GapMind for Amino acid biosynthesis

 

L-isoleucine biosynthesis in Azoarcus olearius BH72

Best path

ilvA, ilvI, ilvH, ilvC, ilvD, ilvE

Rules

Overview: Isoleucine biosynthesis in GapMind is based on MetaCyc pathways L-isoleucine biosynthesis I (from threonine) (link), II via citramalate (link), or IV from propanoate (link). These pathways share a common intermediate, 2-oxobutanoate, but vary in how the 2-oxobutanoate is formed. Pathway IV is included because propanoate is a common fermentative end product and need not be a nutrient requirement, but it is not always clear if it could be the main pathway to isoleucine. Pathway III (link), via glutamate mutase, is not included because the first step (glutamate mutase, EC 5.4.99.1) has not been linked to sequence and because no organism has been demonstrated to rely on this pathway to form oxobutanoate. MetaCyc L-isoleucine biosynthesis V describes biosynthesis from 2-methylbutanoate, which is a fermentation end product in the rumen; this is an an unusual precursor so we did not include it.

13 steps (11 with candidates)

Or see definitions of steps

Step Description Best candidate 2nd candidate
ilvA threonine deaminase AZO_RS02520
ilvI acetolactate/acetohydroxybutanoate synthase catalytic subunit AZO_RS15825 AZO_RS05250
ilvH acetolactate/acetohydroxybutanoate synthase regulatory subunit AZO_RS15830 AZO_RS05255
ilvC 2-hydroxy-3-ketol-acid reductoisomerase AZO_RS15835
ilvD dihydroxy-acid dehydratase AZO_RS03175
ilvE isoleucine transaminase AZO_RS13950 AZO_RS00670
Alternative steps:
cimA (R)-citramalate synthase AZO_RS15865 AZO_RS02775
leuB 3-methylmalate dehydrogenase / 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase AZO_RS05285 AZO_RS19370
leuC 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase / citramalate isomerase, large subunit AZO_RS05275 AZO_RS07750
leuD 3-isopropylmalate dehydaratase / citramalate isomerase, small subunit AZO_RS05280 AZO_RS07750
ofoa 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, alpha subunit
ofob 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, beta subunit
prpE propionyl-CoA synthetase AZO_RS15950 AZO_RS12180

Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence
? – known gap: despite the lack of a good candidate for this step, this organism (or a related organism) performs the pathway

This GapMind analysis is from Jul 25 2024. The underlying query database was built on Jul 25 2024.

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About GapMind

Each pathway is defined by a set of rules based on individual steps or genes. Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam). Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins.

A candidate for a step is "high confidence" if either:

where "other" refers to the best ublast hit to a sequence that is not annotated as performing this step (and is not "ignored").

Otherwise, a candidate is "medium confidence" if either:

Other blast hits with at least 50% coverage are "low confidence."

Steps with no high- or medium-confidence candidates may be considered "gaps." For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. Gaps may be due to:

GapMind relies on the predicted proteins in the genome and does not search the six-frame translation. In most cases, you can search the six-frame translation by clicking on links to Curated BLAST for each step definition (in the per-step page).

For more information, see:

If you notice any errors or omissions in the step descriptions, or any questionable results, please let us know

by Morgan Price, Arkin group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory