L-lysine biosynthesis in Azospirillum lipoferum B510

GapMind for Amino acid biosynthesis

L-lysine biosynthesis in Azospirillum lipoferum B510

Best path

asp-kinase, asd, dapA, dapB, dapD, dapC, dapE, dapF, lysA

Rules

Overview: Lysine biosynthesis in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-lysine biosynthesis I via diaminopimelate (DAP) and succinylated intermediates (link), II with DAP and acetylated intermediates (link), III with DAP and no blocking group (link), V via 2-aminoadipate and LysW carrier protein (link), and VI with DAP aminotransferase (link). Most of these pathways involve tetrahydrodipicolinate and meso-diaminopimelate, with variations in how the amino group is introduced. Pathway V instead involves L-2-aminoadipate and LysW-attached intermediates. Lysine biosynthesis IV (link), via 2-aminoadipate and saccharopine, is only reported to occur in eukaryotes and is not described here.

all:

meso-DAP and lysA
or lysW-pathway

lysW-pathway: hcs, lysT, lysU, hicdh, lysN, lysW, lysX, lysZ, lysY, lysJ and lysK

Comment: 2-oxoglutarate and acetyl-CoA are converted to homocysteine, homoaconitate and then 2-oxoadipate (by hcs-lysTU-hicdh), an aminotransferase (lysN) forms L-2-aminoadipate, lysX ligates 2-aminoadipate to lysW, lysZYJ convert LysW-aminoadipate to LysW-lysine, and lysK releases lysine.

meso-DAP:

aspartate-semialdehyde, dapA, dapB, dapD, dapC, dapE and dapF
or aspartate-semialdehyde, dapA, dapB, dapH, dapX, dapL and dapF
or aspartate-semialdehyde, dapA, dapB and ddh
or aspartate-semialdehyde, dapA, dapB, DAPtransferase and dapF
Comment: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate is formed from aspartate semialdehyde by dapAB. In pathway I (dapDCE), it is succinylated, transaminated, and desuccinyulated, to L,L-DAP, and then the epimerase dapF forms meso-DAP. Pathway II (dapHXL) is similar but with acetylated intermediates. In pathway III, tetrahydrodipicolinate is reductively aminated to meso-DAP in one step, by ddh. In pathway VI, an aminotransferase (DAPtransferase) forms L,L-DAP.

aspartate-semialdehyde: asp-kinase and asd

25 steps (21 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step	Description	Best candidate	2nd candidate
asp-kinase	aspartate kinase	AZL_RS00615	AZL_RS05775
asd	aspartate semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase	AZL_RS12765	AZL_RS07565
dapA	4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase	AZL_RS07425	AZL_RS23055
dapB	4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase	AZL_RS27725
dapD	tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase	AZL_RS02690
dapC	N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase	AZL_RS25025	AZL_RS02205
dapE	succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase	AZL_RS02685	AZL_RS31045
dapF	diaminopimelate epimerase	AZL_RS04715
lysA	diaminopimelate decarboxylase	AZL_RS27915	AZL_RS03275
Alternative steps:
dapH	tetrahydrodipicolinate acetyltransferase	AZL_RS02690	AZL_RS15905
dapL	N-acetyl-diaminopimelate deacetylase	AZL_RS00880
DAPtransferase	L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase	AZL_RS05770	AZL_RS12610
dapX	acetyl-diaminopimelate aminotransferase	AZL_RS01020	AZL_RS12610
ddh	meso-diaminopimelate D-dehydrogenase
hcs	homocitrate synthase	AZL_RS03450	AZL_RS12885
hicdh	homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase	AZL_RS08920	AZL_RS26200
lysJ	[LysW]-2-aminoadipate semialdehyde transaminase	AZL_RS24705	AZL_RS02205
lysK	[LysW]-lysine hydrolase
lysN	2-aminoadipate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase	AZL_RS01020	AZL_RS24705
lysT	homoaconitase large subunit	AZL_RS12740	AZL_RS26840
lysU	homoaconitase small subunit	AZL_RS04735	AZL_RS13010
lysW	2-aminoadipate/glutamate carrier protein
lysX	2-aminoadipate-LysW ligase
lysY	[LysW]-2-aminoadipate 6-phosphate reductase	AZL_RS15610
lysZ	[LysW]-2-aminoadipate 6-kinase	AZL_RS02775

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
? – known gap: despite the lack of a good candidate for this step, this organism (or a related organism) performs the pathway

This GapMind analysis is from Apr 10 2024. The underlying query database was built on Apr 09 2024.

Downloads

Candidates (tab-delimited)
Steps (tab-delimited)
Rules (tab-delimited)
Protein sequences (fasta format)
Organisms (tab-delimited)
SQLite3 databases

Related tools

About GapMind

Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.

A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit to a characterized protein at above 40% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits+10.
- (Hits to curated proteins without experimental data as to their function are never considered high confidence.)
HMMer finds a hit with 80% coverage of the model, and either other identity < 40 or other coverage < 0.75.

where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").

Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:

ublast finds a hit at above 40% identity and 70% coverage (ignoring otherBits).
ublast finds a hit at above 30% identity and 80% coverage, and bits >= other bits.
HMMer finds a hit (regardless of coverage or other bits).

Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."

Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:

our ignorance of proteins' functions,
omissions in the gene models,
frame-shift errors in the genome sequence, or
the organism lacks the pathway.

GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).

For more information, see:

the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis
the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources
the source code
instructions for running GapMind on your computer
changes to Amino acid biosynthesis since the publication.

If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know

by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

GapMind for Amino acid biosynthesis