Overview: Glutamine biosynthesis in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-glutamine biosynthesis I from glutamine (link) or glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) biosynthesis via transamidation (link). Both of these pathways require glutamate. The biosynthesis of glutamate is not represented in GapMind, as glutamate can be formed by transamination of alpha-ketoglutarate, an interemdiate in the TCA cycle.
Or see definitions of steps
Step | Description | Best candidate | 2nd candidate |
---|---|---|---|
gltX | glutamyl-tRNA(Glx) synthetase | AZL_RS08505 | AZL_RS12200 |
glnA | glutamine synthetase | AZL_RS10140 | AZL_RS20410 |
gatA | aspartyl/glutamyl-tRNA(Asn/Gln) amidotransferase subunit A | AZL_RS10165 | AZL_RS20170 |
gatB | aspartyl/glutamyl-tRNA(Asn/Gln) amidotransferase subunit B | AZL_RS16845 | |
gatC | aspartyl/glutamyl-tRNA(Asn/Gln) amidotransferase subunit C | AZL_RS10170 | AZL_RS16310 |
Alternative steps: | |||
gatD | glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit D | AZL_RS22870 | AZL_RS13840 |
gatE | glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit E |
Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
? – known gap: despite the lack of a good candidate for this step, this organism (or a related organism) performs the pathway
This GapMind analysis is from Jul 25 2024. The underlying query database was built on Jul 25 2024.
Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.
A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:
Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:
Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."
Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:
GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).
For more information, see:
If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know
by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory