431 722.34 2+ LVPLFSKTCPPGK 3FTx Naja...”
- Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational Modifications, and Presence of Extracellular Vesicles
Manuwar, Toxins 2020 - “...1 3FTXs (Neurotoxin) Long neurotoxin AHZ08824 9 Micropechis ikaheca 2 P01389 1 Naja anchietae 3 P01390 2 Naja nivea 4 Long neurotoxin homolog O93422 5 Naja atra 5 Long neurotoxin 1 P25668 4 Naja naja 6 Long neurotoxin 1 P01380 1 Hydrophis stokesii 7 Long neurotoxin...”
- Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)
Kunalan, Toxins 2018 - “...1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 8 2 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 2 2 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 7 2 Long neurotoxin 4 ( O. hannah ) P80156 2 2 Long neurotoxin LNTX1 ( O. hannah ) Q2VBP8...”
- “...( N. haje haje ) P25674 9 4 Long neurotoxin 1 ( N. nivea ) P01390 7 4 Long neurotoxin 1 ( O. hannah ) P01387 26 6 Long neurotoxin 2 ( O. hannah ) P01386 5 5 Long neurotoxin 2 ( N. melanoleuca ) P01388...”
- High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Engmark, Scientific reports 2016 - “...melanoleuca P01383 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. melanoleuca P01388 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. nivea P01390 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT N. haje P25674 71 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. jamesoni P01393 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01394 72 Long-chain 3FTx T2--NT D. viridis P01395 73 Long-chain...”
- Ophiophagus hannah venom: proteome, components bound by Naja kaouthia antivenin and neutralization by N. kaouthia neurotoxin-specific human ScFv
Danpaiboon, Toxins 2014 - “...P01383 and P01388) and 47KVKP50 of N. oxiana (accession No. P01427), N. nivea (accession No. P01390) and Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (accession No. P01416) [ 10 ]. NkLN-HuScFv used all three CDRs of the VH to bind to seven amino acids, i.e. , C26, W29, G31, R33...”
3L24_NAJME / P0DQQ2 Long neurotoxin Tx-NM3-1 from Naja melanoleuca (Forest cobra) (Black-lipped cobra) (see paper)
37% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1-beta-1-gamma- delta/CHRNA1-CHRNB1-CHRNG-CHRND) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission (PubMed:33672715). Ranges of nAChR inhibition are in nanomolar (competitive binding with alpha-bungarotoxin gives Ki=1.66 nM on muscle nAChR and Ki=4.84 nM on alpha-7) (PubMed:33672715). Also shows moderate inhibition on GABA(A) alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor (GABRA1-GABRB3-GABRG2) (IC(50)=0.68 uM), and a lower inhibition on alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 (GABRA1-GABRB2-GABRG2) and alpha-3-beta-2-gamma- 2 (GABRA3-GABRB2-GABRG2) (PubMed:33672715).
- Discovery and optimization of a broadly-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against long-chain α-neurotoxins from snakes
Ledsgaard, Nature communications 2023 - “...hannah , -cobratoxin (P01391) from N. kaouthia , long neurotoxin 2 (P01388) and long neurotoxin (P0DQQ2) from N. melanoleuca , long neurotoxin 4 (P25672) from N. naja , and -elapitoxin (P01396) from D. polylepis . In addition, the antibody was shown to bind -bungarotoxin (P60615) from...”
- “...from B. multicinctus , long neurotoxin 2 (A8N285/AF-A8N285) from O. hannah , and long neurotoxin (P0DQQ2), long neurotoxin 4 from N. naja (P25672/AF-P25672), and long neurotoxin 2 (P01388/AF-P01388) from N. melanoleuca . a Sequence alignment using Clustal Omega with boxes indicating residues involved in binding to...”
3L243_DRYCN / F8J2D7 Long neurotoxin 43; LNTX-43 from Drysdalia coronoides (White-lipped snake) (Hoplocephalus coronoides) (see paper)
38% identity, 55% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
3L22_NAJNA / P25669 Long neurotoxin 2; Toxin B from Naja naja (Indian cobra) (see paper)
37% identity, 82% coverage
3L21_ASPSC / P25670 Long neurotoxin 1; Toxin S4C6 from Aspidelaps scutatus (Shield-nose snake) (see paper)
40% identity, 85% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
3L213_DRYCN / F8J2B3 Long neurotoxin 13; LNTX-13 from Drysdalia coronoides (White-lipped snake) (Hoplocephalus coronoides) (see paper)
38% identity, 55% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- Venom-Derived Neurotoxins Targeting Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.
Bekbossynova, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 - “...low affinity sites - = 20.3 nM - = 21.8 nM) [ 117 ] Drysdalin (F8J2B3) White-lipped snake Drysdalia coronoides (Elapidae ) rodent 11 (IC 50 = 16.9 nM) h7 (IC 50 = 10 nM) h910 (IC 50 = 11.3 nM) [ 118 , 126 ]...”
3S1B_LATLA / P10459 Short neurotoxin B from Laticauda laticaudata (Blue-ringed sea krait) (Blue-lipped sea krait)
44% identity, 70% coverage
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission
- Squeezers and leaf-cutters: differential diversification and degeneration of the venom system in toxicoferan reptiles
Fry, Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 2013 - “...polylepis, 29. P81946 Dendroaspis angusticeps, 30. P10459 Laticauda laticaudata, 31. P60237 Dendroaspis angusticeps. `' indicates N-terminal known only...”
- Studies on sea snake venom
Tamiya, Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences 2011 - “...3HH7 ( Ophiophagus ), Q9YGI8 ( Bungarus ), P01416, P01417, P01418, P01419 ( Dendroaspis ), P10459, P10460, 1QKD, Q7T2I5, Q90VW1, Q9YGC4, BAA75754 ( Laticauda ), P01425, P01433 ( Hemachatus ), P01422, P01423, P01424, P01426, P01427, P25675, P60770, P60772, P68417, P68418, P68419, P80958, 3NDS, AAA66025, AAA66026, ABY61977...”
3S1C_LATLA / P10460 Short neurotoxin C from Laticauda laticaudata (Blue-ringed sea krait) (Blue-lipped sea krait) (see paper)
41% identity, 97% coverage
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission
- Studies on sea snake venom
Tamiya, Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences 2011 - “...( Ophiophagus ), Q9YGI8 ( Bungarus ), P01416, P01417, P01418, P01419 ( Dendroaspis ), P10459, P10460, 1QKD, Q7T2I5, Q90VW1, Q9YGC4, BAA75754 ( Laticauda ), P01425, P01433 ( Hemachatus ), P01422, P01423, P01424, P01426, P01427, P25675, P60770, P60772, P68417, P68418, P68419, P80958, 3NDS, AAA66025, AAA66026, ABY61977 (...”
3S1C_LATCR / P10458 Short neurotoxin C from Laticauda crockeri (Crocker's sea snake) (Rennell Island sea krait) (see paper)
41% identity, 97% coverage
- function: Binds to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission
3L221_NAJAN / P34074 Long neurotoxin 1; NXL1 from Naja annulata annulata (Banded water cobra) (Boulengerina annulata annulata) (see paper)
37% identity, 82% coverage
Q9YGC4 Short neurotoxin OKI-01/OKI-19 from Laticauda laticaudata
44% identity, 70% coverage
- Studies on sea snake venom
Tamiya, Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences 2011 - “...( Bungarus ), P01416, P01417, P01418, P01419 ( Dendroaspis ), P10459, P10460, 1QKD, Q7T2I5, Q90VW1, Q9YGC4, BAA75754 ( Laticauda ), P01425, P01433 ( Hemachatus ), P01422, P01423, P01424, P01426, P01427, P25675, P60770, P60772, P68417, P68418, P68419, P80958, 3NDS, AAA66025, AAA66026, ABY61977 ( Naja ), P01434 (...”
XP_026561523 neurotoxin 3FTx-8a-like from Pseudonaja textilis
33% identity, 71% coverage
- Distinct regulatory networks control toxin gene expression in elapid and viperid snakes
Modahl, BMC genomics 2024 - “...in the venom gland, despite the presence of a non-conventional 3FTx gene in its genome (XP_026561523). We included this toxin gene in the analysis to determine if unique CREs were present for a non-expressed 3FTx. Fig. 4 Predicted cis- regulatory elements in the promoter regions of...”
- “...in the venom gland, despite the presence of a non-conventional 3FTx gene in its genome (XP_026561523). From the genome reference, 713bp upstream from what would be the TIS for this ( C ) non-conventional 3FTx was evaluated. Fold-changes in expression levels are shown between the P....”
3L23_NAJNA / P25671 Long neurotoxin 3; Toxin C from Naja naja (Indian cobra)
37% identity, 82% coverage
3L22_HYDST / P01381 Alpha-elapitoxin-Ast2b; Alpha-EPTX-Ast2b; Long neurotoxin 2; Toxin C from Hydrophis stokesii (Stokes's sea snake) (Astrotia stokesii) (see paper)
42% identity, 69% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
3L25_NAJNA / P25673 Long neurotoxin 5; Toxin E from Naja naja (Indian cobra) (see paper)
37% identity, 82% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
3L277_DRYCN / F8J2E2 Long neurotoxin 77; LNTX-77 from Drysdalia coronoides (White-lipped snake) (Hoplocephalus coronoides) (see paper)
35% identity, 65% coverage
- function: Binds with high affinity to muscular (alpha-1/CHRNA1) and neuronal (alpha-7/CHRNA7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and inhibits acetylcholine from binding to the receptor, thereby impairing neuromuscular and neuronal transmission.
- The Unusual Metalloprotease-Rich Venom Proteome of the Australian Elapid Snake Hoplocephalus stephensii
Tasoulis, Toxins 2022 - “...2), T. carinatus (long neurotoxin 1; A8HDK4; row 3) and Drysdalia coronoides (long neurotoxin 77; F8J2E2; row 4) from a BLAST search on UniPROT. The signal peptide is shaded light orange, conserved cysteine residues are shaded in blue and shaded areas indicate the same residue compared...”
For advice on how to use these tools together, see
Interactive tools for functional annotation of bacterial genomes.
The PaperBLAST database links 793,807 different protein sequences to 1,259,118 scientific articles. Searches against EuropePMC were last performed on March 13 2025.
PaperBLAST builds a database of protein sequences that are linked
to scientific articles. These links come from automated text searches
against the articles in EuropePMC
and from manually-curated information from GeneRIF, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot,
BRENDA,
CAZy (as made available by dbCAN),
BioLiP,
CharProtDB,
MetaCyc,
EcoCyc,
TCDB,
REBASE,
the Fitness Browser,
and a subset of the European Nucleotide Archive with the /experiment tag.
Given this database and a protein sequence query,
PaperBLAST uses protein-protein BLAST
to find similar sequences with E < 0.001.
To build the database, we query EuropePMC with locus tags, with RefSeq protein
identifiers, and with UniProt
accessions. We obtain the locus tags from RefSeq or from MicrobesOnline. We use
queries of the form "locus_tag AND genus_name" to try to ensure that
the paper is actually discussing that gene. Because EuropePMC indexes
most recent biomedical papers, even if they are not open access, some
of the links may be to papers that you cannot read or that our
computers cannot read. We query each of these identifiers that
appears in the open access part of EuropePMC, as well as every locus
tag that appears in the 500 most-referenced genomes, so that a gene
may appear in the PaperBLAST results even though none of the papers
that mention it are open access. We also incorporate text-mined links
from EuropePMC that link open access articles to UniProt or RefSeq
identifiers. (This yields some additional links because EuropePMC
uses different heuristics for their text mining than we do.)
For every article that mentions a locus tag, a RefSeq protein
identifier, or a UniProt accession, we try to select one or two
snippets of text that refer to the protein. If we cannot get access to
the full text, we try to select a snippet from the abstract, but
unfortunately, unique identifiers such as locus tags are rarely
provided in abstracts.
PaperBLAST also incorporates manually-curated protein functions:
- Proteins from NCBI's RefSeq are included if a
GeneRIF
entry links the gene to an article in
PubMed®.
GeneRIF also provides a short summary of the article's claim about the
protein, which is shown instead of a snippet.
- Proteins from Swiss-Prot (the curated part of UniProt)
are included if the curators
identified experimental evidence for the protein's function (evidence
code ECO:0000269). For these proteins, the fields of the Swiss-Prot entry that
describe the protein's function are shown (with bold headings).
- Proteins from BRENDA,
a curated database of enzymes, are included if they are linked to a paper in PubMed
and their full sequence is known.
- Every protein from the non-redundant subset of
BioLiP,
a database
of ligand-binding sites and catalytic residues in protein structures, is included. Since BioLiP itself
does not include descriptions of the proteins, those are taken from the
Protein Data Bank.
Descriptions from PDB rely on the original submitter of the
structure and cannot be updated by others, so they may be less reliable.
(For SitesBLAST and Sites on a Tree, we use a larger subset of BioLiP so that every
ligand is represented among a group of structures with similar sequences, but for
PaperBLAST, we use the non-redundant set provided by BioLiP.)
- Every protein from EcoCyc, a curated
database of the proteins in Escherichia coli K-12, is included, regardless
of whether they are characterized or not.
- Proteins from the MetaCyc metabolic pathway database
are included if they are linked to a paper in PubMed and their full sequence is known.
- Proteins from the Transport Classification Database (TCDB)
are included if they have known substrate(s), have reference(s),
and are not described as uncharacterized or putative.
(Some of the references are not visible on the PaperBLAST web site.)
- Every protein from CharProtDB,
a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations, is included.
- Proteins from the CAZy database of carbohydrate-active enzymes
are included if they are associated with an Enzyme Classification number.
Even though CAZy does not provide links from individual protein sequences to papers,
these should all be experimentally-characterized proteins.
- Proteins from the REBASE database
of restriction enzymes are included if they have known specificity.
- Every protein with an evidence-based reannotation (based on mutant phenotypes)
in the Fitness Browser is included.
- Sequence-specific transcription factors (including sigma factors and DNA-binding response regulators)
with experimentally-determined DNA binding sites from the
PRODORIC database of gene regulation in prokaryotes.
- Putative transcription factors from RegPrecise
that have manually-curated predictions for their binding sites. These predictions are based on
conserved putative regulatory sites across genomes that contain similar transcription factors,
so PaperBLAST clusters the TFs at 70% identity and retains just one member of each cluster.
- Coding sequence (CDS) features from the
European Nucleotide Archive (ENA)
are included if the /experiment tag is set (implying that there is experimental evidence for the annotation),
the nucleotide entry links to paper(s) in PubMed,
and the nucleotide entry is from the STD data class
(implying that these are targeted annotated sequences, not from shotgun sequencing).
Also, to filter out genes whose transcription or translation was detected, but whose function
was not studied, nucleotide entries or papers with more than 25 such proteins are excluded.
Descriptions from ENA rely on the original submitter of the
sequence and cannot be updated by others, so they may be less reliable.
Except for GeneRIF and ENA,
the curated entries include a short curated
description of the protein's function.
For entries from BioLiP, the protein's function may not be known beyond binding to the ligand.
Many of these entries also link to articles in PubMed.
For more information see the
PaperBLAST paper (mSystems 2017)
or the code.
You can download PaperBLAST's database here.
Changes to PaperBLAST since the paper was written:
- November 2023: incorporated PRODORIC and RegPrecise. Many PRODORIC entries were not linked to a protein sequence (no UniProt identifier), so we added this information.
- February 2023: BioLiP changed their download format. PaperBLAST now includes their non-redundant subset. SitesBLAST and Sites on a Tree use a larger non-redundant subset that ensures that every ligand is represented within each cluster. This should ensure that every binding site is represented.
- June 2022: incorporated some coding sequences from ENA with the /experiment tag.
- March 2022: incorporated BioLiP.
- April 2020: incorporated TCDB.
- April 2019: EuropePMC now returns table entries in their search results. This has expanded PaperBLAST's database, but most of the new entries are of low relevance, and the resulting snippets are often just lists of locus tags with annotations.
- February 2018: the alignment page reports the conservation of the hit's functional sites (if available from from Swiss-Prot or UniProt)
- January 2018: incorporated BRENDA.
- December 2017: incorporated MetaCyc, CharProtDB, CAZy, REBASE, and the reannotations from the Fitness Browser.
- September 2017: EuropePMC no longer returns some table entries in their search results. This has shrunk PaperBLAST's database, but has also reduced the number of low-relevance hits.
Many of these changes are described in Interactive tools for functional annotation of bacterial genomes.
PaperBLAST cannot provide snippets for many of the papers that are
published in non-open-access journals. This limitation applies even if
the paper is marked as "free" on the publisher's web site and is
available in PubmedCentral or EuropePMC. If a journal that you publish
in is marked as "secret," please consider publishing elsewhere.
Many important articles are missing from PaperBLAST, either because
the article's full text is not in EuropePMC (as for many older
articles), or because the paper does not mention a protein identifier such as a locus tag, or because of PaperBLAST's heuristics. If you notice an
article that characterizes a protein's function but is missing from
PaperBLAST, please notify the curators at UniProt
or add an entry to GeneRIF.
Entries in either of these databases will eventually be incorporated
into PaperBLAST. Note that to add an entry to UniProt, you will need
to find the UniProt identifier for the protein. If the protein is not
already in UniProt, you can ask them to create an entry. To add an
entry to GeneRIF, you will need an NCBI Gene identifier, but
unfortunately many prokaryotic proteins in RefSeq do not have
corresponding Gene identifers.
References
PaperBLAST: Text-mining papers for information about homologs.
M. N. Price and A. P. Arkin (2017). mSystems, 10.1128/mSystems.00039-17.
Europe PMC in 2017.
M. Levchenko et al (2017). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkx1005.
Gene indexing: characterization and analysis of NLM's GeneRIFs.
J. A. Mitchell et al (2003). AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2003:460-464.
UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase.
The UniProt Consortium (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw1099.
BRENDA in 2017: new perspectives and new tools in BRENDA.
S. Placzek et al (2017). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw952.
The EcoCyc database: reflecting new knowledge about Escherichia coli K-12.
I. M. Keeseler et al (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkw1003.
The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes.
R. Caspi et al (2018). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkx935.
CharProtDB: a database of experimentally characterized protein annotations.
R. Madupu et al (2012). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkr1133.
The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013.
V. Lombard et al (2014). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkt1178.
The Transporter Classification Database (TCDB): recent advances
M. H. Saier, Jr. et al (2016). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gkv1103.
REBASE - a database for DNA restriction and modification: enzymes, genes and genomes.
R. J. Roberts et al (2015). Nucleic Acids Research, 10.1093/nar/gku1046.
Deep annotation of protein function across diverse bacteria from mutant phenotypes.
M. N. Price et al (2016). bioRxiv, 10.1101/072470.
by Morgan Price,
Arkin group
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory